Showing 4 results for Analogy
Volume 11, Issue 2 (5-2020)
Abstract
The nature of metaphor, metaphoric understanding, and its functions have been recognized as three main issues in research and theoretical formulations on metaphor and metaphor processing. In general, metaphor is defined as understanding and experiencing one thing based on another. Metaphor can also be considered as an expression that has two conceptual domains in which one of the domains is experienced and understood according to the other. These two conceptual domains are known as target domain and source domain. In this study, we examine the relationship between conceptual metaphor and formation of a schema in short texts regarding target and source domains.
The main tools of the study were the texts written in fluent Persian and divided into two categories of metaphorical texts and their equivalent non-metaphorical versions. Both texts have had a shared schema. Furthermore, the number of words were equal in both texts. For this purpose, 3 metaphorical and 3 equivalent non-metaphorical short texts were designed in Psychopy software in 2 visual and auditory versions and 47 people were exposed to the short-term recognition after reading/listening to it. There were eight texts including 3 metaphorical and 3 non-metaphorical ones plus 2 texts that were used as filler texts which were excluded from the final analyses. The texts were organized in such a manner that the metaphorical text played before its corresponding non-metaphorical text with an interval. At the next round, the non-metaphorical text was played before its metaphorical version.
The sample was selected through convenience sampling which included 80 twenty to twenty-five-year-old students of Foreign Languages School and Management School of Allameh Tabatabai University in Tehran. Since variations in memory capacity can affect the test results, they were given a Persian word recognition test to ensure relative consistency among all participants' memory capacity.
The test processes in the visual and auditory tests were the same except in the method of presenting the texts on the screen or playing through the headphone.
In this study, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for analyzing the data and providing tentative answers to the research questions. All the analyses were implemented SPSS V.23 software. To analyse the data in each of the visual and auditory tasks separately, Friedman non-parameter test was used. For comparing the data of the visual and auditory tasks, Mann-Whitney test was used.
Results indicated that in metaphorical texts, there are traces of the non-metaphorical text`s main schema. This finding brings us closer to the assumption that it is source domain`s schema that projects on target domain in metaphors and makes it more understandable.
Volume 15, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Abstract
Ratio (or reasoning) is the fundamental section of the analogical reasoning. According to Islamic jurisprudence, if the reason is known, the analogical reasoning is authorized. So they have tried to initiative the ways to obtaining the rules reason. Common law system is also based on definition of the judgment reason. According to common law thoughts, it is not enough to achieve similarities but it also should detect the ratio of decisions. Judges distinguish between the ratio of decisions and obiter dicta. It clearly shows that there are common concerns at both the of Islamic law and common law systems.
Volume 20, Issue 3 (2-2020)
Abstract
In this article, noise generation mechanisms are studied at different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack. Tonal noise is the major part of airfoil noise at low Reynolds numbers. Studying the tonal noise and the effects of Reynolds number and angle of attack is challenging in aeroacoustics. 3D numerical simulation is conducted using the large eddy simulation method on SD7037 airfoil. Sound propagation is computed using the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) analogy. The numerical results are validated using available experimental results. Some discrete peaks and a dominant peak exist in frequency spectra at low angles of attack. Increase of Reynolds number and the angle of attack decreases the number of discrete peaks and at high angles of attack and the dominant peak is diminished too. Studying the flow features shows that when a laminar boundary layer covers a vast area of the suction side, it can amplify acoustic waves that are generated in wake of the airfoil and this mechanism causes a dominant peak in the acoustic spectrum. Amplifying Tollmien-Schlichting waves by shear layer in laminar separation at suction side cause the discrete peaks and when a transition occurs in the airfoil suction side, discrete peaks are diminished. In the original semi-empirical Brooks, Pope and Marcolini (BPM) formulation, the boundary layer thickness of the pressure side is usually used as the length scale and it is replaced by the suction side boundary layer thickness. The results predict the frequency and amplitude of tonal noise successfully.
Manouchehr Kouhestani, Arsalan Golfam,
Volume 26, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
It is a typological observation in more than 90% of languages where the basic word order is either subject–verb–object (SVO) or subject–object–verb (SOV). Functional typologists believe that the prevalence of these two orders; in which the subject precedes the two other elements, and the verb and the object are contiguous is due to the functions of language in the real world. Hence, the two principles of subject salience and verb-object contiguity have been proposed. The typological explanations put forward for these two principles hold that transitive sentences of a language have come into existence as a result of the encoding of the prototypical transitive action scenario. In such a scenario, subject salience is a result of the fact that the transitive action scenario is started by the doer of the activity. Also, because of the tight causal relationship between the activity and its receiver, the linguistic counterparts of these two elements, too, tend to be contiguous. Since functional pressures can only be manifested in language through human cognition, the present paper looks at the cognitive processes involved in the cross-linguistic prevalence of the afore-mentioned word orders.
