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Power is a social phenomenon, which refers to the ability of its holders to compliance or obedience of other individuals to their will. This superiority is caused by different factors including social role, sex or even a particular style of speech. This study aims at presenting comprehensive definition of power, its role in terms of different speech styles of language and its signs. Therefore, the authors can measure power in language more carefully, recognizing new signs. In fact, power in language means avoiding linguistic uncertainty variables (filler, pause…) and using some linguistic signs (like following standard accent, etc…). "lengthening", "tag question (hear-oriented, speaker-oriented)" and "use of English word" are studied for the first time. In fact, we want to know if these three factors can be considered as linguistic uncertainty variables showing powerless speech. Sample research is 30 male managers at the age of 30-40. The results showed "lengthening" and its different kinds are one of the uncertainty linguistic variables showing powerless speech style.

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In Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the main air pollutant parameters in the atmosphere of Tehran, Iran. Generally, it is difficult to predict and control CO concentration because it is essentially nonlinear time-varying system. Recently, in particular, environmental control such as CO concentration level control is regarded as one of the most important factors in environmental protections. This paper describes forecasting and more specifically uncertainty determination of CO concentration during the modeling process using a support vector machine (SVM) technique. Uncertainty of the air pollution modeling studies highly affected the simulation results. In this regards, it is very important to determine the uncertainty of air pollution models due to consequences on health of people exposed to the pollution. Therefore, this research aims to calibrate, verify, and also determine the uncertainty of support vector machine (SVM) in the process of air pollution modeling in the atmosphere of Tehran. To achive this goal, the SVM model was selected to predict arithmetic average of daily measured CO concentration in the atmosphere of Tehran. In this regards, the SVM model was calibrated and verified using six daily air pollutants include particulate matter with diameter equal or less than 10 micrometer (PM10), total hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), methane (CH4), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) and also six daily meteorological variables include pressure (Press), temperature (Temp), wind direction (WD), wind speed (WS) and relative humidity (Hum). The data was collected from Gholhak station located in the north of Tehran, Iran, during 2004-2005. Thereafter, the best developed SVM model for predicting the CO concentration was chosen based on determination of coefficient (R2). Finally, to determine the SVM uncertainty, the model was run many times with different calibration data. It led to many different results because of the model sensitivity to the selected calibration data. Then, the model uncertainty in the CO prediction process was evaluated using the width of uncertainty band (d-factor) and the percentage of measured data bracketed by the 95 percent prediction uncertainties (95PPU). Generally, the results confirmed the strong performance of the SVM model in predicting CO concentration in the atmosphere of Tehran. The predicted average daily CO concentrations by SVM model had a good agreement with the measured ones in the Gholahak air quality monitoring station. It was found that the determination of coefficient for calibration and validation of SVM model were equal to 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that the SVM model has an acceptable level of uncertainty in prediction of CO concentration in which the level of d-factor and the percentage of measured data bracketed by the 95PPU in the validation step were 0.74 and 76, respectively. Therefore, The obtained results indicated that the SVM model had an acceptable level of uncertainty in prediction of CO concentration. Therefore, it can be concluded that the SVM model is able to predict the CO concentration in the atmosphere of Tehran while it resulted an acceptable level of uncertainty. Finally, due to the proposed methodology is general, the authors suggest to apply it for analyzing the uncertainty of SVM model in other fields of science and engineering.

