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The United States of America has always tried to play a role in different regions of the world due to the international position it gained after the Second World War and especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Although the importance of those regions in American grand strategies has never been the same. The question that the upcoming article intends to examine and answer is what is the form, nature and type of America's interaction with the African continent and what principles and foundations does it follow. The hypothesis that is examined in response to this question using the analytical-historical method is that the United States is moving away from value-based foreign policy and a broad definition of the war against terrorism, towards foreign policy Based on security and strategic requirements, it has moved to countries located or close to the western and eastern coastal border of the African continent.
 

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In relation to the impact of Persian literature on the west, in the 19th century, Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of the most outstanding American figures. His interest in Persian poetry, particularly that of Hafiz, encouraged him to translate some Persian poems into English. He also composed some poems with oriental inclinations, inspired by Hafiz and the mystical poetry of some other Persian poets. Emerson also wrote an essay, entitled “On Persian Poetry”, in which he introduced German translations of Persian literature as his source of knowledge and revealed his high regards for Persian poets. However, his greater admiration for Hafiz than for others in this essay is due to the fact that to him Hafiz, while being a greater poet, was a liberated minded intellectual as well. This study is an attempt to scrutinize Emerson’s observations of Persian poetry. First, the sources from which he acquired his oriental notions will be examined. Then his view on Persian poetry will be focused upon, and finally his praise for the merits of Hafiz’s poetry including: intellectual liberty, transcendental vision, Takhalloss (his mode of copyright), the function of the hidden layer of meaning in his poetry, etc. are going to be examined. This comparative study will finally present Emerson’s misconceptions in the field of Persian poetry. His mistakes and misconceptions might be the result of cultural differences, his lack of knowledge of Persian language and different time span in which the two poets lived.

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Lover’s person's life, often the source of the narrators and transmitters. For this reason, love stories in literature people of different have occupied a large space. The stories have many similarities in structure. Layla and Majnun story is the most famous and most ancient Arabic tales has a major influence in the development of Persian literature. Iranian literary love stories and the stories of many who have been created with the same name, the story is in Persian literature in terms of structure and content, have many similarities with the Arabic novel, it is the story of  aziz and negar. Outlook tries to comparative analytic method, coherence and diversity of the stories from the perspective of structuralism review. The difference is similar to the story of Leili and Majnun Arab and aziz and negar story, according to the American School. The as a result aziz and negar story, a group of folk love stories of literary influences are not given formal.
 

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As an epic Shahnameh in Iran, along Iliad and the Odyssey are the world''s most famous epic works. Today, in the modern world, especially after the birth of comparative literature and comparative approach to the works of world literature as it is faced with acceptance. Anand critical discourse analysis of the literary text like other texts, in the service of communication. Therefore, they can also be analyzed with a critical attitude and approach. Tuesday Asrmvrd review, centered around personalities, Hector, Odysseus and Rustam planned. This epic heroes in bed, sometimes for homeland  himself in the role of king with heroic.place. Ferdowsi''s epic Homer and the composition of dominant discourses, in the form of pre-existing genre, have now opened a new epic. Thus, the three epic, as a communication event, only a reflection of the thoughts of the The poet thought, but rather, criticized the cowardly actions look heroic and popular discourse reproduces special.



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The study of oral culture is Considered as a part of Comparative literature. This approach has been more emphasized in American school of comparative literature. Under this approach, the folk and oral culture is full of legend having the reliability to research in this field. One of the legend that has an ancient cultural and historical background among the Kurdish people-and other people-is the legend of king Jamshid. The present paper intends to deal with the symbolic functions of the characters and hero of the legend and the beliefs, faith, and rituals of life of that region. Furthermore, It has been tried to reflect on the differences and similarities between oral literature and written literature by utilizing comparative literature framework. The basic findings of this research also shows that oral and folk culture can have a valuable presence in the evolution and enrichment of the national culture-which are among the fundamental objectives of comparative literature.  

