---

 There  are Israelites and the constructions   made  by  People of the Book in some historical sources and narrative  interpretations of    some Quranic   verses , and the reader becomes   doubtful  by referring to the interpretations from non-Islamic sources  that adapted   and   borrowed   the stories of the prophets  and  quoted  the instauration  of the people of the Book, as well as the translations taken from those interpretations , thus   he /she  reminds  the  concept inconsistent  with  the prophets’  chastity . Addition to maintaining grammatical and rhetorical structures and similarity of the effect of the source and target text,  correct interpretation  and  translation of these verses from the source language to the target language and correct conveyance  of their contents require   a translator  and  commentator   to  have  special  skill  and   be  proficient in  the correct theological principles and feedback of  these basics in the target language so that  they  do not   cause  the  reader  to  thin of  lack of  chastity  of the prophets. This  study, with  analytic- descriptive  method  and   critique  and  selection of   literally , semantic ,  interpretive  and  free  translating  methods, has  aimed  to     investigate  and  criticize  the  translation of verses 31 to 33 of Sad chapter. Results from the study   showed that the interpretations from the constructions made by People of the Book are inconsistent with certain rational and narrative principles and literary arguments. Therefore, an interpretation and translation of these verses are accepted when they are based on the strongest literary arguments and include well-grounded theological reasons such as chastity..
 

---

In the first season of archeological excavations of Tepe Zarnagh in 2013, many clay figurines of human and animal forms were discovered, which belonged to the Early Bronze Age. Contrary to most of the figurines found around the world, which are feminine fertility goddesses; Tepe Zarnaghs’figurines are male forms. Significant number of this type of male figurines reveals the special social structure of the respective society and the special religious status of this type of figurines in that society. As most of the archeological studies in sites related to Kura-Araxs culture have focused on the architectures and potteries, no research has been done on the clay figurines. Hence, by studying Kura-Araxs figurines, in this paper we attempt to analyze and categorize statuettes of Tepe Zarnagh and identify the relationship between these artifacts and social and ideological factors and social structure of Kura-Araxs region in Early Bronze Age.      

---

The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) is one of the important pests of solanaceous plants, especially potato Solanum tuberosum L., in many temperate areas of the world including Iran. In this study, essential oils were extracted from Artemisia absinthium L., Achillea millefolium L. and Artemisia dracunculus L. using Clevenger apparatus. One-day-old eggs were treated by sublethal concentrations (LC₃₀) of essential oils, and their effects were studied on reproductive parameters and population growth parameters. Probit analysis of ovicidal effects showed that LC₅₀ values for A. absinthium, A. millefolium and A. dracunculuswere 2.60, 2.36 and 1.08 µl/l air, respectively. The percentage of larval penetration into potato tubers was lower than untreated control. The values of intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) in control and treatments of A. absinthium, A. millefolium and A. dracunculus were 0.107, 0.079, 0.081 and 0.087 day^-1, respectively. The results of this study showed that tested essential oils have a good potential to protect stored potatoes from P. operculella infestation.
 
 

---

Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is a cosmopolitan and serious pest of cereal grains and their products in storage. In this research, nutritional indices and digestive enzymatic activity of T. castaneum fourth instar and adults were studied on ten barley cultivars (Fajr30, Behrokh, Sahra, Makuyi, Neek, Lout, Bahman, Nosrat, Abidar, and Sahand) at 30 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 75 ± 5% and darkness conditions. The results showed that fourth instars and adults reared on cultivars Makuyi and Fajr30 had the lowest weight gain, efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), relative growth rate and growth rate (GR) values. However, T. castaneum fed on cultivar Lout showed the highest weight gain, ECI and GR. The highest amylolytic activity of larvae was on cultivar Bahman, whereas the lowest activity was on cultivars Makuyi and Neek. Amylolytic activity of adults was the highest on cultivar Makuyi, and the lowest on cultivar Lout. Moreover, proteolytic activity of fourth instar was the highest when larvae were fed on cultivar Sahra and the lowest when they were fed on cultivars Behrokh and Makuyi. The highest proteolytic activity of adults was on cultivar Abidar, and the lowest on cultivar Bahman. The results of this study indicated that cultivars Fajr30 and Makuyi were less nutritive and cultivar Lout was more nutritive to T. castaneum. Therefore, more attention should be paid to manage the pest on cultivar Lout as a susceptible cultivar.
 

