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Showing 16 results for Collocation
Volume 1, Issue 3 (3-2004)
Abstract
One of the important features of Hafez verses is their very solid structure and deliberate geometry.
In this structure words and constituants are selected so skillfully and are sitting with each others so deliberately that don’t accept modification and rarely comes forward that don't be injured from repair and change for better and displacement.
In this essay we discussed the structure, language structure and artistic structure and then tried to reveal the above mentioned particular feature of Hafez poems, by using and considering a number of samples and models of Hafez poems.
Volume 3, Issue 3 (10-2012)
Abstract
The collocations form a big part of lexical combinations for which there is no exact definition clarifying their functions. By “collocation”, we mean a combination of words or phrases that show a great tendency to appear together. The main reason for devoting the present research to this subject is that these combinations are understandable for foreign users of a language but they can not easily produce them. So the main purpose of this research is to clarify the collocation phenomenon and to introduce their syntactic and semantic properties on the base of all the parameters, which are meaningful in their structure. This aim has been reached by a contrastive analysis of two French and Persian corpuses.
Volume 3, Issue 5 (4-2016)
Abstract
In the field of textual analysis and detailed understanding, we can benefit numerous mechanisms, In the meantime, attention to the mutual semantic opposition, has a special place. In the collocation of the word that one of the issues is invaluable semantics, Semantic opposition with their Types can lead translators and analysts to the exact meaning of the words of text. This means that a translator with knowledge of the mutual semantic opposition between words of coincide sentences, can lay behind the many challenges to achieve the accurate translation. According to the Nahj al-Balagha full of valuable semantic opposition, in this article we Following the Performance of Persian translations in translate of semantic opposition of sermons of Nahj al-Balagha And the extent to contexture have consider. In this regard, the types of collocation of the word and semantic oppositions have mentioned. And continue, some of the phrases that contain such opposition are offered and then to explain and evaluate the performance of five Persian translation of Nahj al-Balagha sermons on the correct translation of the semantic opposition. The results of this study suggest that in many cases, translators with a lack of attention to the symmetric sentences with each other, have been far from such the Strict sense of phrases while considering the context, we can overcome this problem.
Volume 3, Issue 5 (4-2016)
Abstract
Collocation is the utilization of two or more words, often with a high frequency, with one another, provided that the frequency should be significant enough in order not to be labeled accidental. This linguistic phenomenon has been attracting several translation scholars contemporarily; stimulating them to closely scrutinize and observe the translation of these collocations in different books. This study, with the help of a descriptive and analytical method, aims to study these adjectival and genitive collocation and its translations in the Holy Quran. In the first place, 55 adjectival and genitive collocations from the Quran and its ten contemporary translations were extracted which were later criticized and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the translation ignorance of these Quranic collocations, as units of translations, have not only brought about various translations of the same collocations, but also has lead to the emergence of the same form of translation of various collocations with different meanings. In conclusion, some suggestions to remove these challenges have been offered. For instance, prefabricated equivalences for these collocations could be prepared to be referenced to in order to come up with translations which are along the same lines.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2014)
Abstract
We examined two assumptions of the "Conceptual Metaphor Theory" (CMT) using corpus-based method. According to the first assumption, linguistic metaphors are merely reflections of conceptual metaphors; so linguistic metaphors have a marginal and secondary role. According to the second assumption, conventional linguistic metaphors are systematic. A 50-milion token sample of Hamshahri collection of Persian texts was selected as the corpus of the study. All of the corpus analyses of calculating the collocations and extracting the concordances were carried out using Ant Conc corpus software. Data analysis failed to find evidence in support of the first assumption provided by CMT, but the second assumption was partially confirmed. The findings suggest that the semantic patterns of linguistic metaphors are more complex than those predicted by CMT, and language use factors play an undeniable role in shaping the semantics of metaphoric expressions.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2014)
Abstract
The current research, taking into account three standards of Beaugrande & Dressler’s textual-cognitive model i.e. cohesion, coherence, intertextuality, explains the four-fold stages of textual perception in Sohrab Sepehrie's poetic collection Zendegi-ye Khwabhâ (Dreams’ Life). The aim of the study is to find a new analytical method of the contemporary poetry that is identified through the text hence; it is a collection of identical and mental processes that gradually ring forth the method of understanding and stages of perception to readers. Based on the above model, this study elaborates on a quadric procedure, consisting of parsing, concept recovery, idea recovery and plan recovery for perceiving Sepehrie’s poetry. Here, “parsing” is achieved through collocation; “concept recovery”, through finding the schema; “idea recovery” through taking a sequence of actions and looking for background knowledge and intertextuality; and finally the “plan recovery” through attachment. In other words, a receiver arrives at sequence of actions following collocations that fills the gap in the text and discovers the poet’s schema through sharing his/her background information with instances of intertextuality. Sepehrie succeeded in expressing his metaphysical experiences in a compact way through repeating and describing a chain schema via appealing to surrealism and mysticism as elements of intertextuality.
