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Hesampour ,S. ,Ph.D.
Hasanli , K.  ,PH.D
 
Abstract:
 
Omar Khayyām is one of the most well known Iranian thinkers and medieval poets and his work has been internationally acclaimed. The limited number of his poems is counterbalanced by their deep meanings.
Various studies have been devoted to Omar Khayyām.  However, researchers and literary men alike have mostly focused their endeavors on analyzing the depth of his thoughts as to the inner secrets of the self, his rhetorical questions concerning human existence, its origins, ends and ultimate fate while leaving aside a very important constituent of Khayyām’s poetry, its aesthetics.   This lacuna led to the false impression that his poetry is structurally weak and not endowed with aesthetics elements.
 In this study, we showed the interconnectness and harmony of Khayyām’s artistic lexicon and imagery with its form and content.  Khayyām’s poetical aesthetics elements have been analyzed on three levels:
 1.Artistic relation between poetical elements
 2.Imagery
3. Emphasis and repetition.
 
 

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Many scholars in the field of Qur'an and translation have considered the translation of Mohammad Mahdi Fouladvand from the Holy Quran as one of the best contemporary translations of the Qur'an.And they find it reliablein terms of compliance with the source text,and applying the rules of language and expression, as well as the use of Persian phrasal vocabulary, which is often the main theme of coherence in the structure of the text.On the other hand, one of the small Qur'anic Surahs which, despite a small volume, speak of a variety of topics is the Surah of At-Tariq. Due to the diversity of the subject and the small volume, the quality of coherence in this chapter and its translation can be questioned.Thus, in this research,based on the evolved version of the systematic theory of Holliday and Hassan 1985.m,as well as the concept of cohesive coordination that Roghayeh Hasan introduced in 1984.m,the factors of coherence and coordination of coherence in Surah At-Tariq and its translation from Mohammad Mahdi Fouladvand were studied and reviewed selectively and inductively,based on descriptive - analytical and statistical evaluation. The author intends, with a spacious and textual view, relying on the above theory to determine the factors of coherence, coordination of coherence, and the amount of this cohesion, in the text of Surah At-Tariq and its translation, then compared both the source and destination to each other. The results of the research show that, despite the differences in the ratio of the grammatical elements and the lexical elements of the source and destination texts, both texts is coherent, also, due to the high percentage of the similarity of the target text to the source text in the way of applying the coherence factors, the translator has been able to translate successfully and reflect the meanings and concepts of translation to a large extent.

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  This article, as a part of a broader study about the efficacy of the Conceptual Blending Theory in explanation of cognitive component of meaning construction process, examines how Conceptual Blending Theory can be applied for exploring text coherence in folktales. Two main questions of this paper are that: by using the parameters of Conceptual Blending Theory, is it possible to analyze the text coherence of a folktale and to what extent the findings of this paper can be generalized. It is assumed that by using Conceptual Blending framework we are able to explain the text coherence, as an important factor in meaning construction. The findings of this paper show that the application of Conceptual Blending provides an excellent analytical tool for exploring text coherence and meaning construction process in human mind.

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As with literature where literarity appreciation entails a literary text, textuality is a prerequisite for materializing texts. In fact, in order for textuality to be actualized, we need to have "coherence" ensured that has been studied by many scholars including Michel Charolles in discourse analysis. A device for establishing this quality as addressed by Charolles is "prepositional syntagms". Even though he duly emphasized the particular function of these devices within coherence, it seems, however, that the perspective in which he envisions the issue can be open to criticism. The present paper seeks to offer an alternative to a formal-syntactic view suggesting that coherence can be characterized in semantic terms in which the reader assumes a more active role. Drawbacks to the former perspective are adequately highlighted and more comprehensive view is offered to compensate for the inadequacies of the linguist's idea. The question which arises here is the relation between textual structuralization using prepositional syntagms and continuity of meaning: whether prepositional syntagms have causative role, that is to say continuity of meaning is due to their presence, or vice-versa, prepositional syntagms are the effect of this continuity. According to this second hypothesis, continuity of meaning results in coherence which creates a specific structuralization and prepositional syntagms are just some elements of this structure. Therefore, if we can find a coherent text or passage which has discoursal conditions of the texts where Charolles studies prepositional syntagms while these elements are absent there, Charolles's theory faces a counterexample. In this way, the role of these elements in issue of coherence will be modified. Thus we believe that criticizing Charolles's theory is sufficient to prove the novelty of this research. As a result, we propose to deal with the issue considering coherence rather than cohesion. Since not only the functions which Charolles attributes to prepositional syntagms are not limited to them, but also these functions cannot, in themselves, guarantee the coherence of the text, because other features such as readers' topic familiarity should be considered as well. To these aims, at the first stage, the particular function of "prepositional syntagms" which Charolles calls "framing adverbials" is clarified through his theory. Subsequently, the paper focuses on deemphasizing the exclusive dominance of such elements through resorting to contextualized aspects of coherence.  
 
