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One of the language functions is making communication among thoughts and beliefs. This language function is regarded as a part of social and communicative events as writing of editorials. Texts of editorials, not only through a chain of sentences but also through a hierarchical structure are organized.This structure is divided into units, called "episode", which has an integrated nature either structurally or semantically, and its borders are verbally clear. As episodes are assumed as discourse semantic units, we must define them in according to semantic terms such as propositions. The problem and goal of this study is to recognize propositional levels in the west´s editorials texts on Iran´s nuclear activity. On this basis, by using Van Dijk's episodic model (1981) and analytical method, we tried to analyze one sample of Independent editorial about the nuclear activity of Iran, published in Britain, to answer this question; "how we can describe the organizing process of editorials in an integrated model of propositions". This study shows that general macropropositions are manifested in the first thematic sentences and provide a summary of the text, which is America's policy toward the nuclear activity of Iran. Subtheme of the text, which is about the opinions and reactions of powerful governments and also that of Iran toward this policy, is presented in the paragraphs and the general structure of the text, respectively. 

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Human beings have interactional nature, and with the passage of time, always try to present their ideas, expectations, and worldviews to the humanity. In the past, since the mass media was not easily accessible to everyone, graffiti was considered a powerful tool for transmitting thoughts and inclinations. In other words, as graffiti is affected by a specific line of thinking, it is possible to follow linguistic and cultural patterns. The current paper tries to investigate the existing common linguistic patterns in English and Persian graffiti in order to understand their social and behavioral patterns better. The research findings show that graffiti follow a distinguished linguistic pattern and are systematic, in a way that they can be compared with seven linguistic functions of Halliday. By systematic, it means that the graffiti can be analyzed through linguistic and cultural frameworks. However, the results showed that there are some differences in English and Persian graffiti. In Persian graffiti, instrumental, imaginative, and interactional designs are frequent. The research analysis that has been conducted in the social domain verifies the existence of such features in the East. In English graffiti, too, personal and regulatory functions more frequent than the Persian ones and these differences are also related to cultural indices of the two languages.

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The “Persian Gulf”, as a very important geopolitical region known as global heartland, is the third great gulf of the world. There have been some controversies over the name of this region in recent few decades, and recently some Persian Gulf Arab states or sometimes American and European institutes have tried to coin the fake name of “Arab Gulf” instead. In this paper, after reviewing the literature and historical and international documents, we study the naming strategy of international media toward the name of this important geographical entity. We compare the frequency, genre and content of the articles and news in which four referring expressions of “Arabic/Arab/Arabian/Persian Gulf” have been used within the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework. The data are gathered from Time magazine archive (1923-2008) and Contemporary Corpus of American English (COCA) (1990-2012). The findings of this article show that, comparing with other terms, the usage of the term “Persian Gulf” is considerably and undeniably more than the other three terms in a way that in Time magazine archive, there are 969 and in COCA corpus, 5003 cases of “Persian Gulf” usages while this number is around a hundred for all of the three coined words. The results further shows that while Persian Gulf is widely used context freely as default name, “Arab Gulf” term is mostly used in economic context, especially in those news and articles, which are about the “oil”.

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In the present study, which has been done from critical discourse analysis perspective, the authors focus on the media news, since it is the media that puts as a topic of discourse analysis more than other texts. The general purpose of the present paper is based on an analytical framework in order to study the order of the contemporary media discourse. The authors intend to analyze the nonverbal factor influences on the choice of words used in the media news. In general, the data, which have been used in this research, are Persian news of four radios including Iran, USA, Farda, and Israel. The authors are going to analyze them in the framework of the strategies such as lexical generalization, address forms, and over lexicalization. The methodology of the research is comparative  in which the shared news of the studied radios are compared to each other.

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Comparative and linguistic study of invitations in the cultural context of Iran and Iraq Involvements as linguistic genre are regarded as sociological data and are considered as an indicator of the relationship between social phenomena. By examining invitations of a particular time period, discourses derived from phenomena Social that period. This comparative study, which is based on the analysis of the genre and the critical analysis of discourse, attempts to explore the structure of wedding cards written in Arabic and Persian languages, and the role of social and cultural values. In its formulation. Familiarity with the social approaches of two different cultures, studying the impact of social and cultural factors on invitations, comparing the structure of invitations and explaining the impact of social phenomena on linguistic phenomena are among the most important goals of this research. Since this research examines the social approaches of the two countries and increases the level of recognition of different cultures, it seems necessary to do so. The results of the study show that the importance of the diversity of text and forms of wedding cards in Iran is more significant than in Iraq, with the title acquired in Iraq becoming more and more important, religious and patriarchal categories have a crucial role in the structure of wedding cards in There are two cultures, with the difference that the role of these two categories in the wedding cards of Arab countries is more colorful than Iran.