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The concrete compressive strength is a suitable index to ensure the quality of concrete while the construction is underway. The core samples, which represent the potential strength of concrete, are prepared, cured, and tested according to the relevant standard codes and specifications. On the other hand, determination of the actual strength of concrete in a structure is not easy because it depends on the history of the curing procedure, the adequacy of concrete compaction, and the casting method. Therefore, the question that has always attracted the attention of designers is if the standard test specimens can represent the in-situ strength of concrete. Arriving at the answer to this question becomes even more important when the strengths of standard test specimens are lower than the specified strength. In this case, either the strength of concrete in the structure is lower than the design value or the specimens do not actually represent the concrete strength in the structure. In such cases, the problem would be addressed by drilling and testing some core specimens from the suspected structural member. In addition, there may be no standard specimens at a late age, and it may be necessary to determine the current strength of the structure.Concrete core test is always regarded as an important issue in the area of concrete industry to evaluate the in-situ concrete strength, and sometimes it becomes the unique tool for safety assessment of existing concrete structures. Core test is, therefore, introduced in most building codes. The presence of rebar in the cores affects the results of testing; accordingly, some codes specify that no bars are allowed to be present in the cores, while others account for the bars by introducing a correction factor. In the present experimental research, the parameters that exert significant effects on the strength of the cores containing rebar are examined. To that end, 112 plain and reinforced concrete beams with the bars of 10- and 16-mm diameter (with different arrangements) and water-to-cement ratios of 0.4 and 0.55 have been created. The beams have been kept and cured under air-dried conditions. In order to perform the compression tests, 988 concrete cores of 7.5- and 10-cm diameters with aspect ratios of 1 and 2 have been drilled at 14, 28, and 56 days of age. In the majority of cases, as the water-to-cement content increases from 0.4 to 0.55, there is a larger amount of strength loss in the cores containing the rebar as compared to those without any rebar. The strength of the cores declines by increasing the concrete cover for the bars. For the cores containing a single bar, the reduction which is resulted in the strength in comparison to that of the plain concrete cores is more dramatic in the cores having a bar of larger diameter. On the other hand, the amount of strength drop increases by increasing the number of bars. The largest drop in the strength values, amounting to 23 percent of the plain-concrete core strength, is observed in the concrete cores having two 16-mm bars. Furthermore, the cores containing eccentric rebar show a greater reduction in comparison to the cores with no eccentric rebar.

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The purpose of this investigation was the fabrication of surface nano composite composed of aluminum 2024 and boron carbide particles with the average size of 60 nm by the friction stir processing (FSP) method. The primary FSP tests showed that the rotating speed of 850 rpm and traverse speed of 25 mm/min are the optimum conditions which results in sound defect free samples. Then, the effect of nano particles addition and number of passes were analyzed in the fabricated samples. Optical and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques showed that the average grain size in the stirring zone decreases by adding nanoparticles to the matrix and increasing the number of FSP passes. The hardness and the abrasion tests showed that strength and wear resistance of the fabricated samples increases with increase in number of passes. The improvement in the mechanical properties was attributed to the uniform distribution of the reinforcing particle and grain refinement. However, in the FSPed base metal the hardness was decreased due to the dissolution of primary strengthening particles during the FSP process. The result of electrochemical tests indicated that corrosion behavior of the FSPed samples improves by adding the reinforcing particles and increasing the pass number.

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In this study, the effect of accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process on microstructure and hardness of cast A356/titanium carbide composite produced by semi-solid processing evaluated. ARB process up to 4 cycles on the composite containing 10 vol.% titanium carbide with an average particle size less than 10 μm performed at ambient temperature. Microstructural examination by optical microscope and harness tests including macrohardness and microhardness performed. The results showed that by increasing the number of process cycles, the distribution of the Si and TiC in the aluminum matrix homogenized, the particles became finer and more spheroidal. On the other hand, particle free zones removed and the quality of the bond between the particles and the matrix improved. In addition, the porosity in the casting structure significantly decreased. It was found that the hardness in the first two cycles greatly increased, and then the number of cycles had less effect on the hardness value. In general, the microstructure of the composite after 4 cycles of ARB process considerably refined so that the increased hardness of the composite was 170% compared to the cast. The results showed that by increasing the number of ARB cycles, the amount of fluctuation in the thickness of the composite decreased.

