---

Six species of pteromalid wasps associated with plant galls, Rosa beggeriana Schrenk,  Ephedra major Host and Salix pycnostachya Andersson were collected from Kerman province, during 2010-2011. The identified wasps belong to four genera: Caenacis Förster, 1856, Gastrancistrus  Westwood, 1833, Mesopolobus Westwood, 1833, and Pteromalus Swederus, 1795. Three species are newly recorded for the Iranian fauna: Gastrancistrus ephedrae Dzhanokmen, 1994 (Pireninae), Pteromalus cyniphidis (Linnaeus, 1758) and P. dolichurus (Thomson, 1878) (Pteromalinae). Gastrancistrus ephedrae is associated with an unknown species of insect on E. major, P. bedeguaris (Thomson, 1878) with Diplolepis fructuum (Rübsaamen, 1882) (Hym.: Cynipidae) on R. beggeriana, P. cyniphidis and P. dolichurus with an unknown species of insect in leaf galls on S. pycnostachya, and Caenacis cf. inflexa and Mesopolobus sericeus with D. fructuum on R. beggeriana. Three new biological associations were found: M. sericeus with D. fructuum, and P. cyniphidis and P. dolichurus with S. pycnostachya. Short taxonomic comments, hosts and geographical distribution of the species are briefly mentioned.

---

The aphidiine parasitoids (Hym., Braconidae) attacking the pest aphids on various pome and stone fruit trees in different parts of Iranwere studied. A total of 13 species belonging to seven genera of aphid parasitoids were identified in association with 17 aphid species on 10 different species of fruit trees. Sixty nine tritrophic associations were detected from the studied area of which 25 associations are newly recorded from Iran. An illustrated key is prepared for identification of the species. The parasitoids were categorized based on their potential impacts in biocontrol of pest aphids into the less important species and the key-stones. The first group of parasitoids includes the broadly oligophagous species, and even an occasional opportunistic species, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall), while the second group includes the specific associations like Aphidius transcaspicus Telenga on Hyalopterus spp. and Pauesia antennata (Mukerji) on Pterochloroides persicae (Cholodkovsky). A probable occurrence of the univoltine aphid parasitoid, Pseudopauesia prunicola Halme in association with Ovatus insitus (Walker) is discussed.  

---

Fifteen species belonging to ten genera of the encyrtid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) were collected in southern Iran and are presented here with the host records. Four species are newly recorded for the Iranian fauna: Blastothrix aprica Sugonjaev, 1964; Psyllaephagus belanensis (Hoffer, 1963); Psyllaephagus pulchellus (Mercet, 1921) and Anagyrus archangelskayae Trjapitzin, 1972. Some new host associations were found for 10 encyrtid species. Two misidentifications were corrected. Available biological data as well as geographical distribution for each species are also included.

---

Fauna of the Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Iran is reviewed and the data on their host aphid associations are summarized. Seventy-eight species belonging to 17 genera of Aphidiinae are listed in the associations with 193 aphid species. A total of 491 parasitoid-aphid associations are presented. The distribution of the Aphidiinae species in different parts of Iran and other countries is also discussed.  

---

Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a highly polyphagous leaf miner that causes severe damage to different crops. Sampling on the Alysiinae (Braconidae) parasitoids of C. horticola was performed at various locations of Kermanshah province during 2009–2010. Infested leaves of host plants bearing the larvae and puparia of C. horticola were collected and placed inside the plastic rearing boxes and transferred to laboratory. The samples were preserved for 2–4 weeks, until the emergence of parasitoids. Three species of Alysiinae parasitoids were reared and identified in association with C. horticola in Kermanshah including, Chorebus (Stiphrocera) aphantus (Marshall, 1986), Chorebus (Stiphrocera) uliginosus (Haliday, 1839) and Dacnusa (Aphanta) hospita (Foerster, 1862). All three species have been recorded for the first time as parasitoids of C. horticola. In addition, C. aphantus is newly recorded for the fauna of Iran. An identification key to the parasitoid species is given.  

---

Considering the importance of parasitic wasps in biological control of pests, a faunal study was conducted in the year 2012 on eulophid wasps (Hym.: Chalcidoidea) in rice fields in the east of Guilan province, southern coast of Caspian Sea. Several specimens were captured via Malaise traps. The specimens were identified as Aprostocetus deobensis (Graham), Aprostocetus mycerinus (Walker), Elasmus phthorimaeae Ferrière and Hemiptarsenus sp. Two species, A. deobensis and A. mycerinus are new records for Iran. In addition, association of A. deobensis, A. mycerinus and E. phthorimaeae with rice is new.  

