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Showing 7 results for Colonialism
Volume 2, Issue 1 (12-2019)
Abstract
The Horn of Africa includes four countries: Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. One of the problems in this region is the border and territorial Conflicts and its insecurities in the border areas of the countries. Various factors are effective in creating this instability and border insecurity. Among them, history, historical mentalities, and the role of colonial history is significant. This research is a descriptive-analytical study that uses library resources to investigate the role of history in creating border insecurity with a case study of the role of colonialism in border insecurity in the Horn of Africa. The dependent variable of the research is border insecurity and independent variables are history, colonial history, and the Horn of Africa region. The main question is what is the role of history and historical changes in creating border insecurity in the Horn of Africa? In the Horn of Africa, the most important border conflicts and insecurities include border clashes between Ethiopia and Eritrea; Djibouti and Eritrea; and the insecurity has been caused by ethnic and tribal conflicts in the Somalia-Kenya border areas. The research results show that the history, colonial history, and actions of the colonial powers in drawing the borders of the countries, especially in the Horn of Africa region, which is based on colonial interests and not local interests, it has played an important role in border disputes between countries and instability and insecurity in border areas.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (10-2014)
Abstract
While comparative literature knowledge expanded beyond the European borders toward the Arabian lands, it found many for and against among the Arab critics. Some appreciated comparative literature in order to enrich the national literature and culture (including conversation, friendship, recognizing and understanding others), and some were doubtful about it; they believed that it is a European-based approach in comparative literature as well as the western naturalism aiming to westernize Islamic-Arabian thoughts, and is the threshold of novice (cultural) colonialism. Drawing on a descriptive-analytic approach, this theoretical research tries to do a deep and accurate analysis of the second critical group. The main findings comment on the group of critics on the damages of comparative literature in identity and culture, who believe that comparative literature suffers from Europeanism, and cultural racism.
Volume 8, Issue 29 (3-2015)
Abstract
The growing theoretical discussions around the notion of World Literature in the past two decades ensue from the limitations of Comparative Literature and efforts to redefine the principles of literary criticism. It is part of an effort to include non-Western literatures and to write a history of world literature. The translation of Pascale Casanova’s La Republique mondiale des lettres has introduced part of these discussions into Persian. In this paper, I sketch a theoretical frame for World Literature, discuss the three axes of Casanova’s model (the republic, the centrality of Paris, and the nation-state ideology), and explain why the history of Persian literature does not fit into such definitions and why accepting this model would lead to epistemological changes that write off a great deal of Persian literature from world literary history. Then, in this connection, I discuss power relations, translation, and the implicit colonialism involved in it.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (12-2023)
Abstract
Mohammad Rasoul Havar, an Iraqi Kurdish poet, is a contemporary poet in the 20th century, that her life time was contemporary with the dominance of fascist regimes and the shadow of imperialism's hegemony over Iraqi Kurdistan in order to advance the strategic policy of colonialism. In such a situation, Havar, as a committed poet, has turned his poems into a representation of the political-social and economic damages caused by imperialist policies. In the background of the poet's critical and anti-imperialist attitude, in addition to the occupation and colonization of the motherland, there are fundamental factors that have led the poet to anti-colonialism and anti-imperialist approach. Since an independent research has not investigated the factors of Havar's tendency towards anti-imperialist thought, the author is determined to investigate this phenomenon in his poems. The fundamental issue of the current research is that how and in what formats are the underlying factors of the anti-imperialist approach manifested in the poet's poems and with what concepts are they connected? In order to investigate this issue, the author has used the descriptive-analytical method based on the sociological investigation of the poet's compositions. War-mongering and commercial attitude towards the fate of colonized nations, depriving the colonized and paying attention to imperialist-capitalist interests, the trade and spread of narcotics in the colonies, the false claims and propaganda of imperialism about human rights, The silence of Western imperialism against the slaughter of the Kurdish people and their role in ruining the fate of the Kurds in cooperation with
Volume 15, Issue 59 (9-2022)
Abstract
Nativism is a modern term that emerged in parallel with the process of the independence and liberation of the eastern colonized countries from the domination of the western colonialist countries and at the same time, it emerged in various fields, including fiction. By examining the various definitions of this term and the way they are used in all kinds of literary research, it can be seen that choosing any of these definitions can easily change or deviate the research process and its results. In other words, the lack of a precise and practical definition of nativism can be considered the most important challenge and shortcoming of studies related to this field. In order to achieve such a definition, this article has analyzed and found the roots of the meaning of nativism in Iranian fiction from 1285 to 1400 in a descriptive and analytical way. In this way, at the beginning of the research, all presuppositions about nativism were ignored; then this term was analyzed from social, intellectual and literary aspects. The research results showed that nativism is different from Native writing and other similar concepts in terms of meaning and function. Also, in the redefining of this term, as the most important finding of the research, it was found that nativism in fiction is a two-faceted reaction that deals with both native and colonial components at the same time.