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One of the most effective approaches for critical studies of literary works is Critical Discourse Analysis. This article studies Madār-e sefr darajehwithin this framework by analyzing some of the most important aspects of the novel such as semiology of its title, images, characters (actor, affected, and narrator), narratology, structure and the theme of the story. Furthermore, the status of this novel in the field of political fiction is studied. Based on Fairclough’s approach, the findings of the article suggest that Madār-e sefr darajeh,as a literary text, is in direct relation with the dominant social discursive practices and social hegemony.

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The goal of this article is to demystify the press texts and discover their hidden layers of meaning in the framework of critical discourse analysis. To do so, using socio-semantic features of Van Leeuwen's model (1996), 40 numbers of four Iranian Persian publications of a two–month period, from July 22 to September 21, 2011 were studied qualitatively. The data analysis results indicated that the ideology dominating the minds of writers and groups is reflected in the text using discursive features as personalization, impersonalization, activation, backgrounding, etc., and the linguistic realization of discursive structures is performed using linguistic structures as nominalization, pre-modifiers, active versus passive structures, coordination, etc. in the texts. Also there is a dialectic relationship between discursive structures and ideology, which can be determined by studying these structures in the texts and social institutions.

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Hedging is a rhetorical strategy which speaker employs for lack of a full commitment either to the full category membership of a term or expression (content mitigation), or to the intended illocutionary force of the utterance (force mitigation). Hedging must be considered as an intentional action. The speaker chooses a linguistic device over the propositional content of the message which will affect the interpretation of the utterance; either modifies the content of the utterance or its force. Although hedges have no certain lexical meaning; they have powerful functional and pragmatic meaning. This research has been done by means of descriptive-analytical method with purpose of definition, introducing of applications of hedges based on Fraser(2009) , and finally a case study of hedges  in political discourse of  press conferences  of president Ahmadinejad within the framework of critical discourse analysis .The results show that the president (Ahmadinejad) has used hedging as a political language strategy to express vagueness and evasion which are one of the skillfully policies in political speech. He applied passive voice and impersonal pronouns more than other kinds of hedges.

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The study of speech acts in religious texts is one of the ways to shed light on the hidden layers of the discourse and the recognition of its intended effect. This study is the first to compare the speech acts in a selection of Meccan and Medinan Surahs of the Holy Quran. In a random selection of 40 pages, including 20 pages of Meccan and 20 pages of Medinan Surahs, the frequency of the speech acts was calculated based on Austin’s Speech Act Theory and Searl’s fivefold classification. The results showed that the distribution of speech act types in Meccan Surahs is significantly different from those of Medinan ones. In Meccan Surahs, the representative act has the highest frequency and expressives, directives, commissives and declaratives rank next. In Medinan Surahs, however, the frequency of the representative acts has reduced considerably resulting in the rise of other acts. The statistics suggest that the expression of Devine news and teachings has gained the highest volume in Meccan Surahs, while in Medinan Surahs, direction, prohibition, giving good tidings and warnings are of higher priority.

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The purpose of this paper is to outline the theory and practice of discourse analysis as a tool of interpretation in translation of dramatic works. By translation of dramatic works, the discourses of target language has been influenced and undergone some significant differences that has been making different interpretations. Translations of Bertolt Brecht’s plays because of their historical implications of the social status in two decades 50 to 60 and 80 in Iran, prepare the best data to measure this point. This descriptive study by incorporation of direct observation of original work and Library based method analysed primary data that have been collected and  followed by focusing on the framework of  Norman Fairclough approach to discourse analysis. This research aims to show how in the Persian translation of Brecht’s works, conscious or unconscious, some changes have been created. To find the answer of this question, the translation of the forty Brecht’ plays, Herr Puntila und sein KnechtMatti,Baal, Im Dickicht der Stadte, and Die Geschichte der Simone Machard has been chosen. These samples were selected based on varieties of translations belonging to different ages in order to find more significant differences .The findings indicate that most of Brecht's plays in accordance with the political context, social influence or dominant discourses of  every period - at least at the level of lexical and conceptual context- are subjected to cultural distortions.

