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Buried concrete tanks serve as critical components of public and military infrastructure, where structural damage can trigger severe social, security, and environmental crises. Consequently, designing these tanks to withstand shock loads from explosions is of paramount importance. Additionally, the behavior of layered clay soils under such loading conditions requires detailed examination. This study investigates the influence of burial depth on the performance of concrete tanks subjected to explosive loads in layered clay soils. The analysis was conducted using AUTODYN and FLAC 2D finite element software. Concrete tanks buried at depths of 3, 6, 8, and 10 meters were analyzed under surface explosions generated by 50, 100, and 200 kg of TNT, with defined pressure and distance parameters. The soil properties, structural characteristics, and internal fluid pressure were incorporated into the model. Results indicate that increasing the burial depth significantly reduces the displacement of the tank roof and floor due to the dissipation of explosion energy in the surrounding soil. For instance, with a 50 kg TNT charge, increasing the burial depth from 3 meters to 6, 8, and 10 meters resulted in roof displacement reductions of 54%, 70%, and 78%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the critical role of burial depth in enhancing structural resilience against explosive loads and mitigating damage.
 

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Scythians were one of the most important tribes who occupied many parts of the Central Asia, West Asia, North and South Caucasia, and Northwest of Iran in the first millennium BC. The most striking feature, of the Scythian culture was the magnificent funeral of the Princess. Horse is among the sacred animals that have a specialy veneration in different cultures; this honor in the Scythian nation’s culture has appeared as sacrifice of it for Scythian Princess. In Central Asia and North Caucasia, many tombs were found from the Scythians with numerous horses that all of them have been burked and buried insid or on the top of the Scythian magnifico graves. Scythians during their entry into Western Asia conquered parts of the north-west of Iran in the Median period at the first millennium BC. Recently, a unique Scythian interment was obtained in a cemetery in Meshgin Shahr city with a striking characteristic of horse burials, like the other Scythian interments. In the present paper, we will discuss the features of Scythian interments in Khoram Abad cemetery based on historical and archaeological sources and with regard to the overall characteristics of the Scythian burial ceremony.

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This article is part of a research in which the possibility of preparing and formulation a biocomposite based on cellulose, polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was studied. Therefore, the cellulose was blended with two kinds of PE, LDPE and HDPE in different formulations using internal blending machine at 125 and 145 ^oC, respectively. The biodegradability of the obtained composites was investigated via soil burial test. Thus in the certain periods, soil buried samples were taken out of the soil, removed of the soil and weighed. Analysis of the weight changes of the soil buried samples showed that their weight loss had a reducing trend, which means the biodegradability and disintegration had occurred in the samples. Therefore, the LDPE and HDPE- cellulose composites showed the significant biodegradability properties that depending on the aim of the composites applications, this property of samples may be desirable or undesirable.  

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Pithos burial is a common burial method in Arsacids era. Various cemeteries of this era have been unearthed until now but there wasn’t any reference about historical and archaeological condition of Marivan’s region and the existence of pithos because of the lack of enquiry and archaeological studies. Fortunately, by with research effort, some pithos cemeteries with diverse burial from Arsacids era were discovered and excavated. The study attempts to describe some invaluable information regarding migrant Arsacids religious out look and their burial practices near Zaribar lake.

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Khanghah Gilvan cemetery is located in Khalkhal, in the Iranian province of Ardebil. This cemetery came into light during a highway construction project in Khanghah village. Until now, three archeological excavations, under the author’s supervision, have been carried out in this cemetery that has resulted in burials from the Middle Bronze Age up to Parthian period.   Among the excavated burials, four of them belong to the Parthian period. These burials are pit graves containing gifts such as potteries, bronze and iron materials, metal ornaments and beads with different forms. Grave usually containing single body had different conditions such as open or closed burials in different directions. Samples of pit graves of Parthian period, apart from Khanghah Gilvan cemetery, have also been discovered at Sad Eskandar in Gorgan, Sang Shir at Hamadan, Cheshmeh Sar at Takht-e-Jamshid and Vaskeh cemetery. The burial samples with open-pit were prevalent during Parthian period that apart from Khanghah Gilvan cemetery have also found at Sang Shir tepe at Hamadan, Kangavar, and Cemetery at Susa, Cheshmeh Sar at Takht-e-Jamshid, Sad Eskander at Gorgan, Veskeh and Mianrud in Talesh. Likewise, samples showing closed-pit burials of Parthian period, apart from Khanghah Gilvan cemetery, have also found at Sang Shir at Hamadan, Kangavar, Tagh Bostan, Germi, Vaskeh and Mianrud cemetery.

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The burial process of the deceased is among the most tangible evidence for reconstruction and understanding the culture of human societies, which includes both material and spiritual dimensions. Study of material evidence in archaeological excavations can contribute to partial interpretation of ideological motifs. In this context, recognizing burial practices and interpretation of objects within the grave is a manifestation of human culture and philosophical ideas of the other world, customs, religious beliefs as well as social structure and complexity. There are a few studies in this field in cultural zone of Great Khorasan with strategic importance and proximity with several cultural zones around Great Khorasan Ancient Road, although archeological excavations in recent years have resulted in specific material evidence. This article includes structural study of burials in late Bronze Age with a comparative approach encompassing cenotaph, primary, secondary and common human-animal tombs as well as origin of burial cultures. Assessment of evidences indicates similarity of burial practices of Khorasan in late Bronze period with the advanced culture of BMAC in Central Asia, which has been documented in Afghanistan, Pakistan, South East Iran, Caucasus and south Persian Gulf littoral.

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An effective inter-row cultivator must destroy the weeds in the inter-row close to crop area without damaging the plants on the rows. Therefore, it is important to understand the soil disturbance of inter-row cultivation tools for optimizing the design and the use of inter-row cultivators. In this study, the performance of two different inter-row cultivators (the rotary inter-row cultivator and the tine inter-row cultivator) was investigated at three different working speeds (3.52, 6.11 and 7.82 km h^-1) and at a working depth of 70 mm under corn planted field conditions. The performance indicators of inter-row cultivators included the soil burial Depth on crop (D), the unaffected strip Width around crop row (W), the Weeding efficiency (W_e), and the Damaged Plant ratio (D_P). The results of the study indicated that the rotary inter-row cultivator could be operated at 6.11 km h^-1 due to acceptable soil movement and low crop damage. However, the tine inter-row cultivator resulted in unacceptable soil movement and crop damage at 6.11 and 7.82 km h^-1 working speeds.

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