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The main purpose of this paper is to the distributed formation tracking for fractional order multi agent systems with the leader-follower approach. First, it discusses the Lyapunov candidate function used to check the stability of the controlled system. The introduced candidate function is based on the properties of the matrix representing the desired system graph of the system. In this phase, the Lyapunov direct method is used to determine the stability of fractional order systems. Then, using sliding mode control, a decentralized controller design for tracking in fractional multi agent systems is presented in which it introduces and verifies the introduced control inputs. In the model, the input system is also considered as a disturbance type, and the control efficiency designed in turbulence mode is shown. In this section, it is shown that the controller introduced in the previous section has a desirable efficiency due to the sliding mode control. In the second section, the stability of the system, such as the first section, is investigated. at the end of this paper, several simulation examples are developed for controlling the performance of the controller.

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Pomegranate is one of the important and an oldest fruit that is grown in vast regions. In recent years pomegranate juice is became a popular beverage. This study was carried out to investigate the mineral elements and some biochemical properties of juice in eight local Iranian pomegranate cultivars. The results showed a significant difference in the studied traits in all cultivars. The potassium content in pomegranate juice was higher than other elements, followed by calcium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper. Potassium, calcium and iron was found the highest in chr('39')Golabichr('39'), meanwhile the highest amount of  magnesium and sodium measured in chr('39')Sorahichr('39') cultivars. chr('39')Aliakbarichr('39') had the highest amount of manganese and zinc and chr('39')Lopsorkhichr('39') and chr('39')Mirzaeichr('39') had the highest value of phosphorus and copper, respectively. The lowest amount of potassium and iron was observed in chr('39')Lopsorkhichr('39') and chr('39')Aliakbarichr('39') cultivars, respectively. For other elements, chr('39')Garchr('39') had the lowest concentration. In terms of biochemical properties such as total soluble solids (TSS), maturity index (MI) and acidity (pH) of juice, chr('39')Golabi, Lopsorkhi and Sorahichr('39') cultivars had the highest value. chr('39')Sorahichr('39') and chr('39')Aliakbarichr('39') cultivars with the highest amount of titrable acid were sour and suitable for industries pomegranate production, which require sour taste. Other cultivars were introduced due to the proper amounts of mineral elements and sweet and sour taste for fresh consumption and pomegranate juice production industry. The two-dimensional graph, based on the principal components analysis, confirmed the results of grouping the cultivars based on the comparison of the mean. 

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Nanotechnology deals with objects and materials in nanometer scale and it is being expanded in the field of materials tools and systems. Nowadays, human knowledge in nanotechnology is going through a commercializing path in order to provide more services. Living creatures are built of cells with 10 μm size.  Some nanoparticles application in biology and medicine include drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering, and tumor destruction with heat. These procedures, which are done with nanoparticles manipulation, have two specific phase in general; in phase one, the amount of critical force and time are calculated based on dimensional and peripheral parameters. Now, it is tried to calculate nanoparticles displacement and velocity during the process in the phase two of nanoparticles manipulation. Also, in this paper, nanoparticles displacement and velocity were investigated in two dimensional space, using three main friction model namely coulomb, Hk, and lugre in phase two of nanoparticles manipulation. According to the results of this project, maximum speed and displacement was obtained, using lugre friction model and the minimum amounts in coulomb model. Also, with particles radius increase, displacement and velocity were reduced; this effect is engendered even without considering friction factor. Correspondingly, considering accuracy and validity, the coulomb model was the least accurate model and lugre was the most accurate one and the HK model was placed between these two models.
 

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Pervious concrete is a concrete that, given its high porosity, allows higher rates of water infiltration through it. Although asphalt and concrete pavements have high structural and durability capabilities, they have a considerable high impact on the environment in terms of environmental as well as acoustic noise production. One of these problems are the drastic decrease in rainwater penetration to the ground and the consequent flooding disasters in the cities, which can lead to significant financial and life damage. On the other hand, surface clay pollution runoff can lead to clogging and take negative impact at effective permeability of such concrete. Thus making the most important feature of this concrete, which is high permeability, would be accompanied by some difficulties. In this study, using silica fume, it’s been tried to make a permeable concrete in order to have desirable mechanical properties, high permeability and less clogging. In addition, with the use of leca and scoria lightweight aggregates, the specific gravity of pervious concrete was significantly reduced to help noise pollution reduction by increasing internal and structural porosity. The results showed that the samples containing leca has a better performance in mechanical tests. Specimens containing scoria aggregates have higher porosity and permeability, which both have high importance in pervious concrete. Replacing 10% of cement by silica fume improved the mechanical properties of the specimens. In all cases, the samples showed acceptable permeability for slurry passage even at high concentrations, but the difference between the 10% clay suspension compared to clay-free water was significant, while the hydraulic conductivity decrease rate was much lower with increasing the concentration of clay.  

