---

The non-generalist view of territorial identity and Considering it to be dependent on political ideas has been considered in critical political geography studies in recent years. In this regard, the primary principle of considering the territorial identity concept to be dependent on government; It goes back to Hegel's thoughts. According to his idea, the territorial identity is a rational form of thought created by government on the earth, and a form of this phenomenon appears in every history turn. In this regard, the political thought of Charismatic king was one of the important components in the construction of territorial identity in the Achaemenid era during which charismatic king were considered to be God's chosen one on earth and in his existence shadow became possible to form social cohesion. In this research has been tried by analyzing the historical texts content be explained effective components in the construction of social identity in the Achaemenid era in the Hegel's phenomenology of the soul framework. It is emphasized in research findings that the awareness creation about importance of king's position in construction of the territorial identity in the Achaemenid era was a historical synthesis result that the traditional interpretation of powerful kings is replaced by the king attributed to Ahuramzda. In addition, geopolitical alienation of the Achaemenids with the surrounding states, especially the Greek city-states was a conflict manifestation between Charismatic king thought with opposing thoughts, which was effective in building of Iranian people territorial identity.
 

---

Caucasus region became a part of Achaemenid Empire during the Dariush attack to Scythian at 513-512 BC, and formed the northern border of the empire. Modern Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, which generally form the south Caucasus countries, have been part of Achaemenid subordinate nations. In the official lists of Achaemenid satrapies, only the name of Armenia, has been noted and the administrative position of the other regions (Georgia and Azerbaijan) is less clear. The only written source that contains some information about this issue is Herodotus, and Archaeology data also shows that at the end of 6 century BC, major changes and innovations have been occurred in these regions as a result of Persian attendance. According to archaeological data, the most notably are Achaemenid type palaces with bell shaped column bases. Based on Herodotus records and other cultural material, western Armenia was a part of the 18^th satrapy, eastern Armenia was a part of the13^th satrapy, and Azerbaijan belonged to the 11^th satrapy in Herodotus list. Also western Georgia (i.e. Colchis) was not directly a satrapy, and at the extremity border of Achaemenid Empire, had undertaken protecting the north border of the empire against the Scythians, attacks. Although eastern Georgia (i.e. Iberia) was a part of  the 11^th or 18^th satrapy in Herodotus list. In general, the aim of this study is to investigate the administrative position of  modern Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Achaemeniansatrapal system based on archaeological data. The methodology of this research is based on library research and field visiting of the areas in question.

---

---

Abstract  
The conquest of Egypt by Cambyses and his good performances and his successors in Egypt, according to new findings, did not cause the Egyptians not to be influenced by the messy conditions of the kingdom and not rebel. Using original data and archaeological discoveries, this research explains the frequent Egyptian uprisings in the first era of the rule of the Achaemenid rulers in Egypt, and the failure to achieve the goals, discrimination and the humiliation of Egyptian society, the main assumption of the rebellion in Takes the view. Therefore, the present paper addresses the question of how the relationship between the Achaemenid kingdoms and Egypt and the Egyptian uprising in Egypt are dealt with in a descriptive and analytical way. The study, considering the historical and cultural background of Egypt, after examining and explaining the historical and archaeological statements related to this issue, has revealed the nature of the repeated insurrection of the Egyptian people in Egypt in direct connection with their dissatisfaction with the domination of Iran over Egypt and the feeling of humiliation Because of the non-Egyptian origin of the Achaemenid king, Egyptians appreciate, despite all their great efforts in Egypt.
<span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 115%; font-family: " arial","sans-serif";="" font-size:="" 9pt;="" mso-ansi-font-size:="" 12.0pt;="" mso-ascii-font-family:="" "times="" new="" roman";="" mso-hansi-font-family:="" roman";"="">

---

Various opinions have been put forward about Achaemenian beliefs and thoughts, especially about the religious beliefs of the Achaemenian kings such as Cyrus the Great. Scholars rely on Herodotus’s statements that “they didn’t look at building temples and altars as a religious tradition, they refer believing in these things as ignorance and foolishness in the converse opinion to Greeks. They didn’t believe that Gods had the same nature of human. In their religion, Zeus (Ahura-Mazda) was the sign of the blue dome of the sky and was a wise master. Their traditions were going to the highest peaks of mountains praying and offering sacrifice to God. Sun, moon, fire, water, wind and other divine existences are only bodiless Gods that Iranians pray and offer them sacrifices.” According to Herodotus Iranians in the Achaemenian era, had no idol, temple and altar. In this article we have used the most accessible sources and references to study Achaemenian religion and their temples. Various opinions from the researchers have been cited here. The historic art of the Achaemenians, the inscriptions, and fire alters quadrangles and fire temples (or Brasmadana) the Achaemenian shrines which were generally located in holy areas are being focused in this article.

