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Showing 5 results for Borrowing
Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2017)
Abstract
This article examines the changes that have occurred in Arabic loanwords after entering the Persian language. These changes are described and categorized on the phonetic and semantic levels. The results of the research show that some Arabic phonemes have become some of the closest phonemes in terms of the place of production (without second generation) in the Persian phonemic system due to their absence in Persian language or their dual articulation in Arabic.
At the level of semantic, although the loan words has entered the Persian language with the same form as in Arabic, they have meanings other than hgose in the Arabic language. On the other hand, many of these loan words in the post-Safavid period have received new meanings in new contexts in accordance with the Persian and Shiite culture, which has not been used in Arabic; so far as we have to translate these words from Persian to Arabic into different words. These semantic transformations can be categorized under several groups including: semantic changes, semantic narrowing, semantic widening, semantic elevation, and semantic pejoration.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (3-2016)
Abstract
In the present research the authors attempt to study the complex predicates derived from the Arabic infinitives and their derivatives by taking into consideration: the closeness of Persian to Arabic, their joint cultural and historical backgrounds in different eras and the borrowing of many words from Arabic in modern Persian to such an extent that today an outstanding part of many Persian words specially non-verbal particles in complex predicates are dedicated to the Arabic loanwords. Regarding the development and productivity of compounding as an active word formation process in Persian, which is considered as a salient typological property, this process has constantly been regarded from different approaches by Iranian and foreign linguists. Therefore, the purpose of this research is initially to investigate and delineate the formation process of the complex predicates which are derived from the Arabic infinitives and their derivatives, using the achievements of cognitive linguistics. Moreover, it examines the dominant constraints on such compounds. It's worth mentioning here that the analysis of chosen investigated verbs is based on the three theories of categorization, configuration and conceptualization which are theoretical fundamentals of cognitive morphology proffered by Hamawand (2011).
Volume 8, Issue 2 (5-2017)
Abstract
Kashmir is a geographical region in the north-west of the Indian high mountains of the Himalayas. Kashmiri language is spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley and the other regions of Jammu and Kashmir. Kashmiri language is a member of the Dardic subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages. It is due to prolonged contact between Kashmiri and Persian languages from 14thto 19thcentury, Persian language has left deep influence of linguistic features and literary styles on Kashmiri language. This influence could be studied in three parts: lexical borrowing, phonological changes and grammatical borrowing. The aim of this paper is to study the influence of Persian language in the valley of Kashmir and Kashmiri language, form the language borrowing perspective by using library resources and previous works to confirm and reveal the cultural ties between Iran and Kashmir from ancient times and in different historical periods. Novelty of the research is to study Persian fundamental influence on the Kashmiri language and suggests that this influence is due to spread of Islam in this region by Muslim (Iranian) mystics and missionaries. Research results indicate that the influence of Persian language, in addition to lexical borrowings, has caused deep changes in the grammatical other constructions of Kashmiri language and if this influence had continued, based upon the reasons mentioned above, perhaps,this language would have been replace with Persian.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (5-2022)
Abstract
Loan words, as one of the consequences of language contacts, can be widely used by native language speakers. The expansion of loanwords varies depending on many linguistic and non-linguistic factors. The present study, based on a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the usage of loanwords in spoken Persian from three different perspectives: semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics. For this purpose, 600 minutes of spoken Persian corpus of Al-Zahra University, including 14000 sentences in Persian for 100 different situations and subjects, used by 240 female speakers and 80 male speakers, have been extracted and studied according to loanwords’ “semantic fields”, “abstraction and non-abstraction”, and “usage frequency” as well as two sociolinguistics variables (“motivation” and “gender” of the speakers). The results of comparing the variety of loanwords and their usage frequency in different semantic fields show that the highest frequency of use belongs to the semantic fields of basic actions and technology, language and speech, and social and political relations. Moreover, research data indicate that loanwords are more related to abstract concepts and phenomena comparing to concrete ones. The research results, from the sociolinguistic view, also reveal that more women than men use loanwords with a common Persian equivalent. “Filling communication gaps in recipient language” and “social, cultural, political and scientific credibility of donor language” are the most important motivations for Persian speakers to use loanwords in their speech.
The usage of loanwords is not limited to a specific context or field of language. Speakers of each language may use different loanwords in their everyday speech, depending on their individual and social needs or motivations. The current study aims to investigate the usage of loanwords in the spoken Persian from three perspectives: semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.
Thus, the following research questions are raised:
1. Which semantic fields of loanwords have the highest frequencies in spoken Persian?
2. Are loadwords more related to abstract or concrete concepts?
3. Regarding the gender of speakers, which group mostly uses loanwords with a common Persian equivalent?
4. What are the most important motivations for the use of loanwords by Persian speakers?
A) Linguistic and sociological studies about loanwords, including Robins (1964), Sapir (1970) and Haspelmath (2009).
B) Corpus-based studies of Persian language, including Sharafi (2000), Mehryar (2003), Sattari (2009), Ketabi et al. (2010), Kargozari & Tafazzoli (2012), Mohammadi & Abdotajedini (2013).
A small number of the mentioned studies have been devoted to the invetigation of spoken Persian and the majority of researchers have studied loanwords in written literature. Moreover, in those limited number of works on spoken Persian, the reaseachers have expolred controlled data, mostly recorded radio and television programs, which are far from normal speech. Thus, as can be seen, this is the first time that the facts of spoken Persian have been studied in terms of the usage of loanwords.