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Abstract: Focusing on the linguistic and national diversities, the French school of comparative literature has mainly attempted to trace the footprints of the literature of one country in that of another mostly in a historical context. The rival American school, on the other hand, has raised new questions in this field and extended the scope of research to subsume other domains of scholarly endeavors. The present paper first intends to briefly examine the limitations of the French school. It then proceeds to show how the archetypal approach of literary criticism and the American school of comparative literature can be employed to bear fruitful results in the field of comparative studies. Such interdisciplinary approaches can make up for the possible shortcomings of the individual modes of study and make much of the potentials that the concept of archetype can offer for this purpose. The study then singles out the Shadow archetype and makes a comparative study of the concept in two epic works, i.e. Beowulf and Gilgamesh. It finally picks out a structural archetype—hero’s journey-- as an example, to briefly discuss and evaluate such models.

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Comparative literature has provided various methodologies in the process of its evolution and development. The American School of comparative literature, beside breaking the established limitations of the French School, has placed emphasis on the necessity of discovering the connection between literature and the other arts and human knowledge and consequently extracting and classifying the common rules governing literature. Following this point of view, the present study has, from a comparative perspective, compared part of Leyla and Majnun narrative by Nur ad-Dīn Abdurrahman Jāmī in Haft Orange Masnavi with a painting called "Qays First Glimpses at Layli" attributed to Muzaffar Ali, a follower of Tabriz Painting School. The present study is thought of as a practical example with the aim of correctly explaining the viewpoints of the American School of comparative literature. On the basis of this study, the time element, paratextuality, description, and signification are among the general principles in literature which can be extended and generalized over the other knowledge areas via the comparison of literature with the painting art. In the other section of this study, the implicit significations hidden in the folio have been extracted. Discovering the relationship and connection between literature and painting can double up a professional audience's artistic enjoyment rate and the watcher, while standing opposite the folio, can gain artistic enjoyment from the two arts. The study also indicates that a literary text, after having been transmitted to another significational area, inevitably loses some of its components or appears in a different form.

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One of the very consequences of language contacts is the presence of loanwords in a language. A great number of linguistic researches have focused on loanword studies through sociolinguistic approaches. In case of literary texts, the frequent and conscious use of loanwords reflects the style and the implicated purposes of the author which must definitely be transferred in translation. The present study aims to investigate the role of loanwords in literary texts, and their representations in translations. To this end, 148 loanwords were extracted from the American novel, Funny in Farsi by Firoozeh Dumas, then their representations in the Persian translation were studied considering three variables: the donor language, the semantic fields of loanwords and the translation strategies. The results revealed that ‘equivalence’ and ‘definition’ were the priorities of the translator among the translation strategies, and this has led to lose some cultural aspects of the literary text in translation.

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The disappearance of bipolar system following the disintegration of the Soviet :union:, has also changed many strategic concepts. Central Asia, as a part of the Soviet empire, has become an arena for regional and global challenges after these transformations. The region, already faced with various political, economic, social and cultural problems, soon became a location for the activities of Islamic fundamentalists, which in turn intensified regional crisis. Different socio-political problems made the ground for these activities. The basic question of this paper is: What is the role of NATO enlargement and its effects on security provision in Central Asia? This paper tries to answer that, “what role can NATO play in Central Asia in order to provide security in this region specially after September 11th and the following events”. Based on current security issues in Central Asia, America has seriously emphasized on socio-economic reforms under the” Greater Middle East” framework. Central Asian leaders are obliged to control political, social and economic crisis to prevent terrorist acts and reduce public dissatisfaction. Political transformations following the Soviet :union: collapse have clearly revealed that the roots of threat and instability in Central Asia are essentially internal. Sooner or later, leaders of these states have to resolve these threats, based on a clear understanding of regional sociopolitical realities.

