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 This article has studied the function of analysis levels in critical approach to discourse analysis according to Furlough's view inA Separation, by studying power, Culture and cultural believes inferring to the role and place of mythical texts such as holy book in discoursal solution. This article specifically studied the role of lying in disrupting relationships and conative norms and showed that sequential lies create an unsafe space that because of its intense consequences changes into a critical space.  In the bed of the movie, subjects try to solve the existing crisis, using cultural believes, antagonism and persuasion. In such atmosphere that subject's discoursal conflicts are loaded with the lack of power balance, the only scape from the crisis is returning to meta-myth, a meta-belief that cause the asthmatic atmosphere to be adjusted and peaceful. It clarifies the relationship between culture and myth with discourse resolution. The research method in this article is analytic and analysis units are sequences and in fact sentences or dialogues have been used in A Separation.      

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In the present study, which aims to promote the critical knowledge of the readers we are going to reveal the ideology of rival discourse based on Faircloughʼs critical discourse analysis approach in journalistic texts by encoding them and discovering the meanings beyond the forms of the language structures. To achieve this goal, we determine to analyze one specific topic which appears in different discourse framework based on Faircloughʼs critical discourse analysis approach. So we select some texts with the subject of offering educational scholarships in the tenth government of Islamic Republic of Iran. The data of this research are collected from two rival journalistic media (Keyhan and Eatamad newspaper) at the specified interval (November 1993). The data analysis demonstrates that Keyhan authors use more ideological structures at the descriptive level such as using punctuations, metaphors, marked syntactic structures and presuppositions to castrate or deny the mentioned discourse. While, the writers of Eatemad try to uphold the said discourse by using quantity strategy and giving instances.

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This article attempts to analyze the English and Persian (Keyhan and Washinton Post) press applying Van Leeuwen’s (2008) approach. The author attempts to show that ideologies of the press leaders are conveyed to the writers of the newspapers’ articles and then displayed in the texts. The objective of the study is to find an answer to these question that how the political issues of Syria is represented in the Iranian and American newspapers and if there is a difference, in what way it can reveal their owners’ ideologies. The paper represents “social acts” in the form of five oppositions in ten texts extracted from 11 Jul. to 20 Aug, 2011 and investigates the effect of these oppositions in each discourse. The results showed that the press represents the political issues in accordance with its government and the writers have utilized the discoursal tools to convey their ideologies to the readers. Also, the oppositions of material-semiotic, activation-deactivation, agentialization- deagentialization, and concretization-abstraction have been differently represented in the English and Persian press discourse rooted in the difference in the owners’ perspective.

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The Leader's Letters have always some special features to be analyzed in the frame work of critical discourse analysis. One of the valuable letters is the 28^th letter of the Imam Ali's Nahj Al-balāghe having special place among the letters of Imam Ali. In principle, this letter manifests legitimate discourse of the Imam. The main question of this article is that how is it possible to investigate the relationship among the different linguistic layers within this discourse? Furthermore, how this legitimate discourse of Imam can be shaped by these linguistic and discursive selections? And finally how it can fight with the opponent discourse (Muāwiyah)?
Our assumption is that in this letter, Imam to by perpetuating and promoting his legitimacy and combating with the opposite discourse, Imam makes specific choices of linguistic possibilities and tries to gain the attention of the audience to his policy. To explore this, this article uses the Halliday's functional grammar theoretical framework to study the Imam's letter based on three metafunctions of this approach.
These metafunctions are ideational, interpersonal and textual .The results indicated that the legitimate discourse of the Imam, in order to stabilize and promote itself against opposite discourse, spreads the concept of "Us and Them" in the letter by making appropriate and specific choices from linguistic devices particularly in the application of relational and material processes and modality. Also, the textual function enhances previous metafunctions in the way to guaranty the coherence of the discourse in terms of legitimacy.
 