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Memories of the imposed Iraq war against Iran were linked to men’s narratees. More women played a role as an object linked to solider, such as martyr’s mother and wife. Da is a different book. In this article, we try to study Da and its relation to the dominant social discourse, with using Fairclough theory and method. He mentioned three-dimensional framework for studying discourse: analysis of language texts, analysis of discourse practice and analysis of socio-cultural practice. We will show Da, unlike the traditional discourse, emphasis on the other roles of women in the imposed war. In addition, Da tries to make a female verbal construction that it is not found in similar women books. Da goes beyond the traditional discourse of women’s role in war, and seems to have succeeded in this way. With a male act and female speech, Da creates a new text and a new discourse.

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In this essay, the novel Raz'haye Sarzamine Man (The Mysteries of My Land) has been analyzed due to the issues of gender representation, using the critical discourse analysis methods and Simone de Beauvoir's notion of gender. This, has led to the conclusion that portraying female characters in this novel, has two significant aspects: first, the Transformation of binary opposition of Innocent Girl/Prostitute (Athiry /Lakkateh) that has been illustrated by Hedayat, into Revolutionary Mother/ Royal Prostitute in this novel; and second, the emphasize placed on the political role of women in the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the importance of this role, and the portrayal of these women as powerful, visionary and open mind characters. Here, the hidden ideology of the text, has changed the problem of women and presumptions and judgments about them into a political and class-related one and so, has effected the writer's concept of the history. It has been shown here also that the metaphor of the homeland as mother has shaded the text in the form of a mythical thought.

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Government correspondences and related works (books, letter-writing called Tarassol) ‬ are the most important historical documents. The accuracy of authors and amanuenses in representation of the status and the definition of the relations between social agents (public and governing apparatus), made these books function of the cultural and semantic system of its time. These texts draw consciously a kind of “unequal encounter”, so that they are suitable to study the elements of power representation in discourse. This study is based on the four discursive components‬: ‬nomination, transitivity system, function of different sentences models, and modality and provides insights into the power relations. The results show that the above mentioned factors have an efficient role in the discourse of Dastur-al-katib and indicate the reciprocal role of the author in representation of the power relations. Religion and “Sharia”, as two sources of power, buttress this reciprocal discourse and at the same time had led to the emergence of hegemony in the text.

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The essay "Discourse Analysis of Imposed War Memories; case study of Da Memory" by Mohammad Reza Javadi Yeganeh and Seyyed Mohammad Ali Sohofi has had the potential for becoming a good and acceptable essay because it adopts a new approach to a controversial text that has bot been analyzed from such viewpoints yet. However, this potential has not been realized. As it is mentioned in the "Introduction" of the essay, the primary objective of the researchers has been to examine the discourse of Da based on Norman Fairclough's model of critical discourse analysis and with regard to the way gender roles are represented in this text. Nevertheless, and this is the weak point of the essay, the authors do not fulfill what they promise at the beginning of their writing, and the result is not "critical discourse analysis" but a simple analysis that at best appears silimilar to Feminist or gender criticism.

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Hamid Reza Shairi, Ph.D.
Hossein Ali Qobadi, Ph.D.
Mohammad Hatefi.
 
Abstract
The main approach of this article is discourse analysis through semiotics and semantics, while the basic assumption is; the verbal and figurative elements of a text can have meaningful interact only through an atmosphere with discourse features. On the basis of this assumption, it can be said that this is a tense relationship; a place in which the textual elements will earn their “own” discourse position before “others”; in an atmosphere which features discourse imposition, in addition to inter-subjectivity. In the survey of the relation among the textual layers, it was realized that the discourser utilizes one of the textual layers as a brief discourse within discourse consigned, and then he reorganizes the same discourse in another textual layer.
The most prominent achievement of this article was application of the theory of discourse systems by Landofski in the field of new studies, and presentation of a semiotic-semantic discourse pattern system entitled as “ ideological discourse system”; the process of which were derived through the texts, exposed onto tensional axis. Once the several aspects of the relationship between the visual and verbal elements were surveyed, it became clear that in passing through the written or verbal text to the illustrative text, we come across semantic-semiotic events in the following order: functional change of narrative to mythological and the converse, functional change of ideology to narrative and the converse, the integration of semiotic systems; discourse and image, opportunity provided for the symbolic manifestation of signified items and value-making via a tense relationship, the multiplication of identical signified elements in a geometric system, providing an opportunity for a multi-dimensional reading, manifestation of the underlying layers of the text in a way that the signified elements find a superficial function.
     