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The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive pest of solanaceous crop plants, especially tomato, threatening worldwide tomato production. It has been a quarantine pest for Iran since 2010. However, it is now dispersed to all the main tomato production sites across the country. To assess crop loss and determine economic injury level (EIL), a field study was conducted in a 600 m² common research field for two consecutive years (2014-2015). Each tomato seedling (Super Strain B c.v.) was infested by different densities of the pest, including control, 1, 2, 4, and 8 tomato leafminer eggs in the first year and control, 2, 4, 8, and 16 leafminer eggs in the second year of study under cages. There was a significant relationship between the number of infested fruits and the number of leaf galleries made by tomato leafminer larvae. The EIL of tomato leafminer, according to the field experiments, was estimated to be 6.3 and 5.7 larvae/plant in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Evaluating the impact on crops and estimating the EIL are essential elements within a cost-efficient integrated pest management strategy, which provide practical tools for making informed decisions regarding the application of pesticides against T. absoluta.


 

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This small-scale corpus-based study delineates the most common and significant dialectal variations between the two most commonly spoken English varieties: American English (AmE) and British English (BrE). As a result of the corpus analysis, four main areas have emerged as to where dialectal variations take place: pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and orthography/punctuation. A total of 26 variations (f=10 in pronunciation, f=5 in vocabulary, f=6 grammar, and f=5 in orthography/punctuation) was identified by analyzing a variety of sources, including books, articles, online dictionaries, and websites. The significance of the variations in the abovementioned language areas and their implications for language teaching were discussed empirically and pedagogically. Notwithstanding the limitations, the research is expected to contribute to our understanding and awareness of the dialectal variations and assist language learners and teachers with the learning and teaching of these variations pedagogically and systematically since it might serve as a guide or a framework of reference.

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Boom and recession cycles in different countries relate to the U.S. business cycles. The study of severe recession in the U.S. can predict a contemporaneous global recession and provide policies to reduce the negative effects. This paper analyzes the business cycles of the U.S. using three stylized facts and reasons. The consequences of U.S. business cycles, as a developed country, have been compared to those of Iranian business cycle in the final section of each part. The period covers quarterly data for U.S during 1960-2010. This paper analyzes the data using VAR model. Our findings show the severe economic recessions have been started in the U.S. during 1980 and 2008.in addition, The U.S. economy has experienced the longest period of economic boom during 1980s and 1990s. Comparing business cycle features of the U.S. and Iran suggests that the severity and extent of boom and recession cycles is much higher in Iran than America. According to the stylized facts on business cycles, some common features of the variables have been confirmed in both countries. On the other variables, the Iranian model is the same of developing countries and the American model is consistent with the developed countries. In terms of the causes of business cycles, the private residential investment has been major cause of business cycles in American economy in the recent years, while exogenous oil price shocks on the Iranian economy has been the most important factor.

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Constitutional justice, in its general sense, means the set of methods and legal institutions that control law and other regulations by the constitution. Based on the type of look at the relationship between statutory law-constitution, parliament-justice, and private interest-public interest, and also based on the type of definition of the philosophy and function of separation of powers, we can observe two principals models of constitutional justice: 1) The American model in which the control over law is posterior, objective, decentralized and res judicata is relative, and 2) The European model in which the control of law is priori, abstract, centralized, and res judicata is absolute. In this paper, while addressing the general principles of constitutional justice, we study special patterns of each of the above models, especially in the two most important countries (i.e. The United States of America and France).

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The purpose of res judicata in arbitration awards is that if the presented dispute has been already considered between the same parties or their representatives and a final judgment has been issued in that respect, the said judgment is precluded the re-litigation of that dispute. Considering that, in the Iranian law, there is no stipulation on the res judicata effect in arbitration proceedings, the findings of this article demonstrate that there is no difference in the necessity of applying this rule between the court judgment and arbitration award in this respect. Non-admission and rehearing of the dispute object in arbitration tribunal is the result of the parties̕ first agreement and concluded contract to refer to arbitration. In the United States law the res judicata effect of arbitration award in judicial decisions has been accepted on the basis of issue preclusion and claim preclusion.

