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The present work is a comparative study of Aristotelian and narrative dramas with reference to “Oedipus Rex” by Sophocles and “Mother Courage and Her Children” by Bertolt Brecht. The basics of Aristotelian drama come from Aristotle’s Poetics, which was considered as an undisputed tradition in drama until the eighteenth century. The aim of this dramatic tradition is catharsis, which is achieved through pity, fear and empathy in the audience. Among the other main principles of Aristotelian drama are the observance of the three units: dramatic climax and peripetia, and the first and the last moments of excitement. The narrative drama is based on Bertolt Brecht's non-Aristotelian theories in drama. Brecht believes that we must create a critical distance from daily events through alienation so that the audience can reconsider them and develop a critical view. The duality of the actor's role, the inconsistency between the actor's thought and action, time leaps, musical interruptions of the story, strong lightening on the stage, a half-empty stage with a half open curtain, the use of titles at the beginning of the scenes, and putting placards that free the audience from illusions are some of the alienation techniques used in Mother Courage and Her Children. Aristotelian drama emphasizes the unity of sequences and coherence of events, and considers the play as a whole, which aims at involving the audience wholeheartedly and making the audience identifies himself with the hero of the play.  In contrast, narrative drama is a  montage of single  scenes, which causes pauses in the play. In this type of drama, the audiences, because of frequent interruptions, does not get involved in the play, gets distance from the scenes, and is persuaded to critically view the play, present solutions, and make decisions. In sum, the fundamental difference between these two types of drama lies in the effect they have on the audience. In this work, an attempt has been made to discuss the major difference between Aristotelian and narrative dramas with a number of examples taken from Oedipus Rex and Mother Courage and Her Children.  

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Any literary work is a suitable platform for conveying the author's inner concepts and feelings through the words available in the text. Guy de Maupassant in the story of Horla narrates the life of a man who is grappling with a crisis of alienation under the influence of the anonymous creature called Horla. Using the concepts and words intertwined with the unconscious and the repeated use of the word "Horla" and the verb "failure" in the story, the author promotes an excitement in the reader to these words, which, based on the constant action and reaction of the mind and language, makes the reader more aware of intriguing indications like the shadow of alienation on a narrator's life. What can be contemplated is the relationship of these words with the concept of alienation. The relationship that can be analyzed through the psychology of language. In the language psychology, a model called the Emotioncy Model was designed by Pishghadam et al. (2013). "Emotioncy", a combination of the two words "emotion" and "frequency," is based on the principle that the words in each text have varying amounts of emotion for different individuals, which are referred to as "Emotioncy" of the words. Emotioncy includes emotions that are formed as a result of using different senses and can make relative recognition of individuals under the influence of frequency factor. Considering the Emotioncy Model, the present study seeks to answer the following fundamental question: How does the author in the story of Horla reveal the crisis of the narrator's alienation by increasing the emotioncy level of the words "Horla" and "failure" in the reader?
The concept of alienation has an inverse relationship with freedom. In the existentialism philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, human freedom has the responsibility for everything that he is seeking. The lack of this freedom causes the alienation of individuals. In the story of Horla, the transfer of this concept (alienation) to the reader is carried out through the frequency of words Horla and failure. The narrator who considers the presence of Horla as the reason for his lack of freedom, conveys his alienation crisis to the reader by repeating the word Horla as another interpretation that his freedom prevents the freedom of the narrator and the verb failure, which is itself a kind of confession of his lack of freedom. Moreover, the author describes the presence of Horla using the senses of touch, hearing sense, and above all sense of seeing. This is while, another presence is felt with his looking in the philosophy of existentialism. Through describing his sensory experiences of Horla, the writer engages the reader's senses and raises his excitement. In this regard, the author in the story of Horla describes the narrator's fear of Horla, as well as freedom, to create an excitement of fear in the reader (due to his having responsibility to life). To do this, by proving the presence of unknown creatures in the world and the human inability in their discovery, he denies the freedom of human, and provokes the excitement of fear in the reader. Therefore, the author shows crisis of the narrator's alienation with the emotionalization of words Horla and failure. The crisis of alienation represents the truth of the existence of the author and his feelings. Hence, the author has a high to this concept. This inner emotioncy, created at the level of his involvement, shapes his world view, and it is induced to the reader in the story of Horla through the emotionalization of the mentioned words.
Many studies have been yet conducted in relation to the Emotioncy Model, but the use of this Model in literature has not been addressed in none of these studies. According to the findings of this study, it can be argued that the Emotioncy Model in the field of literature can be a suitable ground for the exploration of the feelings, inner emotions and worldview of the authors through the words and concepts used in literary

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In this research, colonialism in the novels The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini and Homeless by Reza Amirkhani was analyzed comparatively. These two novels, which are formed in Eastern culture, have a deep-seated relationship which is the continuation life of the first persons, Amir and Armia, in the west (America). Imigration to this country is a forced one for both of them, during which the author discusses colonialism and its manifestations. The cultural correlation of these works and their formation in a parallel manner have given some similar elements which was why they were selected to be studied comparatively. In this article, which was done in a descriptive-analytical approach, the hero's migration from the homeland, which is associated with a kind of alienation, and the role of colonialism in creating this alienation were discussed. The purpose of this research is to present a new understanding of the concepts and origin of the formation of these novels comparatively. The main issues which were found in these works were: character journey from east to west, Homeland (the depth of the main character in the homeland), the presence of the helping element of the hero (killed by colonialism), Nostalgia, culture (purity of character), The double face of religion, alienation and negation of capitalism.
 