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According to Sheridan and Gillett (2005), one fundamental form of inequality, being on the rise since 9/11, is religious discrimination. The main source of experiencing and being exposed to such inequalities and discriminations can be television which ‘is such an important source of information and entertainment that viewers cannot escape its gradual encroachment into their everyday lives’ (Laughey, 2007, p. 20). American TV series are so major and worldly-known entertaining media that many of them have millions of viewers around the world. So, it will be of great importance to make sure if they want to keep and even worsen this picture of Islam and Islamophobia. Therefore, this paper investigates the role of American TV series in promoting Islamophobia in public view. To do so, one has to analyze two main aspects of the TV shows which are the conversations and the picture frames. For analyzing the former, we have chosen Norman Fairclough’s (1992a, 1995, 2001) approach to Critical Discourse Analysis, and for the latter, Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) Grammar of Visual Design. American TV series, named Homeland (2011- still on air in 2017), broadcasted by Showtime® in the U.S has been the corpus of the present study. Its story that is mainly connected to the Middle East with lots of Muslim characters explains our choice. Consequently, the present study seeks to answer the following research questions: 1. Do the analyzed sequences of Homeland have Islamophobic elements based on Fairclough’s (1992a, 1995, 2001) CDA framework? 2. Do the analyzed sequences of Homeland have Islamophobic elements based on Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) Grammar of Visual Design? 3. Are there any combinations of visual and discursive elements to promote Islamophobia in the analyzed sequences of Homeland which can be analyzed by an integration of Fairclough’s (1992a, 1995, 2001) CDA framework and Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) Grammar of Visual Design?
Our work has led us to the conclusion that many cases in Homeland TV series, either discursive (based on Fairclough’s CDA framework (1992a, 1995, 2001)) or visual (based on Kress and van Leeuwen’s Grammar of Visual Design (2006)), were Islamophobic. Furthermore, there were cases in which both visual and discursive (audio) elements were used to promote Islamophobia. As a result, all of the research questions receive a positive answer. Moreover, it can be concluded that a combination of Fairclough’s (1992a, 1995, 2001) CDA framework and Kress and van Leeuwen’s Grammar of Visual Design (2006) can create a powerful approach in critical media analysis to expose the real policies of the media and power owners and decode the encrypted messages behind what is shown to the public. It is worth noting that analyzing a greater number of TV series could result in a higher generalization of our results.

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The present paper benefit from an analytical descriptive research methodology conducted in field method with the purpose of examining linguistics competence and its pragmatic approaches application in forensic linguistics discourse in order to assess various persuasion techniques used by lawyers in penal courts of Iran to persuade judges. The data of the research gathered from20 open sessions of Shiraz city court rooms which contains 2112 sentences altogether which 654 sentences belonging to lawyers, 351 sentences to the judges, 987 to the accused and 120 sentences to the plaintiffs. In the present study .only the sentences used by the lawyers have been assessed in terms of verbal and non- verbal persuasion techniques analysis. Also the researcher has  been trying to answer the question :"How actors use verbal(syntax .semantics and pragmatics) and non-verbal methods  to achieve their goals and persuade each other .Findings of the study indicated that the lawyers employ verbal techniques such  as use of legal acts and pragmatics approaches  such as :exclusion ,inclusion ,nominalization , emphasis on  remorse, denial of  accused s offence and non-verbal methods in court room discourse in the realm of forensic linguistics.
 

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Given the difference between doctrine-based and sharia-based discourses at the time of Hallaj, the present study seeks to adopt a descriptive-analytical approach for critical discourse analysis of Persian and Arabic writings of Hallaj based on the model of Laclau and Mouffe. The main objective of this study is to introduce the discourse of Hallaj as the representative of a discourse arisen from social stratum of mystics. The purpose is to unravel the discourses underlying the writings of Hallaj as well as the signifiers that such discourses struggle over their definition. Results suggest that unlike the Sharia-based discourse of that time, the doctrine-based discourse of Hallaj intended to attribute a different set of the signified to the non-fixed signifiers of "man" and "devil", as a way of deconstructing their domination and subsequently the entire discourse. To demonstrate the unity of man with God, Hallaj used the famous phrase, "Ana al-Haq" that deconstructed the central sharia-based discourse and its semantic system. This signified substituted the "Ana al-Abd" concept characterizing the discourse of dogmatists. Through deconstructing the laws of Islam and unraveling divine secrets, he marginalized the sharia-based discourse at the expense of glorifying and foregrounding his own discourse.
 