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The antioxidant capacity and polyphenol contents in leaves of Vitis tiliifolia are unknown. Leaves from four accessions of Vitis tiliifolia grown ex situ in the collection of the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Veracruz - Mexico, were collected in Autumn (2015) and Spring (2016), dehydrated and used to make water infusions at 80^oC for 5 minutes. The four accessions were propagated from wild grapevines which grow in Huatusco, Atlahuilco, Cosautlan and Ixtaczoquitlan. The aqueous infusions were analyzed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity by application of 2,2-DiPhenyl-1-PicrilHydrazyl (DPPH), and the total phenolic compounds (total reducing power) were determined spectrophotometrically by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The polyphenols identification and quantification were determined using an ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatograph. Fourteen compounds, including trans-resveratrol, quercetin and rutin were identified. The infusions obtained from leaves of Huatusco and Ixtaczoquitlan accessions had the highest contents of total phenols. The infusions from leaves of Cosautlan and Ixtaczoquitlan accessions showed the highest antioxidant activities. The results indicate that the Vitis tiliifolia leaves in infusions are a rich source of bioactive compounds. This is the first time that the phenolics content and the antioxidant capacity of leaf infusions of Vitis tiliiflolia leaves are reported. As a large variability was found in the compounds of the different accessions, a selection of the genotypes with the most suitable composition of the leaves for their use in infusions and subsequent cultivation could represent a way for the valorization of Vitis tiliifolia and to diversify the agricultural productions in tropical areas.
 

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In article 496 of the Procedural Civil Code of procedure in Public and Revolutionary (Enghelab) Courts in civil cases, Iranian’s legislator, has prohibited referring bankruptcy dispute to arbitration. In American law system, such a prohibition has been provisioned with the recognition of the exclusive jurisdiction for special courts to settle the bankruptcy disputes itself in 28 U.S. § 157 –Procedures.
Since the economic crisis in recent years has followed (caused) increasing of bankruptcy in both individuals and trading companies, such a prohibition expels a large number of commercial disputes from the sphere of arbitrable issues. Deprivation of the many benefits of arbitration is justified only if the study of such a prohibition reasons justifies the exclusive proceeding in national courts.
There are ambiguities regarding the domain of this prohibition in both countries. Recognizing the scope of non-arbitrable disputes is depend on the understanding of this prohibition causes. Research results show that the difference between bankruptcy and arbitration codes, in both countries, is the most important reason for such prohibition and this difference is such an important that prevents reconciliation between bankruptcy and arbitration.
In Iranian law system, the mentioned prohibition includes the bankruptcy itself and its basic related issues. In American law system, only the basic issues of bankruptcy are not referable to arbitration. So, non-basic issues are included in the arbitrability principle.
 

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Due to the particular role they play in macroeconomics and the fact that they offer a unique set of services to the general public, banks have attracted attention of legislators. Considering the bank's bankruptcy and its very negative effects, especially since the great economic crisis that began in 1929 in the United States and then spread to the whole world, began and the legislators concluded that the general rules of bankruptcy of companies to handling insolvency of banks is not enough. Therefore, in most legal systems of the world, when a business company is bankrupt, it is governed by general bankruptcy rules. But if a bank goes bankrupt, it has tried to consider specific rules for their bankruptcy considering the specific nature of banks in the country's economy and the differences with other commercial companies. The United States is one of the systems in which bankruptcy regulations of banks are completely different from corporate bankruptcy regulations. In Iranian law, though,unlike the US the bankruptcy system of banks is not completely separate from the bankruptcy system of the companies, and if the bank goes bankrupt, the rules of the bankruptcy act are considered to be general regulations and other monetary and banking regulations are specific rules, and the result is that, in the absence of specific provisions, apply the bankruptcy rules of commercial act are implemented.
 