Volume 6, Issue 4 (10-2015)
Abstract
The present article takes a critical and analytic look at various dimensions of studying vocabulary in academic texts, hence providing a quite clear prospect of the requirements, methods and challenges of this line of inquiry. The basic focus of the article is however to draw attention to the paucity of corpus-informed research on Persian academic texts as well as the linguistic productions of Persian speakers in other languages. In the first section, a holistic picture as to the significance of learning academic vocabulary is drawn. Then, some academic word and phrase lists and some academic corpora are briefly introduced. In the next section, different aspects which should be taken into consideration (e.g. collocation, lexical bundles, intra and inter-text lexical variation) in such type of research are elaborated and some of precautions to be taken by researchers are discussed. In the final section, some of the challenges and limitations of this type of research are mentioned and a scheme of the ecology of “studying academic vocabulary” is given. The scheme is supposed to act as a synoptic road map for interested researchers who are at the beginning of their academic endeavor.
Volume 8, Issue 2 (5-2017)
Abstract
In this paper, we are suggesting a website, which we have called ColloNet, for explaining lexical collocations based on frame semantics.It is going to be connected to FrameNet that is a network drawing frames of lexemes. This network not only helps us comprehend the nature of collocations, but also is an introduction to more computational linguistics researches. We have considered the word ‘dast’ to explain different functions and applications of this website. The data are collected from two Persian corpora: Bijan Khan and Persian Database. A descriptive-comparative-analytic approach has been used to compare and analyze the frames, in which the collocates, the base and the whole construction are being defined. Consequently,by comparing frames and analyzing the relations between elements, we can not only understand the type of collocation (such as simple, metaphoric or metonymic), but also obtain some information regarding historical, political, social and cultural motivations behind collocations.
Volume 10, Issue 2 (5-2019)
Abstract
Learning collocations has been regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning which has grabbed much attention in the teaching and learning processes. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of intentional and incidental instruction of English collocations on Iranian advanced EFL learners’ noticing. To this purpose, of 65 participants, 40 (13 male and 27 female) of them who aged between 18 and 32 were chosen based on Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT) from Golestan University engineering students. Being homogenized based on OQPT, the participants firstly took a pre-test to check their prior knowledge. They were then divided into three groups, namely intentional (N:13), incidental (N:14), and control (N:13). Then, the participants in the intentional group received explicit instruction on English collocations, while the participants in the incidental group received implicit instruction. The participants took a post-test immediately after five treatment sessions. Stimulated recall sessions were also held to check their noticing of the collocations. After a two-week interval, the participants took a delayed post-test and stimulated recall sessions again to check their noticing. The results of One-way ANOVA and a post hoc test of Tukey (HSD) indicated that there was a significant difference between the intentional group and incidental group in the post-test and delayed posttest. Moreover, the intentional group outperformed both the incidental and control groups. Besides, there was a significant difference between the incidental group and the control group in the post-test and delayed post-test. It is hoped that the findings can be fruitful for language learners, teachers, and syllabus designers.
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Abstract
The error estimation should be a main tool in every adaptivity process. This is the reason for the great importance of the estimation. It allows us to know the quality of the solution, and hence, if it is acceptable or not. Moreover, it provides some information about the changes that are necessary to be made in the mathematical model to reach, in an economic way, the desired solution. In this paper, a new error estimator for solving the hyperbolic problems to be used in conjunction with the Collocated Discreet Least Square Meshless (CDLS) method is presented. The error estimator is shown to be naturally related to the least-squares method, providing a suitable measure of the errors in the solution. The estimator is easily calculated by the use of already existing matrices of the least-squares computation, hence, it is very cheap. The proposed error estimator was implemented with CDLS method to solve three benchmark examples from the literature and the effect of collocation points on them was investigated. These examples are nonlinear burgers equation, dam break problem and the problem of shoaling a wave on sloping shallow waters. The results showed that the error estimator works very well in all numerical examples.