---

Seals have been important as one of the archaeological findings with various motifs and functions from the past which recount different aspects of human life. The use of seals with various designs can be seen during the Achaemenid period (5th century B.C), including a number of cylindrical seals that have been obtained from Persepolis and have the themes of heroism combined with animals. Therefore, the analysis can provide important information about the cultural and artistic structure which ruled on Persepolis. In this article, an attempt is made to analyze Achaemenid seals and the reasons for their use as well as an investigation about patterns and their influence on the native Iranian art and other nations, particularly Mesopotamia. This is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of method and the data are derived from librarian sources. Therefore, the researcher will examine and categorize the designs and themes of Persepolis seals and then compare them with the art of other nations, especially the Middle East, and the conclusion is based on the analytical comparisons. The conclusion provides the information that seals with heroic themes and mythical animals of Persepolis have an extreme similarity and adaptation from Mesopotamian seals, especially Assyrian, and they have received the most influence in terms of content and structure from the Assyrian seals. However, in terms of credibility and dynamic, Persepolis seals have similarities and differences with Assyrian and other nations. While as some distinctions, the researcher must mention the special staging of the spaces on seals, which has made them unparalleled. While among indigenous peoples who lived on the plateau of Iran, these seals are more influenced by Mannaeans art than anywhere else; and even the animal themes on the seals were closer in terms of form to the motifs found in Hasanlu, Ziviyeh and Qalaiji than Assyrian.

---

The presence of the Achaemenid Persians and the archaeological materials that they left in their territories have always been regarded as important topics. Phoenicia was one of their prized dominions. Considering the historical importance of the pioneering universal empire of the Achaemenids as well as the significance of the Phoenician civilization, the study of their interactions would be invaluable. After a historicalgeographical introduction and an overview of the role and status of Phoenicia in the history of the Achaemenid Empire, the present research has focused on Phoenician architecture. The questions addressed in this study are: To what extent can Persian influence be observed in the architectural findings recovered from Achaemenid Phoenicia? To what extent did each Phoenician city-state adopt Achaemenid architectural elements? The study of available sources and reports indicated that the Persian influence on Phoenician architecture, despite its insignificance, demonstrates the presence and dominance of the Achaemenid style. Furthermore, the extent of Persian influence on different city-states was not equal, and did not depend on the prominence of a city-state. It even seems that there was no special requirement for the application of Achaemenid elements. It should be noted that architectural findings only constitute a part of the available material. Obviously, in order to achieve a more comprehensive result regarding the research topic, other data from Achaemenid Phoenicia should also be considered. 

---

This article serves as a continuation of our exploration into "Achaemenid Phoenicia," following our previous work on "Persian influence on Phoenician architecture. In this research, we delve into additional available evidence concerning Achaemenid Phoenicia, along with pertinent historical sources. Our primary objective is to provide a more holistic view of Persian influence on Phoenicia. The next step is to offer possible corrections or complements to the results of previous paper, which focused on the presence and dominance of the Achaemenids in the region, the non-uniformity of Persian elements in the architecture of Phoenician city-states, and the absence of a connection between the importance of a city-state and the extent of Persian influence on it. By studying additional evidence, we surmise that Persian influences were popular among the upper class and, to some extent, the middle class of society. When it comes to royal art, the evidence from Sidon indicates a notable influence, whereas that from Tyre suggests a certain conservatism, despite the significance of the city-state. However, other movable findings discovered in the territory of Tyre reveal Persian influence, indicating the lack of conservatism among the elites of Tyre in contrast to their local royal court. Regarding the entry of Persian elements into Phoenicia, the available evidence suggests that the presence of Persian officials in Phoenicia, as well as Phoenicians who visited centers such as Susa and Persepolis, could have been two major factors in this cultural penetration. Overall, our findings support and enhance those of our previous study.