 

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Discourse markers determine how the addressee’s perceptions are different from or similar to each other. Considering the importance of discourse markers in increasing children’s verbal and linguistic skills and increasing the coherence level of their discourse (Gerhardt, 1990), the purpose of this study is to use the Hansen model (1998) to study the production process of Discourse Markers in the narrative discourse of 7 and 10 –year-old Persian-speaking children and adults. The present research is descriptive and analytic. 37 of the children were 7 years old and 40 were 10 years old. Children were selected purposefully from elementary schools of Tehran. Also, 18 adults were selected in order to compare children’s performance with theirs. The retelling experiment was performed according to the method of Choi (2007) and Kyratizis and Ervin Tripp (1999). The results showed that the subjects were able to use different types of discourse markers in their narrative discourse. The total use of discourse markers in children was more than that of the adults. It seems that sometimes coherence compensates cohesion and sometimes logical and semantic relationships based on prior knowledge play a role instead of discourse markers.
1. Introduction
Discourse Markers are a non-propositional linguistic element whose primary role is to connect different parts of the discourse and their scope is quite diverse and variable. Considering the importance of discourse Markers in increasing children's language and verbal skills and, consequently, raising their level of reasoning about world phenomena, the present research aimed to use Hanson’s model (1998) to study the process of producing discourse markers in the narrative discourse among 7 and 10-year-old Persian speaking boys and girls, and finally to compare their performance with an adult male and female performance.
 
.Research Hypotheses
1. Seven, ten-year-old, and adult Persian-speakers use various types of discourse marekers that cause coherence in the narrative context retold by them.
2. with the development of language skills, the use of discourse markers in seven, ten-year-old and adult Persian-speakers will increase in the narrative context.
3. There is a significant difference in the use of discourse markers by the seven, ten-year-old, and adult Persian-speakers.
 
2. Literature Review
Choi (2007) in an article examined the use of discourse markers in children aged four to twelve and adults. The results of his research showed that four-year-olds can use some discourse markers such as so and and. The use of and as a discourse marker is decreased in adults compared to children, but the use of so as a discourse marker increased in adults stories compared to children. Overall, the number of discourse markers decreases in adult stories. Spooren and Sanders (2008) studied the order of coherence relations between the discourse components of Dutch children (6-7 years old and 11 years old). Their results showed that additive relationships are learned before causal relationships. Mehrabi Sari (2013) examined three age groups (4-5, 5-6, 6-7). Her results revealed that the frequency of some discourse markers increased with age development and the frequency of others was constant, but in general, there was no growth trend in the use of discourse markers by children aged four to seven years.
 
3. Methodology
The present study was conducted in the winter of 2016 on 20 ten-year-old girls and boys (fourth grade of elementary school) and 16 girls and 20 boys in the age group of seven years (first grade of elementary schools). All children were monolingual Persian-speakers. Also, to compare the growth trend of children in using the discourse markers, 18 adults (male and female) with an average age of 28.32 participated in this study. In total, 94 samples of stories were obtained from the subjects of this study.
In this quantitative and descriptive research, the retelling story test based on Choi (2007) and Kirtzis and Erwin Trip (1999) was used to get an idea of ​​how children use discourse markers in the narrative context. To evaluate the "reliability" of the data coding, the data of this study were coded by two coders. We used McHagg (2012) interrater reliability to examine the percentage of agreement between the two coders. The percent agreement in data coding was 91.93%. In cases of disagreement, the two coders agreed through discussion.
 
4. Results
The results of this study indicate that the subjects in all three age groups had the highest use of discourse markers indicating sequence of events (baʔd, baʔdan, baʔdeʃ). Ten-year-olds and seven-year-old children by using 275 and 230 discourse markers respectively use the sequence DMs more than adults. The use of sequence DMs was significantly reduced in adults compared to children (19 discourses). In total, ten-year-olds with a total of 400 discourse markers had the highest use of them. Seven-year-olds with 290 DMs, and adults with 51 DMs used them less than ten-year olds. Also, to investigate the differences in the performance of the three age groups in using discourse markers Fisher exact test was used. The results of this test indicate that there is a significant difference between the three age groups only in the use of the two discourse markers va ‘and’ and xob ‘well’ (‘and’: P <0.003 and ‘well’: P <0.012) and in the case of other discourse markers, there was no significant difference between the subjects' performance (p> 0.05).
 
