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The long nose sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus, Pallas, 1771) is an anadromous sturgeon species, yet little is known with regard to salt bath effect on bacterial adhesion on superficial organs of this species and its growth. This study was conducted to determine the optimal salt bath concentration on growth parameters and total bacteria count on juvenile stellate sturgeon gill and skin. A total of 200 fishes with mean initial weight 494.5 ± 2.17 g and length 62.63 ± 0.18 cm (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 12 concrete pools in groups of 25. Fishes exposed to acute salinity of 0, 5, 10, and 15ppt for 30 minutes. Salt bath is used 5 times for 60 days (1, 15, 30, 45 and 60). At the end of 60^th day, growth indices including body weight, SGR, BWI, ADG, PER and FE revealed a significant increase at 5ppt salinity (P< 0.05) and fishes exposed to 15ppt exhibited the poorest growth. No statistical significant difference was observed between control and other treatments in total protein and albumin, also in total bacteria count in gill and skin of fishes (P>0.05) but higher levels of total protein and albumin and lower level of total bacteria observed in 5ppt treatment. The results of this study indicate that high acute salinity may compromise the growth of juvenile long nose sturgeon and suggest that, in commercial operations, salinity should be 5ppt.

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The appearance of swirl in the fluid flow, without any external factors, is named self-rotation. There is no consensus among the researchers on the possibility of self-rotation in sink flow. In the present study, this phenomenon is studied experimentally and numerically. In the experiment, a new setup is proposed and the thymol-blue method is developed for velocity measurement. The experimental results show that the net value of circulation in the flow domain does not increase relative to its inlet value with increasing drain flow rate up to several times of claimed critical value. In other words, self-rotation does not happen in sink flow. In the numerical study, the three-dimension model of the experiment is simulated under the same conditions with the experiment. The simulation results have good agreement with the experiment ones and show that the self-rotation does not occur. In addition, the numerical results show that the swirl, or corresponding circulation, which was seen in the experiment, is due to asymmetry of input flow and by eliminating this asymmetry, the swirl can be removed completely.

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Public bathes have much importance in Islamic cities, after the most significant structures like mosques and schools. There are a number of factors affecting the construction of bathes among which temperature regulation, humidity, access path, location in the urban texture, watercourses, and construction of exit paths are the most important. This study tries to make a comparative analysis of the architectures of bathes during Safavid and Qajar in order to reveal factors affecting their construction as well as the types of architecture implemented. Consequently, 13 public bathes were recognized and examined. The data elicited was then subjected to SPSS for further statistical investigation. Nonparametric Spearman correlation test was utilized to know the relationship among the variables and the factors affecting the architectures. The findings reveal a number of factors to be in statistically high correlation.

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One of the new methods for extracting natural antioxidants from plant tissues is ultrasound extraction. In this study, the method of extraction of bath ultrasound with ethanol-water solvent (50:50) and (80:20) at a temperature of 30 and 40 ° C and 10 and 20 minutes was used to extract the extract of the leaves of the zoo. Became The total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, DPPH and antioxidant potency in beta-carotene-linoleic acid model of each extract were measured by spectrophotometric method and antioxidant activity of the extracts by oxidative stability index (OSI). Based on the results, The extract (80-40-20) with the highest effective compounds had the highest phenolic compounds (193.3 ± 5.53 mg / g / g / g extract per gram of extract) and flavonoid (40.63 ± 2.36 mg / 40 mg quercetin in Gram of extract) and the highest amount in antioxidant assays (DPPH radical inhibition and beta-carotene-linoleic acid coloration assay) and the lowest I C50 showed the best antioxidant performance. In the Ransted test, treatment (20-2080) with a concentration of 200 ppm showed the highest oxidative stability of canola oil. Therefore, the most suitable treatment was to obtain the best treatment result (80-40 -20) was selected

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This study aimed to prepare zein/Montmorillonite (MMT) composite films by two methods: (1) An ultrasonic bath, and (2) A high power ultrasonic probe. Then, the structural, thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of the obtained composites were evaluated. According to the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns, the composite films prepared by the first and second methods had microcomposite and exfoliated structures, respectively. Based on the results of the statistical analysis, the clay dispersion method and Montmorillonite (MMT) content significantly affected the mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of the composite films. The results showed that mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of the nanocomposites were improved in the presence of small amounts (up to 3%) of MMT, while increased montmorillonite percentage in the microcomposite films weakened the mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of these films. Therefore, the use of high power sonication is a suitable method for producing protein-based nanocomposites with an exfoliated structure.