 

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Van Leeuwen's socio- semiotic network of social actors (2008), is a framework in Critical Discourse Analysis which helps discourse analysts discover how the social features ,settled in the underlying levels of discourses, are represented on the upper levels. This study tries to explore the way social actors are nominated and categorized in “Al” which is a story about the culture of nomadic people in Iran by Mohammad Bahmanbeigi, a famous Iranian novelist and the winner of the UNESCO’s literacy prize. By social actors we mean every single person that plays a role or occupies a specific position in a given society. Particularly, this study attempts to find answers to the following questions:
1. How does the writer use nomination and categorization to express his own viewpoints about the social actors of Nomadic societies of Iran?
2. Can these nominations and categorizations reflect the nomadic people's viewpoints about social actors at the time of nomadic people's illiteracy?
Adopting Van Leeuwen's model of representing social actors, a lot of researcher have tried to explore the social actors of different political and educational discourses but the innovation of this study is that it tries to change the direction of studies from political discourses to literary ones.  Another point is that most of the studies about the representation of social actors have relied mostly on the frequency of the socio- semantic features for their final discussion and results but this study has focused more on qualitative analysis than just counting the frequency of the socio- semiotic features. Although counting frequencies can reveal significant patterns, it is better not to make great claims for numbers. On the contrary, it is important to realize that frequencies often shift with the stages in the writer’s argument and may not be an overall characteristic of the text (vide. Van Leeuwen, 2008: 31).
 The results of this study show that the representation of social actors in “Al” is purposeful and serves to control the viewpoints of the society. The writer, using the advantages of nomination and categorization, expresses his viewpoints covertly and portrays the oppression of women in nomadic societies. On the one hand, the writer categorizes women generically to demonstrate them as the social actors engaged in common complications and on the other hand, he nominates women specifically and individually to picture them as distinguished and independent persons. Men's appraisements are all positive and represent the nomadic people's opinions about males but the appraisements of women, according to the social norms dominating the text, are changing. Using the advantages of deviation, the writer introduces the main character of the story as a deviant actor involved in opposite activities to challenge social norms and beliefs.

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Critical metaphor analysis tries to be a multidisciplinary approach that studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk through metaphors in the social and political contexts.in the present research, through electing such approaches such as critical discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics and corpus analysis,  instances of discourse metaphors extracted from opposing wing’s newspapers such as Keyhan and Mardomsalari in Iran and Telegraph and Mirror in England analyzed based on Lakoff’s cognitive approach and Cameron’s discourse metaphor following Charteris-black’s integrative critical metaphor research. The aim was to investigate the similarities and differences between metaphors and conceptual metaphors in each discourse and subsequently in each language. To tackle this concern, considering each wing’s core principals, political parts of the intended newspapers were analyzed and to narrow down the research just five source domains including conflict, structure, journey, religion and plants were focalized. The results showed that the aforementioned languages and the political wings are different in terms of source domains and frequency due to multilingual factors including society, history and culture. The results also demonstrated the metaphorical features of the discourses in terms of source domains. In this study also each kinds of Lakoff’s structural, ontological, directional metaphors and Cameron’s systematic metaphors were identified. Furthermore, this study showed how identical facts are demonstrated differently by opposing ideologies. Finally this eclectic approach came to known as an effective approach in demonstrating hidden power relations.
 

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Nahj al-balagha is one of the most valuable religious books that has a unique position among Shiite Muslims worldwide. This precious work includes significant aspects which have persuaded many to translate. Translating religious texts in comparison with others has excellent sensitivity, confronting the translators with lots of limitations.  However, these texts were not an exception to manipulation. One of the most challenging subjects in this book is related to women. Women’s position in Imam Ali’s words is always in dispute among translators. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of translators’ gender and ideology in translating Nahj al-balagha’s sermons, letters, and sayings about women in Dashti and Aghamirzaei’s translations. To achieve this goal, those words and sentences related to women were selected, compared, and analyzed according to Farahzad critical discourse analysis model and Zuberga manipulation strategies. The result of the research revealed that in their translation, ideology has had a significant role and has made a great difference. Moreover, it was proved that there was no significant relationship between the translator’s gender and the gendered translation. Surprisingly, despite being a male translator,  Dashti has translated these parts more positively than Aghamirzaei as a female translator.
 