Volume 14, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Knowledge of speech acts and their functions are basic components of pragmatics and the request speech act plays a crucial part in everyday interactions. This study aimed to investigate whether native speakers of English make any differences utilizing the request expressions “would you like” and “would you mind”, their collocations in both spoken and academic contexts and the functional differences caused by the co-text. To this end, the data was retrieved from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The results revealed that such expressions in the spoken corpus were used more frequently in the transactional context with equal status and as interactional-oriented. However, in the academic corpus, the same expressions were used more frequently in the pedagogical context with the high-low status and as both interactional-oriented and task-oriented. The expression "would you like" was mostly used to give information, whereas "would you mind" was usually used to request an action. These expressions were not used for the purpose of imposition in any of the two contexts. The study revealed that the collocations didn't affect the function of such requests. In fact, it was the collocating words that changed due to the pragmatic functions and the objectives of the speakers. The findings might contribute to understanding of the variations which matter between the request expressions. Teachers and learners might gain insights into how and when they are used and which collocations are more frequent so as to focus more carefully on them and make informed and proper decisions within pedagogical settings.
Volume 15, Issue 5 (7-2015)
Abstract
Traffic issue is an international challenge in the sophisticated countries in which over population is considered as an important factor in creating this problem. Studies show that the accidents’ report during the minimum time is the best way to control the traffics. For this purpose, this paper has been done in such a way that after modeling the flying robot using Newton-Euler equations, a three-dimensional constrained optimal trajectory has been generated through Direct Collocation Approach. In other words, the proposed problem in this paper is first formulated as an optimal control problem. Afterwards, the optimal control problem is discretized through Direct Collocation Technique, which is one of the numerical solving methods of the optimal control problems, and it is transformed into a Nonlinear Programing Problem (NLP). Eventually, the aforementioned nonlinear programming problem is solved via SNOPT which works based on the gradient algorithm like SQP. It should be noted that since the main objective of motion planning in this paper is controlling the urban traffic, the urban constrains are utilized during the trajectory optimization. In other words, all of the high-rise buildings located during the course are modeled by the various cylinders. The efficacy of the aforementioned method is demonstrated by extensive simulations, and in particular it is verified that this method is capable of producing a suitable solution for three-dimensional constrained optimal motion planning for a six-degree-of-freedom quadrotor helicopter for urban traffic purposes.
Volume 15, Issue 5 (6-2024)
Abstract
Comment peut-on intégrer les collocations dans l’enseignement-apprentissage du lexique de la langue française en Iran ? Telle est la problématique qu’on se propose de traiter dans cet article, en mettant en perspective la place des collocations dans des productions écrites et orales d’un groupe d’étudiants en langue et littérature françaises. Cette recherche est fondée sur l’analyse d’un corpus composé des productions des étudiants participants, de l’observation de leurs cours et des discours de ces étudiants sur les collocations, recueillis lors des entretiens semi-directifs. Les résultats montrent que les collocations sont actuellement très peu utilisées par les apprenants du FLE en Iran. Les collocations les plus utilisées dans les productions des étudiants sont du type V + N (Verbe +Nom avec article). Les résultats retenus de l’analyse qualitative des réponses des étudiants aux questions de l’entretien montrent que leur statut dans les programmes de l’enseignement du français et dans les contenus des cours dans les filières du français en Iran est loin d’être clair. Nous avons également essayé de donner quelques pistes d’après les résultats obtenus, permettant d’améliorer l’enseignement du lexique en FLE, et en particulier celui de collocations.
Volume 15, Issue 6 (3-2024)
Abstract
The purpose of the present article is to provide a new and practical definition for idioms and collocations, based on syntactic criteria, not merely semantic. One of the important criteria for distinguishing these two types of phrases (idioms and collocations) is the flexibility of their constituent elements. Idioms and collocations have not yet been studied within a syntactic approach. According to Construction Grammar, idioms were analyzed based on four syntactic tests: "passivization", "clefting", "dislocation" and "interrogation". Construction Grammar is a set of cognitive grammars that considers construction as a symbolic unit consisting of form and meaning poles. Two hundred idioms were analyzed. These idioms were collected from two main sources, namely The Colloquial Persian Dictionary (Abolhassan Najafi, 2008) and The Two-volume Dictionary of Kenayat-e Sokhan (Hassan Anvari, 2019). The four constructions of each idiom were judged syntactically by 15 people as research participants. The meanings of some of these constructions showed that the syntactic flexibility of all idioms is not the same. Some idioms were flexible to syntactic changes and therefore behaved similarly to collocations. The flexibility of idioms led to the introduction of a new definition of these types of phrases based on syntactic criteria. Thus, such phrases were considered a kind of collocation, not an idiom. In other words, those lexical phrases were called idioms which were inflexible to these syntactic constructions.