---

Yousofpoor.M.K.,PH.D

 
Abstract:
 
Molavi Masnavi somehow follows the tradition of verbal narration (‘Mo’aref telling’), which was customary in his family. The spontaneity of speech, the interference of present requirements of the meeting in the natural development of discussions, and consequently, the fragmentation of language are some of the obvious elements of a work like the Masnavi. The very presence of the audience at the time of composition of  the Masnavi creates a classroom atmosphere. Naturally, one can frequently observe the tacit and yet clear role of the audience in this didactic composition, which is the result of an interaction between the speaker and the listener. On the other hand, because of Molavi’s interest in certain topics and subjects and his preferences, it is the speech that finally shapes the stories, not the writer. Molavi repeatedly asks the reader to seek the internal rather than the external meaning; also, the stories and their content-based nature warn the reader not to suffice to the surface meaning of the stories and not to read the Masnavi as a story book. Digressions in the Masnavi appear in various forms and for various reasons. Some of the reasons for these digressions are: the present audience’s reactions such as expressions and feelings, inspirations which automatically come to Molavi’s mind, the speaker’s trance at the time of presenting topics to which his sensitive soul is deeply connected – topics such as love, monotheism, absorption in God , and his memories with Shams Tabrizi.
 

---

 

 
Mohammad Ali Mahmoodi, Ph.D.
Hashem Sadeqi
    
Abstract
In a stream-of-consciousness novel, the author attempts to pave the way for his audience to encounter the characters’ mental experience directly. The characters’ mental content, which covers various levels of the mind and even reaches its pre-speech layers, is narrated within this variety of levels. Since connection of memories in the pre-speech layers of the mind occurs through association, one of the methods used by writers for showing the mentality of characters is association. In this case association becomes a device in the hands of writers for creating a link between the objective and the subjective world of the characters, in addition to depicting the constant flow of the mind from memory and a mentality, moving then towards another memory and mentality; finally depicting a picture and image which links to other related pictures and images too. This article is essentially concerned with the survey of association and its related features within the pre-speech layers of mind, its quality in the stream-of-consciousness stories, in addition to its correspondence with the mind’s mechanism. For this purpose, initially association and its governing rules are expressed, and then the significance of association in the narration of such fictions and its difference with recall is defined. Following this, the manners in which mentalities are offered in different methods of narration are surveyed through giving some examples from these fictions. The results of this research show that among different stream-of-consciousness novels, the method of inner monologue shapes associations more than other methods and develops through a high range of associations. Furthermore, utilization of recall of memories and mentalities in inner monologue counts as a weakness due to its contrast with the entity of the pre-speech layers existing in the mind.
 
 

---

 
Ahmad Tahan, Ph.D.
 
Abstract
Hafez intended to avoid repetition in the application of figures of speech which results in nonsense and so he appealed to an artistic and psychological technique; mentioned in this article as "association of meaning". In psychology, association of meaning relates to a concept which associates a series of concepts to the mind based on the principle of proximity, similarity or contrast. In Hafez's poetry, association is used in the sense that he disintegrates the component parts of a traditional image, and through substitution, he uses them in a way that each component connotes the others. For instance, in literary tradition, "ringlet" is accompanied by a series of stereotypical adjectives such as disordered, long, black, wavy, etc, or is compared to violet, hyacinth, ring, chain, musk, and so on. However, in contrast to this tradition, Hafez, when talking of ringlet, attributes length to hope and disorder to heart.
In the modern Persian books, association of meaning is not observed a literary ornament and the only literary man who has mentioned the role of rhyme in the association of meaning is Dr. Shafee Kadkani, yet in the West this issue has been discussed as "stream of consciousness"; especially in story-writing classes.
Once the association of meaning has been surveyed in psychology, literature and its differences with ambiguity, proportion, and ambiguous ambition are expressed, the discovered samples of this ornament in Hafez' Divan are further on discussed.
The finding of the present research is that although the primary samples of this ornament are seen less in the poetry books of poets before Hafez and even his contemporary ones, and even in pioneering poets such as Rodaki, these samples are quite rare. However they have a higher frequency in Hafez' poetry and therefore due to their high repetition and variety, samples of such displacement in adjectives and their related elements are more than other works.
 