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Persian folk culture and literature, largely oral literature, has been mostly forgotten due to the dominance of aristocratic literature, but what is left of it is also because of the same aristocratic literature, especially for the narrative works such as Faraj Ba’ad Az Sheddat. Through these works, we have access to unique experiences of folk culture. Such folk narrative prose texts are appropriate bases for examining the cultural reflections in various contexts, including issues related to women’s status. This study tries to employ a new approach on the ancient prose, and further show that the same narratives have been considered from the formalistic approach so far, but new points of view and perspective could be employed as well. To this aim, the critical discourse analysis approach based on the theory of Fairclough was applied on the sample text at three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. This research seeks to demonstrate power of women and its cause. The study, focusing on the women's role, agency, and presence and engagement, shows that despite their minor significance, a woman is a symbol of courage in the aftermath of severity, while in the story, the woman, audacious and brave, rebukes against traditions and breaks taboos. As a result, it was concluded that women have an active and powerful role in this text, and their leading role as an agent in the formation of story is evident. Although there is an unequal power relation between men and women, reading between lines, it could be claimed that unlike aristocratic male-dominant discourse, women have sources of power as well. They react against the particular hegemony to achieve their specific goas. Finally, it was found that the agentive role of the women plays a key part in the formation of narrative and explanation of their sources of power.

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The concept of love is one of the most common themesof Persian poetry over all periods especially in the sonnets of theninth century A. H.This conceptin Abdol-Rahman Jami’s triple poetic works, that have been composed in accordance with his three stages of life (i. e. his youth, middleage and old age), has been stated in different forms and involves a special developmental process. For instance, inhis youth, he as a lover poet follows his predecessor poets, especiallySaʻdi to create his own love sonnet discourse.In his middleage love sonnets thatcoincided with the development of the ideas ofIbn-e-Arabi in the school of unity of existence, Jami created his love sonnet discourseas a poetic mystic.This concept, finally in his old age poems, in coincidence with the anarchy and collapse of the Timurid government, developed according to the principles ofVaSukhtschool (that means the School ofturning away from the beloved). This study tries to use Norman Fairclough's method in Critical Discourse Analysis, and Michael Halliday's ideas in Systematic Functional Grammar to investigate the development of love discourse in Jami’s sonnets.In this regard, among the various language metafunctions, the Ideational metafunction has been focused here because of its accordance with sonnet genre and lyrical literature as whole. The development of love discourse in Jami’s sonnets has been mainly realized through the development of material and mental processes as well as by referring to the main participants of the love discourse, the beloved and the lover respectively as YOU, andI.

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Introduction

In the last few decades, critical theories, which are to understand and change social systems, as well as critical discourse studies adhered to the principles of Frankfurt School and Social Constructionism have been of a great significance in the fields of linguistics and political and social sciences. Weiss and Wodak (2014) believe that critical theory, even with different conceptions of ideology, seeks to make human agents aware of their needs and interests (p. 14). In the same vein, immanent critique, which has its roots in Hegelian-Marxist tradition, is a means of detecting the societal contradictions which offer the most determinate possibilities for emancipatory social change (Antonio, 1981).
However, these studies are now encountering a serious challenge in the process of analyzing and assessing the discursive practices of ‘power elites’. In other words, as reason and the ideals of liberty, equality and justice which support social ideals decline decade-by-decade, immanent critique loses its whole power to challenge social systems and practices.
To find a complement to immanent critique, the thematic exegesis of the Holy Quran was considered in terms of philosophy, aims and application. A thematic exegetist does his best to discover and bring together the ideals, suggestions, and solutions - presented in a non-organized way in the Holy Quran - to particular individual/social problems and issues under investigation. In this article, we will introduce an approach called ‘Topic-based Discourse Analysis’ (TDA), intending to generalize the philosophy and application of Shahid Sadr’s Approach to Thematic Exegesis (SSATE) to the field of social/ political discourse analysis.
TDA is recommended for the researchers to compile the ideals, comments, and theories of acknowledged (charismatic) leaders on a particular issue to be applied as a complement for immanent critique or as a guidebook for ‘power elites’.