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Nativism is a modern term that is linked with concepts such as identity, culture, colonialism, modernity and other. The connection of nativism with these concepts, while revealing the extent of its dimensions and practical aspects, has provided various and different definitions of this concept to researchers, which depending on the way these definitions are applied in studies, may lead to different and possibly conflicting results. Therefore, providing a correct and accurate definition of nativism should be considered as the most important part of research related to this category. Among the various sources that have dealt with nativism and its various dimensions, nativist stories have always been of special importance. The importance of these works from various aspects such as xenophobia, showing the aspects of colonialism and its consequences, revealing the perspective of Iranian story writers against foreign domination, and finally recognizing the components and manifestations of nativism in stories have always been worthy of attention. This importance doubles when we know that in addition to the connection with the mentioned concepts, nativism has an inseparable connection with other social components such as culture, language, religion, history, politics and geography of Iran. In any case, in order to start research in the field of nativism, it is necessary to provide a precise definition of it at the beginning, and then based on that, works should be selected and various aspects of nativism would be examined. In this regard, this paper examines the roots of the meaning of nativism in Iranian fiction through the description and analysis of social, literary and intellectual aspects in the constitutional time period until 1400 AD. There is a need to remind that until now, there has been no significant and specific research on the meaning of nativism in Iranian fiction literature, and its vacancy as a foundational research for other literary researches is quite noticeable.
Methodology
This research seeks to provide a detailed and practical redefinition of the concept of nativism in Iranian fiction based on previous studies and existing stories. The research method in this paper is based on data description and analysis; It means collecting data from various sources (documentary study) and deducing from data through description, comparison and logical reasoning.
Results and Findings
Analyzing the meaning of nativism in contemporary Iranian fiction and finding a precise and practical definition for it was the most important goal of this research, and to answer it, the concept of nativism was examined from social, literary and intellectual aspects. The results of this research show that nativism has two origins and two main approaches. the anti-colonial approach with eastern origin, which is mainly related to Asian, African, Latin American countries and Iran; and the anti-immigration approach with Western origins, which is mainly related to the United States and European countries. One of the other findings of this research is the revelation of the semantic difference between the term nativism and other similar concepts, which was examined and analyzed in a separate section. But the most important results of this research are related to the characteristics of nativist stories and its components. We can generally see that nativism is a conscious reaction against the domination and colonization of a foreign country, which usually arises when feeling the danger and critical conditions of the period of domination and colonization. These kinds of stories always have two main and basic aspects that a considerable amount of text is dedicated to them. The first aspect is related to xenophobia and showing various aspects and consequences of domination and colonialism. But the second aspect is related to the representation of Iranian culture and identity and showing the capacities and abilities of the land of Iran, which have occurred in the stories at both national and local levels.
Conclusion
By comparing the results and summarizing the analysis, it is possible to introduce nativism in contemporary Iranian fiction as follows: nativism is a two-faceted and conscious reaction to the domination and colonization of foreign countries, which, on the one hand, introduces the foreign element and describes the aspects and consequences of colonization and the method of confronting it; And on the other hand, it represents the native culture and identity and shows the capacities and abilities of the land of Iran.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Nativism is a modern term that is linked with concepts such as identity, culture, colonialism, modernity and other. The connection of nativism with these concepts, while revealing the extent of its dimensions and practical aspects, has provided various and different definitions of this concept to researchers, which depending on the way these definitions are applied in studies, may lead to different and possibly conflicting results. Therefore, providing a correct and accurate definition of nativism should be considered as the most important part of research related to this category. Among the various sources that have dealt with nativism and its various dimensions, nativist stories have always been of special importance. The importance of these works from various aspects such as xenophobia, showing the aspects of colonialism and its consequences, revealing the perspective of Iranian story writers against foreign domination, and finally recognizing the components and manifestations of nativism in stories have always been worthy of attention. This importance doubles when we know that in addition to the connection with the mentioned concepts, nativism has an inseparable connection with other social components such as culture, language, religion, history, politics and geography of Iran. In any case, in order to start research in the field of nativism, it is necessary to provide a precise definition of it at the beginning, and then based on that, works should be selected and various aspects of nativism would be examined. In this regard, this paper examines the roots of the meaning of nativism in Iranian fiction through the description and analysis of social, literary and intellectual aspects in the constitutional time period until 1400 AD. There is a need to remind that until now, there has been no significant and specific research on the meaning of nativism in Iranian fiction literature, and its vacancy as a foundational research for other literary researches is quite noticeable.