---

Aims: In this study, gelatin was extracted from Siberian sturgeon waste and used in film making.
Materials and Methods: Gelatin was extracted using NaOH and HCl. After evaluating the extracted gelatin properties (bloom grade, pH, zeta test, melting and setting temperature and time), the edible film was prepared by using glycerol.
Findings: The results showed that the extraction efficiency of the gelatin was %20.06. The protein content, pH, degree of gel hardness, setting and melting temperature and time were 79.2 ± 0.6%, 4, 160.2 ± 0.4 g, 13.1 ± 0.2 ° C in 180.3 ± 0.5 seconds and 19.33 ± 0.5 ° C in 140.66 ± 0.5 seconds, respectively. Zeta potential indicated a positive surface charge in gelatin. The thickness, moisture, solubility, tensile strength, tensile strength and permeability tensile strengths properties of gelatin film reported 0.05 mm, %10.2 ± 1.5, %79 ± 3.7, 30.01 ± 0.7 MPa, %77.5 ± 3.6 and 3.5 ± 0 g mm/h mm²kpa×10^-6­, respectively. SEM images of the film showed smooth structure without cracking. Moreover, the FTIR result showed the formation of amide bands in the region of 3277.62, 1633.92, 1530.11 and 1236.49 cm^-1.
Conclusion: Due to the efficiency and properties of gelatin, and the mechanical and physical properties of the edible film, it can be used as a good candidate for the production of biodegradable films in food storage.

---

“Selecting right Person for the right job” in the organizations seems to be the most important managerial issue. Traditionally, this is realized through a “simple Job- Person Match”, which is an “Individual view”. This methodology, by some trends and paradigm shift in human resource management (i.e. Team Working), should be evolved to a “Group viwe”. In this study, “interpersonal interactions” is added to the traditional one. First, the suggested model for personnel selection and placement is formulated into a Quadratic mathematical form and then a Hopfield neural network has been used to solve it by using Matlab software, a well known and validated software for neural nets. The results show, there is a significant difference between the mean of solutions by traditional view (based on individual level) and the mean of solutions by the new suggensted one (based on group level): t(19) = - 10.966, P-Value=0.000.

---

Casual relationship between financial developments and economic growth is one of the striking empirical macroeconomic relationships. Following the development of financial issues, our attention turns from economic growth to another issue of economic welfare. In this study, we try to examine the relationship between financial developments, economic growth, poverty and inequality in OPEC countries. The simulation of the models and statistical inferences, in this study, are based on the static and dynamic panel data approach. The empirical models are estimated by using GMM estimators, fixed effects and random effects using the data between 1990 and 2004. The results of this study show that financial developments through its effect on economic growth can mainly contribute poverty alleviation and inequality reduction in these countries.

---

---

Background: The use of plant extracts or their compounds as antimicrobial agents for oral infections worldwide represents that herbal medicines could be used as an effective alternative method in oral health care. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial effects of five traditional medicinal plant extracts on standard and clinical strains of bacteria and fungi causing dental caries.
Materials & Methods: Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Zataria multiflora, Lawsonia alba, Zizyphus spina-christi, Myrtus communis, and Citrus aurantium were prepared using maceration method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) of the prepared extracts were evaluated against bacterial (Streptococcus sanguinis and S. mutans) and fungal (Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis) isolates using broth microdilution method.  
Findings: Aqueous extracts of the studied plants showed no antimicrobial effects on the studied microorganisms, except M. communis and C. aurantium. The results indicated the antimicrobial potency of the methanolic extract of M. communis (MIC range =2 to 64 µg/mL) against all the studied microorganisms, followed by Z. multiflora (MIC range = 512-2048 µg/mL), L. alba (MIC range = 1024-2048 µg/mL), C. aurantium (MIC range = 1024-4096 µg/mL), and Z. spina-christi (MIC range=2048- ˃4096 μg/mL).  Also, the lowest MMCs against the studied strains were related to the methanolic extract of M. communis (MMC range = 16-512 µg/mL).
Conclusion: The results showed remarkable antimicrobial effects of M. communis extract, which could be a suitable alternative to chemical mouthwashes to prevent and control oral infections. 

---

Considering changes in economic conditions and global priorities in the last decade, development objectives such as poverty reduction and income distribution were typically cast in terms of economic growth. Therefore, poverty reduction through rural development was at the center of government development plan. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of government spending on the rural economic development. The development indicators included in the model comprise agricultural production, non-farm employment and poverty reduction. To this end, the elasticity of the above indicators is estimated with respect to rural infrastructures such as education, transportation, telecommunication and electricity capacity and then linkage between rural infrastructures and government spending are identified. A system of simultaneous equations approach is used to model and estimate the equations using the data over the period 1981-2005. Results of estimate indicate that government spending have positive and significant impact on the poverty reduction and non-farm employment.

