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Low Back Pain (LBP) is the first cause of disability in people under 45 years old and the second cause of referral to physician, and the third cause of surgery (Noori et al., 2011). In developed countries, the overall cost resulted from LBP is 1.7% of gross national product total share (Karimi, 2004). In general, the prevalence rate of LBP is 30%, but over 70-85% of people in advanced countries experience it at least once in their life (Nezhad Roomezi et al., 2012). In Iran, this problem is the third cause of disability in people aged ranging from 15 to 69 years. Since Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) is a multifactorial phenomenon, several suggestions are proposed for its treatment (Nezhad Roomezi et al., 2012). In this study, it was decided to introduce a less-known but effective technique in the treatment of CLBP.

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Alexander the Macedonian is a person who played a great role in Persian history and literature. He is also called a gojastack and destroyer, and also called the ideal king and prophet. In folk literature, Alexander is also a champion and a king of adventure and a prophet with the aim of promoting divine religion. One of the folk texts, partly devoted to the life of Alexander, is the Tarsusi’s Darab-Nameh. An interesting point is that Alexander has a significant difference in the Tarsusi’s Darab-Nameh, with Alexander, other Iskandar-nameh of Persian literature, such as Shahnameh, Nizami’s Iskandar-nameh, and the Pseudo-callistenes. That's mean Alexander is not a powerful king of Persian literature. Tarsusi has removed sanctity and powers from this legendary king with various techniques. The purpose of this study is to detect these techniques. In this essay, the recognition of the Characterization of Alexander in the Tarsusi’s Darab-Nameh, has been considered in order to identify the differences in the Tarsusi’s Characterization and to identify the methods of Eliminating Authority from Alexander. The results show that Trasusi has brought many adventures and incidents in his story to gradually and on the basis of Acceptable plot, the authority will be removed from Alexander. He also displayed Alexander weakly And the characters in front of Alexander Like Pourandokht, have shown strong.

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N.Nikubakht, PH.D.
H.Zulfighari, PH.D.
M.A.Azizifar
 
Abstract
Folktales or folklores are not merely anecdotes and narratives, idealistic and lack of plot that could be visualized from the fancy and old point of views. Amidst these stories, there are hidden past way of life that can shed light on future course. One of the most beautiful and interesting Persian folktales is Darabnameh of Tarsusi that before giving the folkloric biographical description of Ardeshir, gives description about Alexander of Macedonia, Burandokht and Greek physicians. This story has a lot of allegories, paraphrasing and description about the allegorical problems. Stepping of Alexander on the land of magnificence in order to get the fountain of life, is the actual capital of Tarsusi while focusing on this story and the same aspect has caused the emergence of some of the creatures, things, space and place that have made this anecdote allegorical.
The current article tries to study the question that whether Darabnameh of Tarsusi really has allegorical capacity and how they could be classified? Authors have tried to acquire the results from allegories through descriptive-analytical research methodology and hence they have classified them into five group i.e. human, animal, spatial, plant (herbi) and object (others).
 
 

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Silver coins of Alexander of Macedonia, until the arrival of Parthians in the 1st century BC, have been put in WDXRF in order to determin Ag, Cu, Pb and Au as major and trace elements for fineness, debasement and refinement of silver in ancient Persia. Seleucid kingdom from 4th to 1st century BC was succeeded by several dynasties and kings. But the chemical composition of their silver coins and their fineness shows there was no changes in technology and economic policy.

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Jews of Medina once asked Prophet Muhammad about a man named Zolqarnein. Verses 82 to 97 of Surah al-Kahf, the 18^th chapter of the holy Qur’an, give description about this king who believed in God and the Day of Judgment. According to these Verses, God provided opportunities for Zolqarnein to be victorious over his enemies and bring justice to the territory under his jurisdiction. These Verses do not mention the place, time, or his name, and Zolqarnein that is his title has been referred as Qarnayeem in Jewish Pentateuch.These uncertain issues have caused many commentators of the Qur'an and Islamic scholars to introduce different individuals as Zolqarnein. Among these, Cyrus, the Achaemenid king and Alexander, the Macedonian king, could be seen more than others. This study aims to determine the character of Zolqarnein, by taking the historical approach. For that matter, religious and historical documents such as the Quran, Torah, Cyrus Charter, and writings of classical Greek historians were studied and corroborated with archaeological evidences. Based on the results of preceding studies, Zolqarnein is found to be Achaemenid king, Cyrus the Great.