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In this study, the hot-working behavior of Mn-25Ni-5Cr alloy was studied using hot compression tests at the temperatures of 850 ˚C, 900 ˚C, 950 ˚C and 1000 ˚C and the strain rates of 0.001 s^-1, 0.01 s^-1, 0.1 s^-1 and 1 s^-1 to a true strain level of 0.7. The results of flow curves showed that the flow stress decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. Regarding the shape of flow curves, peak appearance represents the dynamic recrystallization. The peak stress and strain of flow curves appeared in fewer strains at high temperatures and strain rates. The microstructural evolution is mainly controlled by dynamic recrystallization. The presence of evolving boundaries around the recrystallized grains also indicates the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization during hot working. In closer scrutiny of microstructure and fasciology, using by SEM microscope equipped with EDS detector, in addition to the background phase, second phase consisting of manganese, nickel and chromium was identified. The constants of n, α and β were determined using constitutive, power and exponential equations at 0.3 strain. According to the constitutive equation of the hyperbolic sinus, the amount of activation energy in the strain of 0.3 is 394.6258 kJ/mol.

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Terrorism in severe forms, can include a variety of international crimes.
On the one hand, by the establishment of the International Criminal Court and on the other hand by the recognition of extraterritorial jurisdiction of national courts, International criminal justice system is seeking to provide criminal justice.
This article seeks to explore the possibility of exercising the jurisdiction of Iranian criminal courts and the International Criminal Court over crimes committed by ISIS in Syria and Iraq.
The main question is that, despite Syria and Iraq are not the members of ICC and the fact that crimes are committed outside of the territory of Iran, how and under which conditions can we accept the criminal jurisdiction of the national and international authorities?
With this hypothesis; In the case referred to the UN Security Council, escrow declaration by the two countries or jurisdiction exercised to nationals of States party, the ICC is able to exercise jurisdiction.
On the other hand in compliance with the requirements regarding the principles of real, personal and universal, criminal jurisdiction of Iran can be exercised.

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This study presents a statistical analysis on the prediction of compressive strength of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) based on pull-off test results using linear and nonlinear regression models. For this purpose, an extensive experimental program was conducted including different cement contents and aggregate sizes along with steel fiber contents of 0, 30, 50 and 80 kg/m³. 50 mm and 70 mm diameters aluminum and steel discs with different thicknesses were supplied. Moreover, the effect of partial core depth on pull-off strength was examined. In order to assess the SFRSCC characteristics which may be affected the pull-off test on SFRSCC, two levels of cement content of 400 and 500 kg/m³ were considered. The water/cement ratio (W/C) was kept constant at 0.45 for all the mixes studied. For each level, two maximum aggregate sizes of 10 and 20 mm containing steel fiber contents of 0, 30, 50 and 80 kg/m³ (Volume fractions, V_f , of 0, 0.38, 0.64 and 1%) were taken into account. The fresh properties are in the range of 600-700 mm for slump flow diameters, 2.2-3.5 s for T₅₀ and 550-620 mm for the J-ring test without segregation of aggregate near the edges of the spread-out (VSI of 1 and 1.5). Therefore, it can be stated that all concrete mixtures can be considered as SCC.
The effects of the SFRSCC properties and practical parameters of pull-off test are included in the proposed equations as dimensionless variables. The results showed that both linear and nonlinear regression models have high ability as a reliable tool for prediction of compressive strength of SFRSCC on the basis of pull-off testing so that about 80% of the variation in response value can be explained by the fitted models. Also, validation of the evolved models has been verified with the results obtained in the previous works. It has been demonstrated that the performance of the proposed models can be acceptable with reasonable accuracy. The linear models show the trend to overestimate the compressive strength.  By considering the results, 86% and 52% of the data are overestimated by linear models related to aluminum and steel discs, respectively. However, this behavior is less pronounced for nonlinear relationships so that the corresponding values are found to be 58% and 50%, respectively.
The validity of the derived models has been verified with the results obtained by Madandoust [8] and Long and Murray [9]. It can be derived that the performance of the introduced models may be acceptable with sensible degree of accuracy. According to the results, it is clear that there is not a considerable difference between the curves and also between the models, especially for higher values of pull-off test. However, it can be generally distinguished that the nonlinear models have slightly better performance compared to the linear models, especially for steel disc which is favorably close to the results obtained by Long and Murray [9].
 It should be stated that based on the large number of data and range of the variables used in this study, it may be possible to claim that the proposed models are robust with regard to the possibility of its use in various scenarios so that these models have no experience concerning to the unseen findings by others. Nevertheless, it must be borne in mind that different relationships may be expected to be reasonably developed for different types of concretes such as high-strength and lightweight.