Methodology

TDA is a blend of analytical tools/strategies designed by Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) and the operational phases of SSATE. It is introduced from these three dimensions: a) the Model’s theoretical basics: these basics were drawn out of DHA and SSATE philosophies of application; b) its analytical tools: Four-level Theory of Context, Argumentation Theory, and Wodak’s five discursive strategies were adopted from DHA. Another discursive strategy called Reverse Statement Strategy was added to the Wodak’s set which was drawn out of exegesis’ analytic tools; and c) its operational phases: the TDA steps were designed based on those of SSATE together with some necessary adjustments. 

TDA Operational Steps 

The holy Quran much like any other heavenly book is full of instructions from a variety of different fields of study. As mentioned above, a thematic exegetist brings into focus the Quran’s non-organized ideals and solutions to a particular individual/social problem under each of his investigations. This process is primarily based on these three sides:

1. a discursive topic based on which the exegetist’s research questions are designed;
2. the Almighty Allah as a knowledgeable reference;  
3. the holy Quran a macro-text believed by Muslims as the words of Allah in different parts of which the answer to the question(s) can be found;

This three-side base of the Quran’s thematic exegesis was adopted and generalized to make up a three-side base for Topic-based Discourse Analysis Model:

1. a discursive topic based on which the analyst’s research questions are designed;
2. a charismatic knowledgeable human reference e. g. a political leader;  
3. a macro-text i. e. the book(s) written by the human reference in different parts of which the answer to the questions can be found;

Having faced with a social or individual, political or religious, cultural or economic problem, a topic-based analyst is to ideally pass through these operational analytic phases recursively: 

1. Forming the 3-side base for a particular research problem as described above.
2. Literature review i. e. recollection and consultation of preceding theoretical/practical knowledge.
3. Designing research questions and their specification for the given research problem based on the corresponding research literature.
4. Systematic collection of data and context information related to the time when the selected macro-text was written as well as a complete biography of chosen the charismatic leader. (Depending on the research questions, various discursive events, social actors & fields as well as corresponding genres and texts are focused on).
5. Macro-text data collection: the analyst’s careful reading of the macro-text  to firstly identify the data which are explicitly or implicitly capable to answer research questions, and to secondly classify them in accord with the discursive topics, sub-topics, and genres, etc.
6. Collected data analysis: the classified data from the macro-text are to be subjected to the application of Four-level Theory of Context, Argumentation Theory, and 6 discursive strategies.

 Theorization by formulation of critique (answering research questions, taking into account the relevant context knowledge and referring to the DHA’s three dimensions of critique).

8. Application of results (if possible, the obtained results might be applied or proposed for application)

Conclusion

In this article, we designed an approach called ‘Topic-based Discourse Analysis’ (TDA) to generalize the philosophy and application of Shahid Sadr’s Approach to Thematic Exegesis to the field of social/ political discourse analysis as a complement for immanent critique.
 
Diagram 2: the hermeneutic cycle of TDA operational phases
 
TDA is a blend of analytical tools/strategies designed by DHA and the operational phases of SSATE. It was introduced from these three dimensions: a) the Model’s theoretical basics; b) its analytical tools; and c) its operational 8 phases. These operational phases are cyclic and of a hermeneutic taste as illustrated by Diagram 2
 