---

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is a destructive pest on a wide range of economic crops in many parts of the world. In this research, demographic parameters of H. armigera were determined on five host plant species including cowpea (cv. Mashhad), navy bean (cv. Dehghan), chickpea (cv. Hashem), soybean (cv. 033) and corn (cv. Single cross 704). All experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 (L: D) h. The results revealed that females and males had the shortest development time on chickpea (36.16 and 34.98 d, respectively) and the longest development time on corn (42.00 and 42.95 d, respectively). The highest daily and total fecundity of H. armigera were observed on cowpea and the lowest ones were on corn. The values of the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) on the above-mentioned host plants were 0.180, 0.144, 0.161, 0.161 and 0.126 day^-1, respectively. Also, the values of the net reproductive rate (R₀) were 365.66, 294.28, 365.67, 239.69 and 147.40 female offspring, respectively. The longest mean generation time (T) (37.90 ± 0.26 d) and doubling time (DT) (5.62 ± 0.17 d) were observed on corn. Our findings revealed that cowpea and corn were the most susceptible and resistant host plants to H. armigera, respectively.

---

 
The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most damaging tomato pests in the world and in Iran. The toxicity of acetamiprid, eforia (thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin) and hexaflumuron alone and in mixture with emamectin benzoate was studied against 4^th-instars of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) at 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16:8 (L:D) h. Moreover, the mixtures of examined insecticides with emamectin benzoate at LC₁₅:LC₁₅ ratio were assessed on the general esterase enzyme activity and total protein content of 4^th-instars. The highest toxicity was found for emamectin benzoate after 72 h (LC₅₀ = 0.48 mg a.i./l), followed by acetamiprid (LC₅₀ = 46.94 mg a.i./l), eforia (LC₅₀ = 156.24 mg a.i/l) and hexaflumuron (LC₅₀ = 670.32 mg a.i/l). Mixing emamectin benzoate with acetamiprid at the ratio of LC₅₀:LC₅₀ and LC₂₅:LC₂₅ resulted in synergistic impacts while mix of two other ratios of the same pesticides represented additive influences. The mixture of emamectin benzoate with either hexaflumuron or eforia at all ratios created antagonistic and additive effects, respectively. Mixing emamectin benzoate with either acetamiprid or eforia increased larval esterase activity, however, there was no significant difference between emamectin benzoate in mixture with hexaflumuron and using it alone. Mixing emamectin benzoate with the examined insecticides considerably decreased the larval total protein content. Based on the findings of this work, the mixtures of eforia and acetamiprid with emamectin benzoate represented greater negative effects against 4^th-instars compared to emamectin benzoate alone and the control.
 

---

In the present study, the structural and antioxidant properties of fucoidan extracted from macroalgae (Sargassum and Padina) from the Persian Gulf coast were evaluated. The fucoidan was extracted by ethanol and hot water and after calculating the extraction yield, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and its monosaccharides by HPLC method were examined. The yield of fucoidan in Sargassum (4.2 ± 0.00%) was higher than Padina (2.98 ± 0.28%) (P < 0.05). The IC50 of DPPH free radical scavenging in fucoidan extracted from Sargassum and Padina were 0.1 and 0.14 mg/ ml, respectively, which were higher than BHT as a commercial antioxidant (P < 0.05). The rate of FRAP in both samples increased with an increase in the concentration of fucoidan. The SEM results showed that fucoidan from both macroalgae had strong structural cohesion and irregular surfaces, but Padina had more surface protrusions. The glucose, mannose and xylose sugars in different amounts were detected by the HPLC method, in which the amount of glucose and xylose sugars were higher in the fucoidan derived-Sargassum (P < 0.05). According to the results of the present study, the fucoidan extracted from the Sargassum and Padina can be a good alternative to an industrial antioxidant in food

---

---

---

This study was designed and conducted to investigate the mechanical and physical properties of fish gelatin films and the effect of Glutaraldehyde crosslinking on antimicrobial control of poly-l-lysine. In this study, the film was prepared by casting method and then 0.05% Glutaraldehyde and 0.05% poly-l-lysine added to fish gelatin film. After that, physical and mechanical properties, antimicrobial activity and release of poly-l-lysine from the film were observed. The results showed that the addition of glutaraldehyde to the fish gelatin film increased tensile pressure (6.80 MPa) and reduced solubility (38.51%), moisture (8.05%), and water vapor permeability (2.03 mm/h mm²kpa×10^-6­). The fish gelatin film with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent was showed a smooth surface without porosity according to the SEM results. Moreover, the release of poly-l-lysine from the biopolymer containing the Glutaraldehyde was slower and more continuous due to crosslinking. Considering the mechanical and physical properties of the films and release control of the antimicrobial compound, it seems that films containing crosslinking agents can be used in food storage.