5. Discussion
According to the prediction of the 1^st Hypothesis of this research, Seven, ten-year-old, and adult Persian-speakers use various types of discourse markers that cause coherence in the narrative context told by them. The data showed that seven-year-olds used eleven (baʔd > baʔdan> baʔdeʃ >ʔammɑ, vali> pas> ʧon, ʔɑxe> va> masalan>xob), ten-year-olds used thirteen (baʔd > baʔdeʃ > baʔdan > va> masalan, jaʔni> ʔammɑ, vali> xob> pas> hɑlɑ> ʧon, ʔɑxe) and adults also used eleven (baʔd, baʔdeʃ, baʔdan, va> vali> xob> ʧon, ʔɑxe >masalan, jaʔni>pas) types of discourse markers. Therefore, the 1^st Hypothesis  of this research is confirmed.
The second hypothesis is confirmed for the two age groups of the children, but is not confirmed for the comparison of children group with the adult group.
Based on the last hypothesis of this study, there is a significant difference in the use of discourse markers by three age groups, but data analysis revealed that although there is a difference between the number of used discourse markers between the three age groups, but this difference only in using the two discourse markers, /xob/ 'well' and /va/ 'and' was significant, and in using other discourse markers, was not significant. Therefore, the last hypothesis is confirmed only for the two mentioned discourse markers and is not confirmed for the other discourse markers.
 
6. Conclusion
By comparing the performance of children with adults in using discourse markers, it was observed that the total discourse markers of adults were significantly reduced in narrative context, and children in both age groups were more likely to use discourse markers. These results are consistent with Choi’s (2007) studies. Adult language fluency and the number of words in their lexicon, memory power, use of other metalingual tools such as rhythm, body language, and intonation seem to reduce discourse markers in an adult narrative context. So far no research has specifically addressed the reason for this, perhaps sometimes coherence compensating for cohesion, and at other times prior knowledge-based semantic-logical relations play roles instead of discourse markers.

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The Holy Qur'an is a heavenly prism that has attracted everyone's attention with its strange order, even polytheists, to the point where some attributed it to magic. Jurjani's theory of order is a theory that seeks to prove the linguistic miracle of the Holy Quran. This theory was proposed along with the view of some Mu'tazilis about the miracle of the Holy Qur'an, who said that the miracle of the Qur'an is not in its language, but rather in the fact that God does not allow anyone to bring the likeness of the Qur'an (theory of efficiency). In this theory, Jurjani considers order to be the same as searching for and finding the rhetorical subtleties of the Qur'an, and he relates eloquence and rhetoric to meaning, and calls the word a subordinate and servant of meaning. This article, with a descriptive analytical method and relying on Jurjani's theory of order, seeks to analyze Surah Mubarakah Hamad in order to validate this content that in this Surah, depending on the circumstances of the audience, the words are used in a special way, such as coming in the form of Ma'rafa and Nakrah. Back and forth, interjections, etc. are arranged to express their purpose in a proper way. Each word has its own special place, in such a way that if it is removed from its place and placed in another part, the order and proportion and ultimately the beauty and tenderness of the words will be lost and the intention of the theologian will remain unclear.

1. Introduction
Jorjani’s Theory of Nazm (Order), based on the existence of miracles in language engineering and the particular arrangement of words, seeks to prove the linguistic miracles of the Holy Quran, and it is against the view of some Motazelis who do not consider the miracles of the Quran in its language, but rather in the fact that God forbids bringing something like Quran (the theory of Sarfa). In the theory of order, Jorjani considers the miracle in applying the meanings of syntax and rhetorical subtleties of the Quran as among various aspects, and he relates eloquence and rhetoric to meaning and calls words subordinate and servants of the meaning. This paper aims to analyze Surah al-Hamd (Fathiha) and show its beauty with a descriptive-analytical method, relying on Jorjani’s theory of order. This study tries to answer the following two questions:

1. How is the beauty of order manifested in Surah al-Hamd?
2. What concepts and meanings are obtained by relying on the theory of order?