Methodology
This research seeks to provide a detailed and practical redefinition of the concept of nativism in Iranian fiction based on previous studies and existing stories. The research method in this paper is based on data description and analysis; It means collecting data from various sources (documentary study) and deducing from data through description, comparison and logical reasoning.
Results and Findings
Analyzing the meaning of nativism in contemporary Iranian fiction and finding a precise and practical definition for it was the most important goal of this research, and to answer it, the concept of nativism was examined from social, literary and intellectual aspects. The results of this research show that nativism has two origins and two main approaches. the anti-colonial approach with eastern origin, which is mainly related to Asian, African, Latin American countries and Iran; and the anti-immigration approach with Western origins, which is mainly related to the United States and European countries. One of the other findings of this research is the revelation of the semantic difference between the term nativism and other similar concepts, which was examined and analyzed in a separate section. But the most important results of this research are related to the characteristics of nativist stories and its components. We can generally see that nativism is a conscious reaction against the domination and colonization of a foreign country, which usually arises when feeling the danger and critical conditions of the period of domination and colonization. These kinds of stories always have two main and basic aspects that a considerable amount of text is dedicated to them. The first aspect is related to xenophobia and showing various aspects and consequences of domination and colonialism. But the second aspect is related to the representation of Iranian culture and identity and showing the capacities and abilities of the land of Iran, which have occurred in the stories at both national and local levels.
Conclusion
By comparing the results and summarizing the analysis, it is possible to introduce nativism in contemporary Iranian fiction as follows: nativism is a two-faceted and conscious reaction to the domination and colonization of foreign countries, which, on the one hand, introduces the foreign element and describes the aspects and consequences of colonization and the method of confronting it; And on the other hand, it represents the native culture and identity and shows the capacities and abilities of the land of Iran.
Behzad Pourgharib, Somayeh Kiani, Sepideh Ziadbakhsh,
Volume 25, Issue 3 (6-2018)
Volume 25, Issue 3 (6-2018)
Abstract
The present paper examines Elif Shafak’s 2011 novel Honour based on Bhabhaian concepts of hybridity and unhomeliness. Bhabha broached the idea of hybridity in order to address the social dimensions of postcolonial analyses.4 Hybridity occurs when the relationship between the colonizer and the colonized blurs various boundaries. Bhabha explores the possibility of a hybrid space to elucidate the recollections of migrants and their unhomeliness. He defines hybrid identity as one constructed through relocation and separation in the contact zone. In fact, it is in a third space of enunciation in which every thought by both the colonizer and the colonized finds a means of expression or exchange. Using concepts of hybridity and unhomeliness to delve into Shafak's Honour, this research concludes that within the social and cultural structures and discourse of their ‘new’ country, diasporic characters feel unhomed and struggle to fill gaps and redefine their identities. The paper argues that characters in the novel seek refuge in diasporic communities to counter stereotypes. Their attempts, however, result in new experiences and feelings of isolation, nostalgia, insecurity, split self, and a sense of being out of place.
Seyed Javad Miri,
Volume 29, Issue 1 (1-2022)
Volume 29, Issue 1 (1-2022)
Abstract
In this article, the author is trying to problematize the concept of critique in Critical Theory by arguing that we need to go beyond the traditional parameters of the Critical Theory Canon as defined by Euro-Atlantic historiographers and critical social theorists. But in order to achieve this goal the author has attempted to demonstrate alternative approaches in conceptualizing complexities of social reality by employing the concept of Istehmar as defined by Ali Shariati. What does Istehmar mean? How does Shariati articulate this concept in sociological fashion? How is this concept different than classical concepts such as anomie, alienation and disenchantment?
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