1. Introduction
One of the important distinctions between idioms and collocations has always been its semantic aspect. Another important distinction between them is related to the lack of syntactic changes in idioms. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of idioms is the immutability of their constituent elements. In relation to the syntactic changes of idioms, Mel'čuk points to four syntactic changes including passivization, clefting, dislocation, and interrogation which can cause the displacement of the constituent elements of idioms (2014). In this article, using the linguistic intuition of Persian speakers, we seek to investigate whether these syntactic changes occur in all Persian idioms or only in a limited set; and if we observe the occurrence of this phenomenon, whether our definition of idioms is the same as the previously known definitions or we should go to a new definition of them. It seems that we are not faced with an idiom in its general sense, but we will have a new form of a collocation where a lexical element will play the role of a pivot and another lexical element will play the role a function. The main goal of the current research is to analyze idioms from a new perspective and evaluate the structural differences of idioms and collocations. Actually, by using the above 4 syntax tests, we are trying to recognize two types of expressions in Persian.
Research Question(s)
The research questions of this study are as follows:
1. Based on what criteria can idioms and collocations be separated?
2. In which area or areas of grammar can the criteria for distinguishing idioms and collocations be explained?
2. Literature Review
Construction Grammar (CxG) is a cover term for a number of grammatical theories and models within the field of cognitive linguistics. The most basic unit of study in this grammar is construction, not the syntactic units or those rules that combine these syntactic units together. According to CxG, the basis of language communication is a set of fixed expressions in the mind of language speakers, which are memorized like a formula. From this point of view, linguistic expressions as pairs of form and meaning are considered the main and formal unit of language (Goldberg, 1995 & 2003; Sinclair, 2004). Constructions in CxG, just like words, are a combination of form and meaning. These constructions are basically considered symbolic units (Croft, 2007, p. 472). They are associated with syntactic, morphological, phonological and pragmatic meaning. According to Goldberg, C is considered a construction if and only if C is a pair of form and meaning in such a way that some aspects of Fi or some aspects of Si cannot be entirely predicted from the components of construction C (1995, p. 4). In this definition, the symbol F stands for the word ‘form’ and the symbol S stands for the word ‘semantics’. Therefore, the pair shows a symbolic unit. Indexes also show the symbolic relationship between form and meaning.
3. Methodology
In the present research, the most up-to-date available sources, namely The Colloquial Persian Dictionary (Najafi, 2008) and The Two-volume Dictionary of Kenayat-e Sokhan (Anvari, 2019) have been used. First, the data, which consists of 200 idioms, were extracted from the relevant sources. Then, those idioms were listed according to the previously mentioned definition. In the next step, the changes and displacements of the elements present in the idioms, i.e. passivization, clefting, dislocation, and interrogation were investigated. In this way, at least 15 Persian speakers as research participants were used to judge the well-formed data resulting from the syntactic changes. In fact, by using the above 4 tests, we tried to give a new definition of idioms.
4. Results
Out of the total of 200 idioms that were examined, about 40 idioms were used in the passive construction and produced sentences that had the same meaning as the idiom. Approximately 50, 60, and 50 idioms also produced meaningful sentences in clefting, dislocation, and interrogation constructions, respectively. The result of the final analysis of these 200 idioms shows that on average, a quarter of these idioms show flexibility against these four syntactic constructions. The above result indicates that the constituent elements of some idioms can be displaced and used in different constructions like collocations. Therefore, such expressions are collocations, not idioms.
.
1. Introduction
One of the important distinctions between idioms and collocations has always been its semantic aspect. Another important distinction between them is related to the lack of syntactic changes in idioms. Therefore, one of the main characteristics of idioms is the immutability of their constituent elements. In relation to the syntactic changes of idioms, Mel'čuk points to four syntactic changes including passivization, clefting, dislocation, and interrogation which can cause the displacement of the constituent elements of idioms (2014). In this article, using the linguistic intuition of Persian speakers, we seek to investigate whether these syntactic changes occur in all Persian idioms or only in a limited set; and if we observe the occurrence of this phenomenon, whether our definition of idioms is the same as the previously known definitions or we should go to a new definition of them. It seems that we are not faced with an idiom in its general sense, but we will have a new form of a collocation where a lexical element will play the role of a pivot and another lexical element will play the role a function. The main goal of the current research is to analyze idioms from a new perspective and evaluate the structural differences of idioms and collocations. Actually, by using the above 4 syntax tests, we are trying to recognize two types of expressions in Persian.