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Degumming process is the first stage of oil refining.  Degumming process of oil by water based on insoluble phosphatide which absorbed water and separating of two oil and water phases by centrifugal force. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different time and temperature of two degumming process by bath and probe ultrasound on quality factors and reducing the amount of phosphate on soybean oil. Soybean oil degumming were done by using ultrasonic waves adjacent to 5% w/w distilled water in ultrasound bath (20KHZ) and probe ultrasound (100 W and 20KHZ) at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min at 30 and 60 ° C. Also soybean oil degumming was done with water at 60 ° C for 30 min by conventional method. The amount of phosphorus, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value and alpha tocopherol of treated samples by both methods were measured. The initial phosphorus was 568 ppm, which reached to 43.2 ppm and 2.85 ppm after conventional method and sonication degumming process respectively. The peroxide value and alpha tocopherol was reduced slightly after degumming by ultrasonic waves depending on the process temperature, and the thiobarbituric acid value did not change significantly. Ultrasonic waves at lower temperatures than the conventional method are capable to separating phosphorus of crude oil and as an alternative to the conventional method of adjacent to water, it hasn’t got harmful effect on the oil.
 

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Soybean seeds are one of the major sources of vegetable oils produced on a commercial scale And the source of compounds such as isoflavones and phenolic compounds. In this study, the effect of two methods of ultrasound assisted extraction bath and probe ultrasound in two intensities (50%w, 75%w) by using three different types of solvents hexane, isopropanol and hexane:isopropanol composition and four levels of sonication time (30, 60, 90 and 120) on total phenolic compounds, alpha-tocopherol and extraction efficiency of soybean oil were investigated. The results showed that the highest oil extraction efficiency (8.41%) was obtained at 50% intensity of probe ultrasound at 120 min by using hexan solvent. The highest phenolic content (1.57 g GAE /kg soyben oil) and tocopherole (2.66 g α-TocoPherol/kg soyben oil) were obtained at 50% intensity of probe ultrasound at 120 min by using isopropanol solvent. In bath ultrasound extraction method the highest extraction efficiency (10.76%) was related to 30 min time of sonication and isopropanol:hexane (1:1) solvent. The highest phenol (1.48 g GAE /kg soyben oil) and tocopherol (1.68 g α-TocoPherol/kg soyben oil) were observed at 90 and 120 min of sonication, isopropanol and isopropanol:hexane solvent respectively. In all extraction methods the isopropanol solvent was the best solvent to extraction phenolic compounds. The results of this study showed that extraction by using bath and probe ultrasound had different effect on extraction oil and bioactive compounds of soybean. In each extraction method the amount of mentioned compounds was related to type of solvent and extraction method.
 

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Extracts and essential oils of medicinal plants have many bioactive agents, including phenolic compounds with significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Choosing the suitable extraction method affects the quantity and quality of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasound waves in extracting phenolic, antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of Caper fruit. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken design were used to optimize the extraction factors, including extraction time (10, 25, 40 min) and ultrasound intensity (40, 70, 100 %) with ethanolic solvent (70 %). From the results of the tests performed with the response surface methodology, ultrasound intensity was recognized as the most effective factor in extracting phenolic, antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of Caper fruit and by increasing time and ultrasound intensity, the extraction of these compounds increased. The optimum conditions for extraction of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds of Caper fruit were determined extraction time 36 minutes and ultrasound intensity 91 percent. In these optimum conditions, the amount of total phenolic contents and IC₅₀ index of ethanolic extracts extracted from Caper fruit were obtained 23.63 mg/g and 45.30 μg/mg, respectively, the optimum amount of minimum inhibitory concentration of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were obtained 0.19 and 6.07 mg/ml, respectively, and the optimum amount of minimum batericidal concentration of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus was obtained 11.81 mg/ml. Also, the extracts extracted at time 36 minutes and ultrasound intensity 91 percent had the ability to inhibit the activity of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentrations of 25 and 25 mg/ml, respectively, and had the batericidal ability of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentrations of 25, 50 and 50 mg/ml, respectively.