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One of the most challenging philosophical and theological discussions is the issue of natural evils, especially evils such as natural disasters, for which it is difficult to provide a rational justification for their occurrence. In the present essay, it will be argued that since humans often play no role in the emergence of natural evils, one instance of natural evil can be considered in the possibility or impossibility of the salvation and well-being of those individuals who either lived long before the emergence of religions or, for various historical and geographical reasons, have been deprived of encountering God's saving message. Therefore, it can be said that the issue of the possibility or impossibility of the salvation of such individuals can fall within the realm of theological discussions, particularly Christian theology, as well as within the discussions of the philosophy of religion. Additionally, this issue is related to pluralistic and exclusivist approaches in Christian theology, and depending on which approach we adopt, we will have a different analysis of this matter. However, based on Thomistic theology, although God manifested His message at a specific time and place in Christ, with a correct understanding of God and His attributes, we will find that God has not deprived humanity at any point in history from encountering His saving and redemptive message.

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Nietzsche’s symbolic and poetic language demands not only close textual analysis but also an intertextual reading. As a philosopher committed to dismantling traditional values, Nietzsche, despite his religious upbringing, can be seen as offering a comprehensive critique of Christian thought. This essay provides a line-by-line, empathetic interpretation of the "Three Metamorphoses" chapter from Thus Spoke Zarathustra, focusing on Nietzsche’s potential engagement with the New Testament. It examines his ironic phrases in dialogue with foundational Christian ideas, while piecing together fragments of his thought to reveal a coherent system. By oscillating between parts and the whole, the study aims to deepen understanding of Nietzsche’s enigmatic mind and language in this passage. Ultimately, it suggests that institutionalized Christianity within Nietzsche compels him to revolt with Christ against Christianity itself.
 

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A critical analysis of reader-text, especially the sacred texts as the important topic of hermeneutic, is one of the focal points of attention among scholars of humanities. This paper, through a comparative study between the Bible and the Qur’an, concentrates on the image of woman in the account of creation. The paper first shows that there are deep differences between these two sacred texts concerning the image of woman. Then it argues that throughout the Judaea-Christian history and the Islamic traditions multi and contradictory interpretations and understandings of the account have been produced by religious authorities, scholars and critics. The main purpose of the paper is to show that despite the differences between the two texts, there is a common paradigm between Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditions regarding the image of woman. This paradigm is that the authoritative discourses of both traditions have used the creation story, as a theoretical tool to downgrade women. Certainly, many factors are influential in producing this paradigm including disposition of the authors, extratextuality (the context of reading) and intertextuality (relationship of texts). In this paper, the notion of intertextuality will be emphasized, as an important factor in bringing about this paradigm.

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Khalil Hawi has used the stories of Christianity & Islam  in his poems in order to explain a pattern of the political reality by making changes in them to show his poetrical, and  political views. Khalil Hawi benefited from two elegys(Lazarus 1962, Sad Mother) of Christianity to express political reality in the Arab world symbolically and pessimistic vision in these two poems; the pessimism view has emerged in these elegys by explaning the things such as weakness, despair, distance and disease. The goal of this research is investigating his poetric way in showing how the story invoked the heritage and style in the use of the political issues, specially about the realation between government and people. This research deals with the realation between government and people in the poet’s view. He reprimands inefficient leaders, and he wants to change them into efficient leaders; he the promises tiding that a person as a hero would deliver to Arab nations. The main part of the elegys is about Arab nations; the poet criticizes them because of their torpor & weakness, and invites them to takeover. He praises Palestine nation(specially Palestinian mothers) as they have  eminent station in his poems. He further criticzes the oppression & cruelty of  the Zionists. The result of this research is that the way of Khalil Hawi is symbolic. He discovers symbolisms from Christianity heritage, and mixes them with pessimism view and criticism.    

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This paper explores the method Allāmeh Muhammad Husayn Kāshif al-Ghiṭā, a famous Muslim theorist of the 18-19^th centuries, employed in his critique of Christianity. Although, his method for looking into the Bible is similar to that of Christian and Jewish scholars, his assumptions and results are different. Based on his viewpoints on the Bible, he believes in impeccable revelations. He examined superstructure, namely accuracy of attribution of books and pamphlets to their authors as well as personality and credibility of Jesus Christ’s disciples and apostles. Lack of credibility of the twelve original disciples of Jesus Christ and unreliability of the Gospels are proved. Moreover, he has carefully examined the content as infrastructure of the New Testament. As such, incongruities can be observed between the New Testament and the Old Testament. There are contradictions in the Bible itself. He prefers to apply argumentative tactic for general readers. In addition, his application of comparative step in his critique is considerable. This paper studies Kāshif al-Ghiṭā's approach to review the Bible in order to figure out Muslim scholars' viewpoints on the Christianity.