Research Question(s)
The research questions of this study are as follows:
1. Based on what criteria can idioms and collocations be separated?
2. In which area or areas of grammar can the criteria for distinguishing idioms and collocations be explained?
2. Literature Review
Construction Grammar (CxG) is a cover term for a number of grammatical theories and models within the field of cognitive linguistics. The most basic unit of study in this grammar is construction, not the syntactic units or those rules that combine these syntactic units together. According to CxG, the basis of language communication is a set of fixed expressions in the mind of language speakers, which are memorized like a formula. From this point of view, linguistic expressions as pairs of form and meaning are considered the main and formal unit of language (Goldberg, 1995 & 2003; Sinclair, 2004). Constructions in CxG, just like words, are a combination of form and meaning. These constructions are basically considered symbolic units (Croft, 2007, p. 472). They are associated with syntactic, morphological, phonological and pragmatic meaning. According to Goldberg, C is considered a construction if and only if C is a pair of form and meaning
3. Methodology
In the present research, the most up-to-date available sources, namely The Colloquial Persian Dictionary (Najafi, 2008) and The Two-volume Dictionary of Kenayat-e Sokhan (Anvari, 2019) have been used. First, the data, which consists of 200 idioms, were extracted from the relevant sources. Then, those idioms were listed according to the previously mentioned definition. In the next step, the changes and displacements of the elements present in the idioms, i.e. passivization, clefting, dislocation, and interrogation were investigated. In this way, at least 15 Persian speakers as research participants were used to judge the well-formed data resulting from the syntactic changes. In fact, by using the above 4 tests, we tried to give a new definition of idioms.
4. Results
Out of the total of 200 idioms that were examined, about 40 idioms were used in the passive construction and produced sentences that had the same meaning as the idiom. Approximately 50, 60, and 50 idioms also produced meaningful sentences in clefting, dislocation, and interrogation constructions, respectively. The result of the final analysis of these 200 idioms shows that on average, a quarter of these idioms show flexibility against these four syntactic constructions. The above result indicates that the constituent elements of some idioms can be displaced and used in different constructions like collocations. Therefore, such expressions are collocations, not idioms.
.
Volume 16, Issue 4 (6-2016)
Abstract
In this paper, post-buckling behavior of laminated plates is investigated using mesh-free method. One of the most common powerful numerical methods in recent decades is mesh-free collocation method. Due to wildly oscillating solutions at the endpoints and occurrence of Runge phenomenon in the case of uniform distribution of points, the domain of the problem is discretized with Legendre-gauss-lobatto nodes. In this paper, the classical laminated plate theory is used and different out-of-plane boundary conditions with anti-symmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminates are investigated. Equations system is introduced by discretizing von-Karman’s compatibility equations and boundary conditions with finite Legendre basis functions that are substituted into the displacement fields. Because of large deformations and nonlinear terms in the strain-displacement relations, the nonlinear system of equations is solved by using Newton-Raphson technique. Since number of equations is always more than the number of unknown parameters, the least square technique is used to solve the system of equations. Some results are obtained and compared with those available in the literature.
Ramin Golshaie1,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
In this study, corpus method was used to test an assumption of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) that systematic and conventionally fixed metaphorical expressions have literal meaning in the source domain. The conceptual metaphors LIFE IS A JOURNEY and IDEAS ARE PLANTS were selected for analysis and three keywords from source domain of the metaphors were chosen and matched with their English equivalents. Hamshahri 2 collection of Farsi texts was selected as the corpus of the study. For ease of processing, one third of the corpus comprising of fifty million word tokens was randomly sampled as the working corpus. Collocates of the source-domain keywords, as realizations of fixed metaphoric expressions, were extracted using AntConc software and their concordances were examined. It was found that 1) in conventionally fixed metaphorical expressions, when source-domain keywords were used metaphorically they had collocates that rarely appeared with the same source-domain keywords used literally, and 2) source-domain keywords had gradable degrees of metaphoricity. The findings were interpreted as suggesting that the meaning of fixed metaphoric expressions may not be systematically connected to the metaphor's source-domain meaning.
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