2. Literature Review
It seems that the beauty of the order in Surah Al-Hamd lies in the engineering of language and the coherence of its structure and words. This special order and structure provide a confirmation in accordance with the ideology of this Surah. Getting aware of the order in the verses through the coherent relationship between the words and the structure of the Surah naturally confirms the concepts of monotheism, prophethood, resurrection, judgment, destiny and sincerity of the audiences.
3. Methodology
Therefore, the present research is the first research that deals with the rhetorical miracle of this surah based on Jorjani’s theory, and during it, through rhetorical points, it examines the meanings and appropriateness of the verses and words and their relationship with regard to the overall structure.
4. Results
In examining Surah Al-Hamd based on the Theory of Order, the following results were obtained:
The chapter in the opening verses, such as the chapter of Allah from the rest of the universe in his oneness and proof of his oneness, is connected in the verse “thee do we serve and thee do we beseech for help” and its fit with the plural of the two verbs, indicates the sharing of humans in collective worship and, seeking help and proof of God’s oneness; chronology, praising, and criticizing in the noun clause at the verse " all praise is due to Allah, the lord of the worlds" is in proportion to the praise of God and praise is at the center of the speech. Precedence of the verb “serve” on the verb “beseech for help” is in proportion to the precedence of “Allah” on “the Lord” in terms of neat wrap and spread. Shortness, repetition, and deflection in the verse “thee do we serve and thee do we beseech for help” is in proportion to bowing to Allah and expressing the sincerity of the believers and their distance from hypocrisy and arrogance; and the use of such functions as adjective and substitute in “the beneficent, the merciful” and “the path of those upon whom you have favored” and the clear metaphor at the word “path” in the verse “guide us to the right path”; and definite  use of the words “Allah, the beneficent, the merciful, the right path, those upon whom, those who earn thine anger  and those who go astray” and taking advantage of present sentences with future verb in the verse “thee do we serve and thee do we beseech for help” and imperative verb in the verse “guide us to the right path” and proportion of the word “Al-hamd” with the word “Allah” as well as proportion of the word “Allah” with the verb “serve” and “those who earn thine anger” and “owner of the day of recompense” and proportion of the word “the Lord” with the verb “beseech for help” and “guide us” and other words with each other and proportion of all of them to the meanings and objectives of the surah are considerable. The coherent and regular structure and the special order of the words is such that it is not possible to remove a word from its place and replace it with another word, or to move the words, because the chain of order and coherence of the verses will be broken. The witness of this matter, in addition to the mentioned cases, is the word “recompense” in the verse “owner of the day of recompense” which cannot be replaced by the word “resurrection” because it will cause the intention of God to be hidden in this regard. Chronology, precedence and displacement in the verses “all praise is due to Allah, the lord of the worlds” and “thee do we serve and thee do we beseech for help” and the next verses verify this matter. The wonderful arrangement of words in this surah, as stated, are the manifestation of God’s beautiful and glorious attributes. Despite the shortness of Surah Al-Hamd, God has mentioned all the fundamental principles of religion, including monotheism, prophethood, resurrection, divinity and lordship, and the submission of righteous servants. And that is why this surah is nicknamed Mother of Quran or Fathiha of Quran.
 

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The non-linear order of revelations is often considered by many scholars to signify lack of coherence, disunity, and fragmentariness. It seems that 'coherence' and the related terms have veiled a significant linguistic feature of the Qur’an, namely, the non-linear nature of revelations, which might be used to make a distinction between ordinary and Quranic discourse. We will argue that to unveil the non-linearity, we should consider revelations in relation to God who reveals Himself in language not as an ordinary speaker whose speech is limited to a certain context, with a beginning and an end. We should not expect God to speak like a man. The Qur’an, thus, is seen here as a non-temporal, non-linear text that reflects its divine origin, by systematically destructing the spacio-temporal context and the linear order of language.

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The Symphony of the Dead (1989) is the most famous work of Abbas Maroufi and one of the most prominent novels of the sixties. The existence of some elements of modernity, including the narrative of the stream of consciousness, the multiple and sometimes innovative points of view, the circularity of the narrative, and the benefit of a symphonic structure, has made it a modern novel.   Some of these elements have made a correct and clear understanding of the themes belying the novel very difficult. In addition, the fragmentary structure and plurality of points of view make the text from a reader's perspective incoherent and discontinuous. The present article, drawing upon the Conceptual Structure Theory, aims to explore metaphorical systems dominant in the text and reveal the most prominent themes of the novel which have contributed to the subtlity of the text making it a unified coherent whole. To do so, the instances of the three types of metaphor used within the text, that is, 'directional', 'ontological', and 'structural' metaphors each of which is used to develop a central theme within the text are studied.
Results indicated that based on these three types of metaphor, the writer expresses his own worldview and mentality through the three main mappings, that is, "power is above/weakness is below", "man is animal", and "life is war". Such image schemas reflect the writer's own dominant system of thought which is imperceptibly spread throughout the text bringing about a text with a coherent content.