The corpus of this study, being prepared in the Linguistics Department of Al-Zahra University, is the first and currently the only corpus of natural speech for spoken Persian recorded in various social situations. One of the most important features of this corpus is that, unlike other controlled databases, here the researchers have access to natural speech of native speakers. Since the participants are not aware of this fact that their words are being recorded, the results and findings can reveal facts of nature speech and consequently are less biased. There is no need to mention that all privacy concerns have been observed during data collection.
List 1: loan words of the corpus
List 2: Derived, compound, and Derived-compound words containing a non-Persian element
Men mostly use those loanwords which are often common words in Persian and don’t seem strange, and a small percentage of their loanwords are non-common and have a typical Persian equivalence; However, this percentage is higher for female participants. In other words, in most cases, men’s purpose of using loanwords is to “fill communication gaps in recipient language” and women's motivation is “the social, cultural, political and scientific credibility of donor language”.
- Introduction
The usage of loanwords is not limited to a specific context or field of language. Speakers of each language may use different loanwords in their everyday speech, depending on their individual and social needs or motivations. The current study aims to investigate the usage of loanwords in the spoken Persian from three perspectives: semantics, pragmatics, and sociolinguistics.
Thus, the following research questions are raised:
1. Which semantic fields of loanwords have the highest frequencies in spoken Persian?
2. Are loadwords more related to abstract or concrete concepts?
3. Regarding the gender of speakers, which group mostly uses loanwords with a common Persian equivalent?
4. What are the most important motivations for the use of loanwords by Persian speakers?
- Literature Review
A) Linguistic and sociological studies about loanwords, including Robins (1964), Sapir (1970) and Haspelmath (2009).
B) Corpus-based studies of Persian language, including Sharafi (2000), Mehryar (2003), Sattari (2009), Ketabi et al. (2010), Kargozari & Tafazzoli (2012), Mohammadi & Abdotajedini (2013).
A small number of the mentioned studies have been devoted to the invetigation of spoken Persian and the majority of researchers have studied loanwords in written literature. Moreover, in those limited number of works on spoken Persian, the reaseachers have expolred controlled data, mostly recorded radio and television programs, which are far from normal speech. Thus, as can be seen, this is the first time that the facts of spoken Persian have been studied in terms of the usage of loanwords.
- Methodology
The corpus of this study, being prepared in the Linguistics Department of Al-Zahra University, is the first and currently the only corpus of natural speech for spoken Persian recorded in various social situations. One of the most important features of this corpus is that, unlike other controlled databases, here the researchers have access to natural speech of native speakers. Since the participants are not aware of this fact that their words are being recorded, the results and findings can reveal facts of nature speech and consequently are less biased. There is no need to mention that all privacy concerns have been observed during data collection.
- Results
List 1: loan words of the corpus
| update, upload, application, atom, autobahn (freeway), autobus (bus), add, Adams (chewing gum), address, adrenaline, eau de Cologne (perfume), art brush, agency, SMS, ascenseur (elevator), spray, sport, speaking, spin, strategy, stress, story, astigmat (astigmatism), screen shot, skill, skill worker, slide, off, UK band (brand new), active, expire, express, expression, aklil (glitter), équipe (group), alarm, album, alzheimer's, ampoule, amphitheater, energy, Angry Birds, online, optic, average, urgence (emergency), origin, OK, Oh Yeah!, idea, ideal, immigration, email, intranet, internet, Internet Explorer, entry, battery, bascule (scale), baguette, band, … |
| Atomi (Atomic), energy darmani (energy therapy), ba-class (high-class), Buddayi (Buddhist), post-e- electronic (e-mail), pomp-e-benzon (gas station), testi (by test), telephoni (by telephone), randomi (randomly), size-bandi (sizing), miyan term (midterm), … |
- Conclusion
Men mostly use those loanwords which are often common words in Persian and don’t seem strange, and a small percentage of their loanwords are non-common and have a typical Persian equivalence; However, this percentage is higher for female participants. In other words, in most cases, men’s purpose of using loanwords is to “fill communication gaps in recipient language” and women's motivation is “the social, cultural, political and scientific credibility of donor language”.
Reza Ghaffar Samar,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (2-2007)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (2-2007)
Abstract
Section 115 of Iranian constitution reads: "The president should be among the political, religious 'rejal' …". The word 'rejal' taken from Arabic language means 'men'. Some Iranian politicians believe that the word has the same meaning in Persian, therefore, women cannot lead the country as presidents; while, others argue that 'rejal' can now refer to both sexes, therefore women can be elected as presidents. This, study tackles the issue from a sociolinguistic perspective. To do this, we need to find if the word 'rejal' is now a Persian word borrowed from Arabic, or, it is an Arabic word to which Persian speakers switch. About eleven hours of sociolinguistic interviews were conducted with 10 Persian speakers and all nouns (Arabic or Persian) were extracted from the data and later subjected to analyses to describe the linguistic behavior of each category in its own context. Then the behavior of nouns in each context is compared to that of the other contexts. Our findings show that Arabic origin nouns are found to be behaving like Persian nouns, they have, therefore, been borrowed into Persian and have Persian connotations and functions. Evidence is, therefore, presented to the 'Persianness' of 'rejal', shedding scientific light on a political problem.
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