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According to the important role of linguistic factors in reproducing social power and controlling the mind of subjects by redistribution of ideologies the present research tries to explore the underlying levels of surface aspects related to the structural organization of the discourse which can be led to appearance of a new and deep insight. Thus, mastering discourse concepts is an appropriate instrument for a realistic analysis of group’s minds and ideologies. According to the Discourse- Society- and knowledge , Van Dijk (2006) concludes that, each human being, in order to reach the goal of persuasion of the audience, tries to magnify and emphasize his positive actions and minimize the opposing party's attributes. In parallel to this effort, he tries to mitigate its negative qualities and the positive features of the other party. Strategies used to this end can be classified as: actor description, categorization, comparison, euphemism, disclaimers, evidentiality, example/illustration, generalization, number game, hyperbole, irony, populism, norm expression, national self-glorification, negative other representation, metaphor, implication, presupposition, lexicalization, victimization, vagueness, positive self-presentation, polarization/ Us – them categorization,  Burden and Authority. By naturalizing the text and studying structures, critical discourse analysis tries to eliminate the power relations, discourse-based elements of texts and hidden ideologies in texts.in entrance to the concrete layers of language, human wants to select between options and alternatives. Each selection between alternatives shows the actors ideology, knowledge and attitudes. One of these linguistic tools is the manner of social actor’s representation. Each manner of naming shows the users’ attitude about the named actor. In this research writers tried to study the manner of naming family court actors by divorce demanding women. To do this, we attended 20 meeting of the General Court and family counseling center of Zahedan- Iran and recorded the divorce demanding women’s Statements. With regard to the prohibition of the use of audio and video equipment or any kind of electronic means in the court environment, only a written record of women's statements has been limited. After collecting, data were studied based on Van leeuwen (2008) theory to sort different types of actor’s representation. After that in order to study the goal of each type of naming and representation, each class of representation was studied according to Van Dijk (2006) theory. Research results showed that divorce demanding women represent the others by three type of naming. The first was relational identification, the second was passivation and the third was mitigating the others negative properties and magnify positive characteristics of themselves
 

 

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In this paper, attempts have tried to study Fairclough’s theory of “inequality of power in the dialogue" by analyzing the dialogues between identical and opposing characters in the novel Fire without smoke by Nader Ebrahimi to identify powerful or passive characters, and decode the novel from the ideological perspective of the author.
To more regulate, this theoretical framework, the questions raised in the Shorter’s model (1996), were used to analyze power relations in the dialogues of characters with the aim of determining the type of relationship and the dominance of the personality poles of the story: Galan - the hero that relies on his physical strength - and Alani - the hero who relies on the power of thought and mind.
The analysis of data suggested that the way the two main characters of the novel interacted with others in their discourse was directly related to the up and downs of their lives. Galan's interaction was limited to an esoteric group of people around them, and as this circle of friends was limited down, his power diminished too, so that with his death, the coercive hegemony and compulsory domination associated with his behavior came to end.
In contrast, Alani not only struck a conversation with people from all aspects of life, especially women and the lower classes of the community, but also urged them to play a key role in the dialogue with the people around them. This contributed to the recognition of his intellectual and political authority and conduct, and even after his death, his thoughts continued to touch the speech and practice of the next generations.
 

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Using various types of folk literature, including folk poems is the main feature of Houshang Moradi Kermani 's works, as the use of folk poems and satire are some of the important aspects of the author's style. Accordingly, in the present study, the representation of Kermani's folk poems is analyzed based on Van Leeuwen's theory of discourse analysis in six satirical fiction works. A descriptive-analytical method has been used for the study. Van Leeuwen's view is based on a study of social agents. According to exclusion and inclusion components of this article, it was found that the main agents of folk poems in Houshang Moradi Kermani's satirical fictions are usually mentioned and in most cases, the villagers are active agents. People with more urban origin besides children and adolescents often have more passive roles. In some cases, women play a passive role while in other cases an active one. The use of impersonalization, personalization, and determination components are also observed in the imagination of folk poem which determine the author's emphasis on the role of villagers in preserving folk poems.

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Graveyards are historical and cultural sites that display the language and identity of the dead in a specific context. Epitaphs can be considered a prosperous source of linguistic information rarely mentioned in cultural studies. Therefore, to study the theme and content of epitaphs, authors photographed 915 tombstones (Persian and Turkish) of Tabriz graveyards within a field study. Then, using content analysis, the authors examined the epitaphs based on micro and macro tools. Due to not including the date of birth in some epitaphs, the death year was considered 1941 to 2020. At the first glance, it seems that the epitaphs have the same content in terms of having the deceased's name, date of death, and birth. However, the present study's findings revealed that some elements such as identity, the cause of death, moral message, and micro tools are used to create original and unique epitaphs. On the other hand, the findings indicated the low presence of the Turkish language in Tabriz epitaphs.
 