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The problem of "alienation" and the "alienated man" is one of the most attractive features of the critique of modernity. Ali Shariati, the contemporary Iranian theorist who was highly concerned with the critique of both tradition and modernity, introduced the idea of a "third way". As the main cause for decadence, defining and defying alienation was at the core of Shariati's intellectual agenda. In this paper, we will explain his view on alienation and his recommended solution which invites peoples of the third world to return to their very identity. Then, some critical arguments raised by his critics will be explored and assessed.

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The emergence of epistemological relativism in the form of social anomies and issues such as emotional and identity abnormities and crises, psychological fluctuations and disappointments are derived from the current of modernity and the governance of the positivist paradigm. Examples of these cases as vital issues of human life are seen in the “Tuesdays with Murrie” and “Masnavi Molavi”. The novel of “Tuesdays with Murrie, one of the most remarkable Western works, emphasises humanity's permanent problem in materialism and neglects the self-knowledge trap (love and affection, death, spirituality and consciousness, etc.). These subjects have been emphasised in other ways in the collection of Molavi’s works, specifically, the Masnavi Ma’navi. With an analytical-comparative method, the present study aimed to analyse the content of these two works, based on the American school, and provide desirable solutions to get out of the governing situation on human life. The results indicated that the dominant aspect of both works is proposing the crisis of human problems in the material world trap. The distinction between them is in Molavi’s emphasis on going beyond material factors and relying on the ontology of Islamic mysticism.
 

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The concepts used in Iqbal Lahori's poetry indicate that the political, social, and cultural settings of the time had greatly influenced his ideas. Influenced by three sources, namely the philosophy based on spiritual perfection, a kind of pan-Islamic approach to propagate among Muslims, and a political view toward his own country, Iqbal deals with the modern socio-political crises plaguing Muslims and drawing upon guidelines received from Molavi-his master whose ideas can be a great source of inspiration to solve new problems of the Islamic world and the colonized nations-he addressed many of these problems. In Javid Nama, he believes that desperately romantic poets are the hearts of the nations and give the body the life-giving blood. Such poets create liveliness in their nations. Iqbal calls them "the Prophet's heirs", who carry the burden of guiding people. Jalal-e-din Mohammad Balkhi, is the symbol of a committed and passionate poet who is the source of life to his nation and transforms the universe through his burning voice. To Iqbal, he is the pioneer of the lovers, whom he is the guide. In Iqbal's view, Rumi master us a fellow-traveler whose company brings salvation and bliss. He advises the followers of the path of divine love to accompany him so that, through his blessings, they know themselves and do great things inspired by strong belief and reach their eventual goal.

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In recent year, due to the negative effect of counterproductive behaviors on workplace, organizational researchers have become more interested in study and solution finding to correct these behaviors. In addition, organizations with a new approach namely coaching are looking for modify these behaviors. Although the theoretical issues discussed in the area of organizational coaching, yet the survey that examined the effect of organizational coaching on correct workplace counterproductive behaviors have not observed.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational coaching on workplace counterproductive behaviors with the mediating role of positive organizational climate. The Statistical population consisted of petrochemical companies of mahshahr special economic zone employees. With applying random Stratified Sampling method, 253 persons were taken into account. After reviewing the data and analyzing them, results showed that organizational coaching has a significant positive effect on positive organizational climate. Also, the organizational climate at the workplace counterproductive behaviors (workplace bullying and job alienation) has a significant negative impact. Also positive organizational climate is mediating in the relation between organizational coaching and counterproductive behaviors (workplace bullying and job alienation) in the workplace.

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Alienation is an inner feeling caused in individuals resulted from anxiety and stress in social, political, and economic circumstances. Alienation emerges with feelings such as anger, worry, disappointment, fiasco, and solitude resulting in behaviors such as norm-breaking, revolt or isolationism. This phenomenon is also proposed in literature like other sciences especially because poets and writers are mostly considered as among thinkers and intellectuals of every society. With a descriptive-analytic approach, this research tries to reveal and explain types of alienation in the poetry of Ghada al-Samman, a Syrian contemporary poet. Ghada al-Samman, due to some incidents such as her mother’s death in childhood, divorce and emotional failure, social bottlenecks, identity crisis due to the 1967 defeat, being far from home in Europe and familiar with feminist thought experienced alienation which is well reflected in her poems. The results of this study also indicate types of alienation including local, emotional, social, and political in poet’s works. In addition, the results also found that she applied two mechanisms while confronting with such circumstances namely, return to the past and imagination. 

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The poetry of alienation and nostalgia is one of the topics addressed by poets, ancient and modern, and it is embodied in the feeling of anxiety, discontent and social isolation and the accompanying sad and sincere emotions. This phenomenon has many manifestations in the souls of poets, as each of them expressed it according to his point of view and his circumstances. Among the poets who tasted the bitterness of alienation and expressed the feelings of sadness and pain in their souls, is Mahmoud Hassan Ismail, the contemporary Egyptian poet whose language of sadness, alienation and nostalgia became clear in his poetry. This article aims to study the manifestations of alienation and nostalgia in Mahmoud Hassan Ismail's poetry and how they are distributed in his poems and their role in arousing emotions and feelings according to the descriptive-analytical method. The importance of this research appears in observing the extent of the injustice done by the British occupation towards the Egyptian people, led by the hard-working peasants, as a result of inhumane acts that prompted them to present the fruits of their efforts to the tyrannical colonialism. One of the most important findings of the article is that the poet has excelled in expressing his feeling of internal and external alienation by drawing a tormented conscience and a bleeding heart, but the intensity of his pain and alienation gradually eases by turning to his Lord through mystical meditations. The poet also yearned for the land, the homeland and the beloved