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During different exposure intervals (one, two, four, seven, and fourteen days), the efficacy of different concentrations of original Diatomaceous Earth (DE) and DEs-modifications against the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus) adults, were evaluated. The efficacy of DEs was evaluated by recording adult mortality and other parameters including effect on the progeny, grain weight loss, and DE-coherence on wheat kernels. The modified DEs showed higher efficacy than the original-DE. The most effective DE–modification was Al-DE followed by Ca-DE and Na-DE. At 14 days interval, the highest adult mortality reached 98% for Al-DE and Ca-DE modifications in comparison to the control untreated (10%) that indicates highly significant difference between them and control. At 1.5% concentration, Al-DE treatment almost suppressed the progeny (5.0±2.0) in comparison with the untreated treatment (83.333±4.041). The least weight loss was recorded for Al-DE treatment (7.0%) followed by Ca-DE (10.0%), Na-DE (13.0%) and the original-DE (25.0%) compared with the control (38%). Ultrastructural investigations of the antennae, mouth parts and posterior end of control and treated adults were performed using scanning electron microscope. DEs particles damaged sensory organs and parts of the integument throughout the body. Clear destruction among different types of the club segment sensilla was recorded. Moreover, integument cracking and cutting of the mouth parts and the genitalia were recorded. Both Al-DE and Ca-DE treatments strongly cohered very well to the wheat kernels with (1.493±0.002 and 1.492±0.002) at 1.5% concentration, respectively. The DEs coherence on wheat kernels matched directly to the insecticidal efficacy of the DE modifications against S. granarius adults.

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Textual cohesion is one of the important elements of pivotal text and is a set of form (shape cohesion) and semantic (Coherence) tools that contributes the interconnection of text and the interrelationship between its components, so shape cohesion is due to the application of elements which makes the apparent relation between the constituent elements of the text. Reference is a form of shape cohesion that contributes in realization of communication and interconnection of the components of a text, but it does not assume that role alone, but understanding the elements in the context depends on the interpretation and explanation of other elements in the same context which they refer to and this communication is realized through referencing links such as out-of-text and in-context reference, which in-text also refer to two types of pre-reference and post-reference. The present article seeks to examine the issue of its reference and application in the interconnection of Sharif Morteza`s  Al-Ghadir ode, a Muslim poet who is also committed to the issues of Islam to reveal how the elements of reference are used and their role in realizing the amount of communication and integrity of the elements of this ode. From the analysis of referential elements in the Sharif Morteza`s Al-Ghadir ode, it appears that a set of elements have joined together in shaping this religious story and its semantic structure and, so the present ode is coherent and intertwined, so the elements and means of reference in this ode are varied, as far as we can see the in-text reference has increased in the poet's ode, and at the same time the poet has used more pre-reference elements than post-reference elements and this application has played a significant role in the interconnection and relevance of the ode verses. The artistic secret of this ode is in the referential elements and poetic imagery that makes the poet's intention close to the mind and helps the reader to accept the poet's ode more and more.
 

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a devastating mental health condition that can arise following exposure to traumatic events. This study aims to investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the sense of coherence, social support, and spiritual well-being among students diagnosed with PTSD. The research employed a semi-experimental, pre-, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included students diagnosed with PTSD at the University of Tehran during the 2023-2024 academic year. A total of 36 students with PTSD were selected using purposive sampling and were divided into experimental (n=18) and control (n=18) groups. The experimental group attended eight 90-minute CBT sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Data collection involved administering the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale (Keane et al., 1998), the Sense of Coherence Scale (Antonovsky, 1993), the Social Support Questionnaire (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991), and the Spiritual WellBeing Scale (Paloutzian & Ellison, 2012). The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance (MANCOVA) analysis in SPSS-24. The results indicated that CBT significantly increased the sense of coherence (F=40.69, p=0.001, η²=0.58), social support (F=60.50, p=0.001, η²=0.67), religious well-being (F=52.16, p=0.001, η²=0.64), and existential well-being (F=54.50, p=0.001, η²=0.65) in students with PTSD. These results support the incorporation of CBT into therapeutic programs for students with PTSD to foster resilience and holistic well-being. Future research could explore the long-term effects of CBT and its impact on other psychological and behavioral outcomes in diverse student populations.