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1)Introduction

Argumentation theory is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be reached through logical reasoning; that is, claims based, soundly or not, on premises. This art and science employed in the process of civil debates, dialogues, conversations, and persuasions to protect one’s beliefs or self-interests or choose to change them. It is also used in law, for example in trials, in preparing an argument to be presented to a court, and in testing the validity of certain kinds of evidence.
Typically, an argument has an internal structure, comprising the following:

• a set of assumptions or premises
• a method of reasoning (deduction, induction, etc.)
• a conclusion or claim.

 Often classical logic is used as the method of reasoning so that the conclusion follows logically from the assumptions or support. However, one challenge is that if the set of assumptions is inconsistent then anything can follow logically from inconsistency. That’s why theorist philosophers try to develop approaches to analyze the consistency and strength of arguments. In the same vein, argumentation was generally integrated in the analytical toolkit of Discursive-Historical Approach (See Wodak, 2001, 2015; Reisigl and Wodak, 2009) and Topic-based Discourse Analysis Model (See Mazinani, 2017; Mazinani, Alizadeh, & Azad, 2017).
However, some theories of argumentation, e. g. Toulmin’s Model, are so extensive that they can be used as a single complete toolbox. Keeping this in mind, we aim, in this paper, to design and propose an analytical research method on the basis of this model to be applied in different linguistic areas including Stylistics, Discourse Analysis, and Forensic Linguistics.
Stephen Toulmin (1958, [2003]), an English philosopher, developed a practical approach to analyzing the logic of everyday arguments. His approach involves identifying and separating the various components of an argument into a specific order so that they may be appraised.
 

2)Toulmin’s Model and the Proposed Research Method

 In an attempt to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas. He believes that a good argument can succeed in providing good justification to a claim, which will stand up to criticism and earn a favorable verdict.
In The Uses of Argument (1958 [2003]), Toulmin introduced what became known as the Toulmin Model of Argument, which broke argument into six interrelated components:

1. Claim: Conclusions whose merit must be established. For example, if a person tries to convince a listener that he is a British citizen, the claim would be "I am a British citizen."
2. Data: The facts we appeal to as a foundation for the claim. 
3. Warrant: The statement authorizing our movement from the data to the claim. In order to move from some data to a particular claim, one must supply a warrant -e. g. a law article, a logical statement, or a topo - to bridge the gap between the data and the claim.
4. Backing: Credentials designed to certify the statement expressed in the warrant; backing must be introduced when the warrant itself is not convincing enough to the readers or the listeners. 
5. Rebuttal: Statements recognizing the restrictions, e.g. exceptions, to which the claim may legitimately be applied. 
6. Qualifier: Words or phrases expressing the speaker's degree of force or certainty concerning the claim. Such words or phrases include "possible," "probably," "impossible," "certainly," "presumably," "as far as the evidence goes," or "necessarily." The claim "I am definitely a British citizen" has a greater degree of force than the claim "I am a British citizen, presumably."

The first three elements "claim", "data", and "warrant" are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad "qualifier", "backing", and "rebuttal" may not be needed or applied in some arguments. Subsequently, these components are recognized in the following tailor-made text:
"Institutions should prohibit the sacrifice of animals in doing cosmetic experiments [claim]. In these experiments, animals are tortured and/or killed [Data]. I believe ^Qualifier there is no need to justify this [warrant]. On one hand, the health and life of animals are more important than the benefit of cosmetics industries [Backing 1]. On the other hand, human beings take more advantages from some animals alive than dead [Backing 2]. Of course, I suppose ^Qualifier it is necessary to do these experiments in other fields of study such as pharmaceutics and medicine since all-inclusive prohibition of such experiments slows down their progress [Rebuttal]”
As you see, the analysis of the component ‘Qualifier’ in the model of Toulmin can, to a great extent, be inspired by modality analysis in Functional Systemic Grammar. Therefore, many texts, particularly defense bills, can be analyzed by the following suggested research objectives and questions:
Proposed Research Objectives:
The analysis of the dominant argumentation style of a chosen writer, lawyer, poet, theorist etc. in his/her selected text is determined as a general aim which is itself composed of the following objectives:

1. To find and classify the writer’s explicit or implied claims and their correspondent fields or backgrounds;
2. To analyze the sufficiency of the data and to categorize them; these statements are some facts based on which the claims are made;
3. To identify the explicit/implicit warrants and their correspondent backings; warrants can also be categorized into rational, legal or common sense statements, topos, etc., which are to confirm the claims of the writer. Fallacies should not be overlooked;
4. To examine if the writer has been aware of possible rebuttals to his/her used warrants and stated claims;  
5. To examine the text qualifiers by implementing modality analysis to uncover the certainty degree of the writer while claiming, concluding, using data and evidence.