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Today, concrete is used as the most widely used and common building materials in the development of civil and economic infrastructure.
 Concrete is made from ordinary Portland cement, and due to the high consumption of concrete and the growing need for cement production, research shows that in the future the demand for cement concrete will increase, and on the other hand cement production requires the consumption of natural resources such as electricity. And fossil fuels, as well as the release of about 7% of CO2 gas into the environment, and its production process consumes the most energy after steel and aluminum, so the provision of alternative products to move towards sustainable development is essential.

In the medium and long term strategies to reduce global warming due to the cement industry, the development of energy-efficient technologies to reduce CO2 emissions and their development in the market will be very key.

The capabilities of geopolymer cement in the field of energy storage and reduction of CO2 emissions are very significant compared to Portland cement, so that this technology, while providing comparable functions with commercial cementitious materials, can reduce CO2 emissions from the cement industry. Reduce by as much as 80%.

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In this study, we have tried to identify two different approaches for dealing with social problems and issues. The first one is causal explanation, which is retrospective, static and physical. The other one, functional analysis, is prospective, dynamic, and normative. Institutions are the main subject of economics. Human social-institutional reality has a common underlying structure and these structures are matters of status functions. We proposed a method which aims at efficacy of these functions using intelligence rather than assuming these functions as intrinsic and trying to grasp the realty from without by a rationality apparatus. The aim of this article is to show that, Dewey’s Logic provides us with this alternative functionalistic approach in a comprehensive way.
 
 

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Sheikh Najmeddin Razi and most of mystics in early times of Islam have described the concept of epiphany in the field of Islamic Mysticism.From the viewpoint of Sheikh Najmeddin Razi,epiphany is the beginning of the Creator and Nurturer's Beauty shining in the wayfarer's heart and it is achieved when the wayfarer's heart is pure from darkness and what is other than the Plane of Reality and turned into His mirror image.Mohyeddin Ibn Arabi,whit special attention to Sheikh Najmeddin's description and the grades which he has given about epiphany,almost narrates them completely in the book "Tohfat Olsafar Ela HazratOl Barrah".But description's defect in theoretical grades makes the founder of theoretical mysticism to create and offer new concept and more modern grades from epiphany in his the most comprehensive works on the books"fotouhat Makieh and Fosous Al Hikam" based on theoretical mysticism.The base of the Great Sheikh's statements about epiphany's concept is that Divine Epiphany cause to manifestation of Immutable Archetypes in knowledge,the being and its orders in out of it.Ebn Arabi based on this statement begins to express various Grades of Disclosure and offer specific principle for its concept in theoretical mysticism. The main issue in this essay is to clarify Sheikh Najmeddin Razi's viewpoint and following other mystics in early times of Islam about Visible Manifestation(epiphany's concept and its visionary aspect)and express its shortcoming in theoretical mysticism; besides is to clarify Ibn Arabi's viewpoint about Existential Manifestation (being aspect of epiphany)and express its grades in both category.