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Worldwide, one of the most damaging diseases in beekeeping is American Foulbrood (AFB). The causative agent of the disease is Paenibacillus larvae, which can remain in spore form in the environment for decades and does not lose its virulence. In the management of this disease, it is inevitable to find an alternative method to the use of antibiotics and burning the hives. In this study, after determining the Total Phenolic (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC) of seven different Anatolian honey bee products (bee venom, bee bread, pollen, royal jelly, propolis, queen bee larvae, drone brood larvae), in vitro antimicrobial activities of these products against two different P. larvae strains were tested. As a result of Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl₃ colorimetric methods, there were significant differences between the samples, and the highest content values were obtained from the propolis samples. The antimicrobial activity results showed that, P. larvae strains were susceptible to all bee products, except queen bee larvae and drone brood larvae. The most significant inhibition was obtained from Anatolian bee venom with the lowest MIC dose 6.25 µg mL^-1, Bacterial strains showed susceptibility to Anatolian beebread with an effective dose of 7.81 µg mL^-1 following bee venom. This study is an important first step in identifying new active compounds for the use of in-hive natural products in the development of new preventive treatments against AFB disease, alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments.

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Hegemonies imposed from sources of power have been an issue of investigation for many years. In recent years, media and movies have gained particular attention due to their society-affecting power. The present study explores how male and female characters are represented in American movies based on the Van Leeuwen’s (2008) social actor categorization. Hence, the researchers focus on the scripts of the movies available in fiction genre of COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English). A representative sample of words depicting each gender was chosen based on their frequencies, and accordingly, their collocations were extracted. The findings indicate that men and women representations were following stereotypical depiction of gender roles; while men tended to be associated with high-ranked jobs, positions, activities, and identification categories, women were shown to be passively linked with inferior features, low-income jobs, child-bearers, and sexual aspects. More specifically, women were mostly objectified through a patriarchal perspective. The results might shed light on the archetypical imposition of power from above and may pave the way for unbiased media where depths, not just the appearances, of characters are of greater significance.

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The present research, using the qualitative method and analytical-descriptive method, aims to performance a comparative study and explain the foundations and examples of the civil responsibility of electricity supply institutions. The findings of this research show that the civil liability of the mentioned institutions in Iran and America in the stages of production and transmission is considered as "Sovereign Acts" and in the stage of distribution among subscribers and consumers is considered as "Employee Acts"; In addition, the civil liability of the electricity supplier entities is "Contractual and Non-Contractual" in nature, and both Iranian and American legal systems consider the civil liability of the electricity supplier entity in the production phase, which is a liability based on the contract; with the difference that the basis of responsibility is different in these two legal systems; As in Iranian law, this responsibility is based on "Fault" and claimable damages resulting from the violation of contractual obligations are subject to the specification of the parties, custom or law; But in American law, the basis for establishing the contractual liability of the aforementioned entities is "Pure Liability" or liability without fault, and the liability of these entities is established solely based on the breach of obligation; Therefore, in this legal system, as soon as a breach of contractual obligations is established, regardless of the reason for the breach or fault, the obligee is responsible for compensation. In the stage of electricity distribution, in Iran's legal system, it is possible to point out the responsibility resulting from the lack of care and maintenance of the facilities and equipment for the transmission and distribution of electricity to the subscribers, as well as the responsibility resulting from negligence and failure to take preventive measures, which is the factor of "Fault" Civil liability plays a fundamental and key role for the aforementioned supplier institutions; But in the American legal system, one can find very limited cases in which civil liability can be proposed for the mentioned institutions at this stage, and basically it is very difficult to establish civil liability at this stage, and this is due to the mechanisms that exist in this country in In order to comply with electricity transmission and distribution standards, division of responsibility and the involvement of consumers and subscribers in possible damages are applied.