 
Proposed Research Questions:
Since discourse studies are basically ideological which means they are to decipher the underlying beliefs and read the mind of the creators of the texts under analysis, our research questions were designed as follows:
1) What claims were made by the creator of the selected text(s)? And in which fields of study?
2) What are the warrants and backings applied by the creator of the text(s) to confirm his/her made claims or to persuade the audience? Are the warrants rational, legal, and experimental, topos etc.?
3) What qualifiers are used in the text(s)? How frequent are they? What degree of certainty do they show for the writer/speaker while stating the data, warrants and making his/her claims?  
4) What are the data - facts or assumptions - provided for the audience to be able to relate the warrants to the made claims? Are these data sufficient or relevant?
5) Did the creator of the text(s) know enough of possible rebuttals to the applied warrants? In other words, are the made claims stable? Or can they be rebutted by the analyst?
 

3) Conclusion

 Considering the argumentation process as well as the theorization of the relativist and absolutist philosophers on this issue, Toulmin presented a six-component model, which is both absolutistic and relativistic. In his model, an argument may have these components: 1) Claim, 2) Warrant, 3) Data, 4) Qualifier, 5) Backing, and 6) Rebuttal, of which the first three are necessary, and the others optional. Over time, the application capacity of this model was acknowledged in Linguistics and Discourse Analysis.
In this paper, due to the lack of a systematic methodology to apply Toulmin’s Model in analytic works, a research method was proposed to show the analytical power of this Model in the domains of Stylistics, Legal Linguistics, and Discourse Analysis. In this methodology we suggest that the modality analysis can be applied to the analysis of ‘Qualifiers’- one of the six components of Toulminian Model. The general aim of the designed method is "to study the argumentation style of the given writer in his selected work", and duly introduces 5 research questions; its application was illustrated by three different texts including a piece of poetry, a defense bill, and a political speech by Donald Trump.
 

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The media can never force their audience to think ‏but they can use some techniques to make you think about what they want to manipulate. By highlighting the messages in line with their goals, they attract the audience's attention to the subject they are interested in. ‏This study deals with the linguistic analysis of the American withdrawal from the  Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in the discourses of the two satellite channels called – Al-Arabiya  and Al – Manar adopting Teun van Dijk theoretical framework. In order to foreground a message in media, there are several techniques among them the linguistic ones are highly common. By analyzing the exit of America from JCPOA, the current research aims at investigating linguistic components of this event as reflected in Al-Arabiya and Al – Manar. Marginalization and foregrounding are among the techniques used by these channels in order to highlight the power of their discourse and to bold the weakness of the rival discourse. The reason to choose these channels was their different ideology vis-à-vis the JCPOA. These channels have tried to use linguistic tools such as repetition, exaggeration and contradiction to influence and persuade the audience. To do this, they carefully selected the letters and words used in the text of the act in a different way.
 

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The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes about the civil disobedience in a public organization. The research strategy was critical discourse analysis and the participants were 20 employees of the mentioned organization who were selected through maximal variation and typical sampling methods. Data collection fulfilled with the use of the semi-structured interview tool until the theoretical saturation. Data analysis was based on Fairclough three-stage method (description, interpretation and explanation). The findings led to the discovery of three discourses of civil disobedience as taboo, natural, and necessary behavior. According to the taboo discourse, civil disobedience is informal and destructive behavior with disfunctional consequences for the organization and is therefore considered unauthorized. In natural discourse, civil disobedience is an algebraic mechanism inherent in the nature of the organization, so that when the current routine of the organization is unable to meet the members' demands for justice, a group of them will naturally engage in civil disobedience. In the essential discourse, civil disobedience is considered an acquired phenomenon by those members of the organization who have suffered psychological frustration and obstruction as a result of organizational injustice, and view it as the last resort and remedy for injustice in the organization.