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Politeness phenomenon is one of the subjects which have been observed by researchers of different domains , e.g. psychology, sociology and anthropology. Politeness has also been investigated in the area of pragmatics. One of the concepts following politeness is linguistic impoliteness. Different people such as Goffman (1967), Brown and Levinson (1987), Bousfield (2008), Culpeper (1996;2003;2011) and  Rudanko (1996) have worked on (im)politeness phenomenon. . In spite of the large amount of investigation on western culture, less research has been worked out on this notion in Persian. So, the aim of this study is investigating the function of this notion through describing it in  Sayyadan drama of  Ruye Sahneye Abi series written by Akbar Radi. The data was investigated through the five strategies proposed  by Jonathan Culpeper (1996; 2003) on linguistic impoliteness and the notions, e.g context, social norms and emotions, he added later in 2011. The most frequently  used strategy was positive impoliteness and the least used one was mock impoliteness. The synthetic ones were at the second level and negative impoliteness was at the fourth level. There was no withhold politeness among the‌ data. Finally, new cases were introduced.                                                                                                                     

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Linguistic mechanisms of representation (Personalization/ Impersonalization ) of social actors in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), especially van Leeuwen’s approach to CDA has been longly in the center of attention. This prominence will be much higher when the subject of the study is naming strategy and representation of “Iran” as one of the most important actors of the Middle East and the socio-political and ideological rival of the United States of America. In this article, we studied the naming and representation (exclusion/inclusion) strategy of Time magazine toward Iran/the Islamic Republic of Iran within van Leeuwen socio-semantic framework. The data has been gathered from the archive of time magazine from 1920s to 2010 . The findings showed that both the frequency and the addressing method of Iran in Time magazine has been considerably divergent within decades and through the time. While the name of “Iran” has been mentioned for more than 5600 times in this corpus, the official title of “the Islamic Republic of Iran” has gone under an extremely exclusion process  and repeated for only 8 times, all of these cases are oriented with clearly biased adjectives and modifiers. The findings of this research may be interesting for both scholars and public audience of the mass media.

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Prohibition of the slave trade that started from the late 18th century from France and gradually spread over  the Europe; At the beginning of the 19th century it came to Asia and then to the Persian Gulf region. The leader of this process in the Persian Gulf were English people who were somehow trying for more consolidated position and Protection of their interests in region. The struggle continued to early 20th century. Causes formation and persistence of this process for almost a century, are significant issue that is dealt with in this study through critical discourse analysis of Norman Fairclough. This method has an Intertextual approach and texts as Susceptible Graph Processes, movements and political and social change applies. Therefore, the present research focused on  selecting of a portion of the notes by Amir Kabir and Justin Sheil, minister in Tehran, that between 17 Rabi al- Thani to 10 Jumada al-Awwal 1267 concerning the prohibition of the slave trade were written, this process has analyzed and thereby, influence and dominate the "discourse imperialism" in the relations of power and in contrast the weakness of rule-based "discourse absolute despotism" of Qajar, the main causes for the formation and persistence  of the struggle against slave trade during this period, has been considered.  

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Unlike text-based reading, discourse analysis considers all effective elements in the meaning of the text.  In addition to linguistic aspects of the text, situational context, and metalanguage in general are also taken into account.  In terms of critical perspective, it studies ideology and power relations as leading elements of the text.  Such an approach prepares the way to a comprehensive understanding of the text to the translator.  In this regard, the present paper aims to employ a reference- analysis of critical analysis discourse in translating Arabic texts into Persian.  Thus, with the assumptions of the deficiency of the text-based reading, the practicality of critical discourse analysis in transferring the hidden parts of the text has been sought.  By analyzing and translating some contemporary Arabic texts, the paper has tried to prove the above assumptions.  In conclusion, it can be noticed that in addition to highlighting the situational aspects of the text, the presented ideology directs the text.  Considering the meanings of hypertextuality, the translator has organized the target text with an appropriate style.