---

Aim:An attempt was made to understand the influence of climate change on thefuture potential distribution of Centaurea balsamita
In the world. Centaurea balsamita is an annual plant from thesunflower family (Asteraceae) that invades fallow and slope lands worldwide. Climate change has caused extreme weather events and has had widespread impacts on the global ecosystem, including
thedistribution of plant species.The CLIMEX software is used globally for analyzing potential distributions of species.
Material and methods:The experiments were conducted in Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi Province.In the present study,CLIMEX software was used to study thepotential distribution of this plant in the world at present and future climate conditions.CLIMEX software requires five climate variables, including average, maximum, and minimum monthly temperature, precipitation and relative humidity at 9 Am and 3 Pm.These data were obtained from various sources such as "CRU TS v. 4.03" and used for the model predictions. Following the data collection, the values were adjusted and incorporated into the CLIMEX Modelling software.Using the literature data, we collected information onThe biology and ecology of Centaurea balsamita relevant for modeling the distribution of this species in Iran and worldwide underCurrent and future climatic conditions.Findings:Our results revealed that in current conditions, Europe, Asia, and North America are suitable locations for this invasive weed dispersal, and most parts of Europe have optimal conditions (20≤ EI) for dispersal of C. balsamita. It is likely that the suitable C. balsamita habitat area will be wider in some parts of the world such as Asia, America, and Europe under future climatic





 

---

Background: COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in early 2020. The spectrum of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients, including asymptomatic and symptomatic cases, includes dry cough, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, increased immune inflammatory responses to stimuli could result in overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunopathological complications, and death in patients with COVID-19. Given the anti-inflammatory effects of naproxen, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of naproxen on IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TGF-β in COVID-19 patients.
Materials & Methods: Serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TGF-β were determined by a commercial ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) kit before and after naproxen treatment.
Findings: According to the results, serum levels of IFN-γ and TGF-β cytokines significantly decreased in patients after treatment with naproxen. In addition, naproxen treatment was effective in reducing the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in patients with COVID-19; however, it did not significantly change the serum level of TNF-α.
Conclusion: Overall, the findings demonstrated the effectiveness of naproxen on regulating the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients.

---

The population density and spatial distribution pattern of Empoasca decipiens Paoli were etermined in Tehran area, Iran, during 2004-2005 on four species of common bean Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) var. Talash, lima bean P. lunatus (L.) Savi ex Hassk. var. Sadaf, rice bean P. calcaratus Roxb. var. Goli and cowpea Vigna sinensis (L.) var. Parastoo. The higher and lower mean population densities of E. decipiens per leaf were observed on Parastoo cowpea (18.85 in 2004 and 29.94 in 2005) and Talash common bean (1.08 in 2004 and 0.37 in 2005), respectively. Spatial distribution pattern of E. decipiens was described on these four bean species using variance to mean ratios, Taylor's power aw coefficients and Iwao's patchiness regression methods. The spatial distribution pattern of this pest in most cases as aggregated and in a few cases random. In 2004, collected data were in a better fitting with aylor's model in comparison with Iwao's model on Talash common beans (r2= 0.879) as well as on Goli rice bean (r2= 0.967). Iwao's model explained the distribution data of 2004 and 2005 on Sadaf lima beans (r2= 0.746 and 0.906, respectively) more appropriately than Taylor's model (r2= 0.541 and 0.828, espectively). It is concluded that bean species influence the population density and spatial istribution pattern of E. decipiens. Spatial distribution parameters can be employed to develop a sampling program and to estimate the population density of this pest.

---

Bionomics of Aphis gossypii Glover and its predators Coccinella septempunctata L. and Hippodamia variegata Goeze were studied in Varamin (Tehran Province) during 11th May to 5th October 2006 on eggplant crop, with the interaction (density dependence) between the aphid and either of the predators determined. The reliable sample size (number of leaves) with a maximum variation of 6.73% was about 56. The index of dispersion, regression models (Taylor and Iwao), Morisita’s index as well as Lloyd’s mean crowding to mean were employed to estimate the spatial distribution pattern of the insects. The results indicated that the highest population densities of A. gossypii, C. septempunctata and H. variegata occurred in 8th June (11.62 per leaf), 17th August (0.36 per leaf) and 3rd August (2.11 per leaf), respectively. The index of dispersion, regression models (Taylor and Iwao), Morisita’s index and Lloyd’s mean crowding to mean showed aggregated distribution for all species. The linear regression model between prey and predators’ population densities showed a density independent predation by C. septempunctata and H. variegata on A. gossypii. This study indicated that spatial distribution parameters of the cotton aphid and its natural enemies can be employed to outline a sampling program and to estimate the population densities of these insects for use in integrated pest management programs.