 

---

This is the first case of host record for parasitoid wasps of the genus Diglyphus Walker (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from the Anthomyiidae (Diptera) family. This result is based on specimens of D. anadolucus Doğanlar, 1982 which reared from parasitized larval specimen of Pegomya terebrans (Rondani) as a leaf miner of cotton thistle, Onopordum acanthium L. (Asteraceae). Diglyphus anadolucus is reported from Iran for the first time. Some biological notes and morphological characteristics of D. anadolucus along with related photographs are given. An updated checklist of the twelve known Diglyphus species in Iran togther with their host associations is also provided.

---

Chalcidoidea is a hyperdiverse superfamily of mostly small, parasitoid wasps of which 14 families and at least 422 species have been recorded from Greece. In the present study, additional distributional data from Greece is provided for Brachymeria rugulosa (Forster, 1859) and Brachymeria tibialis (Walker, 1834). Furthermore, Brachymeria podagrica (Fabricius, 1787) and Monodontomerus obscurus Westwood, 1833 are recorded for the first time from Greece. As well, a new host gall species for B. rugulosa is noted and the presence of Brachymeria inermis (Fonscolombe, 1840) is briefly discussed. Finally, a checklist for the genera Brachymeria (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) and Monodontomerus (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) is compiled.

---

Leptus (Leptus) molochinus (C. L. Koch, 1837) (Trombidiformes: Erythraeidae) was collected as an ectoparasite on Ophion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Paederus fuscipes Curtis, 1826 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Cicadella viridis (L. 1758) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Peritrechus sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae); the ectoparasitic mite, Solistrus mitrae Saboori, Ueckermann & van Harten, 2008 was also found on an undetermined ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Guilan province, Iran. Additional morphometric data for L. (L.) molochinus larvae are provided. Solistrus mitrae is reported for the second time in the world. Ophion sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), P. fuscipes (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), C. viridis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Peritrechus sp. (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) are recorded as new host taxa for L. (L.) molochinus and unknown ant species is new host for S. mitrae.

---

Two species of Austronomia Michener, 1965 (Hymenoptera: Halictidae, Nomiinae), namely A. goniognatha (Cockerell, 1919) and A. takauensis (Friese, 1910), are reported from India for the first time. Eleven Nomiinae bee species, Austronomia capitata (Smith, 1875), Austronomia himalayana (Nurse, 1902), Austronomia notiomorpha (Hirashima 1978), Austronomia pseudoscutellata Pauly, 2009, Hoplonomia incerta (Gribodo, 1894), Lipotriches ceratina (Smith, 1857), Lipotriches phenacura (Cockerell, 1911), Macronomia antennata (Smith, 1875), Nomia crassipes (Fabricius, 1798), Pachynomia nathani Pauly, 2009, Steganomus fulvipennis Cameron, 1898 are added to the West Bengal bee fauna. A checklist of Nomiinae bees comprising 30 species from West Bengal along with floral association is documented.

---

Keywords: Constitutional Revolution, Electoral Code, National Assembly, Azarbayjan, Tabriz Association

---

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to determine problems and success factors among members of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Moqan, Tajan and Varamin areas in northern Iran. The population consisted of farmers who were members of Water User Associations (N= 2,500). Using simple random sampling procedure, 262 farmers were selected for the study. A researcher made structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis revealed six factor solutions explaining 78% of variance in problems faced by members in WUAs. Problems common in all three regions were: Dissatisfaction of member farmers towards PIM, network ineffectiveness, inequitable distribution of water, lack of trust towards managers, lack of government support, and lack of in group coherence. Moreover, success determinants were factor analyzed using Varimax method. Common factors explaining success mechanisms in all three regions were elimination of administrative and technical problems, canal rebuilding and restoring, farmers’ education, fee collection, and farmers’ legal rights. These factors accounted for 74 percent of the variance in the success of Water Users Associations. The result of this study has implications for water management practitioners in Iran. If Water Users Associations are to take over government-based irrigation networks, farmer members should be provided with clear objectives inherent in PIM as well as sufficient support after the takeover. In addition, clear national policy along with legal basis and functional irrigation facilities warrant attention.

---

This paper shows that stakeholders attempt to rely on the reports issued by ‎experts for demonstrating their corporate reputation. On the other hand, ‎experts can affect our attitude and understanding about organizations by ‎using their own criteria. This paper tries to introduce Fortune model and ‎Fombrun Reputation Quotient, which are used for reputation measurement in ‎the western countries. Furthermore, it introduces the Industrial Management ‎Institute Index (IMI100), since there is no other similar list of superior ‎companies in use. ‎ The reader will find out that in today’s conditions, the most favorable ‎streams toward reputation measurement are based on social expectations, ‎whereas there are other reputation measurement streams like reputation ‎measurement that are based on company personality or trust to company. We ‎will try explore the weak and strong points of the IMI100 and bring out ‎some suggestions to improve this model according to social expectations ‎measurement.‎

---

Objective: Low density Lipo-protein Receptor- related Protein (LRP) is the most important cholesterol receptor in neurons. It serves as a receptor for APOE protein which is the most important risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease. LRP also contributes to the ligation of lipoproteins with APOE in neurons. Association between LRP C766T and Alzheimer’s disease in Iranian patients with late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) was investigated in this research. Materials and Methods: 100 patients with LOAD were selected based on DSM-IV-TR and NINCDS-ADRDA diagnostic criteria and 100 normal controls without any personal and family history of Alzheimer’s disease or dementia were included in this case- control study. AD patients and control subjects were matched for age and sex. PCR-RFLP was set up to detect LRP C766T polymorphism. Results: LRP C/C genotype and C allele distribution were more frequent in AD patients than in control subjects. However, this difference was not statistically significant. When association between LRP C/C genotype and AD was categorized by the gender, in both genders, there was not any significant correlation. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that 766C allele of LRP gene could not significantly alter the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Iranian patients. Analysis of other genetic factors and environmental factors are promoted in Iranian population.

---

Websites are a set of interconnected web pages grouped under the same ‎domain name. Websites are useful tools for introducing organizations to ‎their clients. They are best known for their ability to combine text with ‎graphic signs and other multimedia for the purpose of exchanging ‎information between the organizations and the users. Universities are among ‎those organizations that use websites for interacting with faculty members, ‎students and other interested people. ‎ This article emphasizes on the key characteristics of university websites. ‎After studying the websites of top universities in the world, the author ‎suggests a framework for the university websites in Iran.‎

---

The flowering and fructification period of the Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch.) is restricted to approximately 2 mo, which seriously limits the commercial development of the species. The objective of the current investigation was to identify Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) polymorphisms associated with flowering duration in accessions of F. chiloensis. The flowering duration data related to 41 accessions obtained over 3 years were analyzed, and a set of 40 ISSR primers tested. Two clusters were obtained through the Partitioning Around Medoids algorithm, with 23 vs. 18 accessions, and 64.1 vs. 95.6 days of flowering, respectively. Flowering duration, between the two groups, was significantly different. The years also revealed a significant effect, on flowering duration, between the two groups. Ten of the ISSR primers tested revealed reproducible and consistent banding patterns, displaying a total of 106 putative loci, of which 79 were polymorphic. Three ISSR loci (811₇₇₉, 844₆₇₀, 841₉₈₀) were identified owing to their significant contribution to the differentiation among the accessions. Similarly, three ISSR loci (811₆₀₀, 812₁₁₈₀, 841₉₈₀) exhibited a significant correlation with the flowering duration variation. Locus 841₉₈₀, which presented the highest level of correlation with flowering duration, was isolated, cloned and sequenced, but it showed only a low level of homology with the relevant sequences published in the GenBank database. The identified loci showing high correlation with the flowering time could help build Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) maps for selection and improvement programs in the Fragaria sp. genus or other related species.

---

Morphological and RAPD markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity among 21 accessions of pomegranate originating from South Eastern Tunisia. Thirteen morphological traits were studied and results showed significant differences for all morphological characters (P< 0.001). Clustering based on fruit traits, using Ward’s method, divided the accessions into three main groups. In RAPD analysis, 6 out of 15 employed random primers showed good amplification and polymorphism on pomegranate samples with a total of 63 bands, of which 56 were polymorphic. The lowest percentage of polymorphism (50%) was observed with TIBMBA-03 while the highest (50%) was observed with primer TIBMBB-03. According to Jaccard coefficient, the lowest (0.29) and highest (0.94) similarities were detected between genotypes. UPGMA clustering based on data from polymorphic RAPD bands resulted in three clusters at a similarity of 0.46. The Stress value for the nonmetric multidimensional scaling plot was 0.071, showing an excellent representation of the data. The comparison between groupings based on the fruit traits and RAPD data did not produce a significant correlation (r= -0.09). Using a stepwise linear regression, significant regressions were found between 13 morphological traits and 63 molecular markers revealing association between RAPD molecular markers and some traits.