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 Three species of the genus Inostemma Haliday (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), i.e. Inostemma discessus Szelenyi, I. koponeni Buhl and I. contariniae Szelenyi are reported as new records for the Iranian fauna. Inostemma discessus was reared for the first time from Ephedra gall midge, Ephedromyia debilopalpis Marikovskij (Dip.: Cecidomyiidae) on Ephedra sp. (Plantae: Ephedraceae) in the northwest Iran. The Iranian species of the genus Inostemma were listed.

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One of the most controversial issues in applied linguistics since the past two decades concerns the role of genre-based writing instruction and its applications in the area of second language (L2) teaching and learning (Correa & Echeverri, 2017; Derewianka, 2015; Lin, 2016; Tardy, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011; Truscott, 2012; Thompson, 2014). Genre has been variously defined by different scholars in the field of second language acquisition. Swales (1990) introduced genre as a class of “communicative events” characterized by a sequence of segments with each move accomplishing some part of the overall communicative purpose of the text, in order to produce distinctive structural patterns.The main theoretical background of the study lies on Halliday’s (1994) Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), which offers the most theoretically sophisticated and pedagogically developed approach of the three, underpinned by a highly evolved and insightful theory of language and motivated by a commitment to language and literacy education (Hyland, 2004; Paltridge, 2001).  Paltridge (2002) concluded that writing genre-based tasks, help learners achieve some genre knowledge and develop their awareness to reflect on the acquisition of the genres they need. Although previous studies have contributed to different aspects of language pedagogy in L2 writing, much remains to be investigated regarding the impact of genre-based approach on EFL learners’ written production. Bearing the gap in the literature in mind, specifically, investigation of genre-based instruction could contribute to SLA literature theoretically and practically
This study aims at addressing the following research questions
RQ1: Are product, process, and genre-based approaches differentially effective in the improvement of accuracy in writing among intermediate EFL learners?
RQ2: Are product, process, and genre-based   approaches differentially effective in the improvement of fluency in writing among intermediate EFL learners?
RQ3: Are product, process, and genre-based   approaches differentially effective in the improvement of complexity in writing among intermediate EFL learners?
  One-way ANOVA was employed as the statistical means of analysis for comparing the means of accuracy of product, process, and genre groups in written task.
Discussion
   The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of three modes of developments (product, process, and genre-based) on written task performance across linguistic domain of accuracy, fluency, and complexity in EFL context. The results of the study are in line with the findings of Swales (1986), Martin (2009), Martin & Rose (2008), Johns (2003), Hyland (2007), and Kuhi (2014) who supported the effectiveness and merits of genre-based approach on learners’ written performance. Similarly, in line with the findings of the study the results of the study conducted by Paltridge (2001) revealed that learners outperformed and produced coherent writing in the genres taught, relying on the model texts provided. Also, Yayli (2011) observed a group of EFL learners. He proposed that the students displayed awareness of generic features and applied such knowledge to the practice of genres. Similar findings were reported by Huang (2014), he found that the student developed knowledge of the research article genre through assimilating explicit genre instruction. Yayli (2011) and Huang (2014) both confirmed that genre-based pedagogy could effectively foster students’ genre awareness. In line with this arguments, Yasuda (2011) focused on a task-based syllabus design and investigated its effect in a genre-focused writing. Yasuda’s (2011) study demonstrated the effectiveness of a task-based instructional framework in genre learning. Also, Cheng (2008a) revealed that, a key finding was that the concept of genre functioned as an explicit and supportive learning tool in the student’s growing awareness.
   However, the findings ran against Freedman & Richardson (1997) that centered on the disjuncture between the claim that meaning is encapsulated in textual objects, genres as autonomous systems, and the avowal of a social constructionist functional model of language.  Also, Dovey (2010) conducted a design-based research and the results obtained revealed that students who learned with the process-based curriculum design had better performance in writing than their counterparts in genre group. According to Byram (2004) genre underestimates the skills required to produce content, and learners’ self-sufficiency. Similarly, Bawarshi (2000), and Badger & White (2000), adopted an approach as a synthesis of the three approaches which could lead to important development in the writing classroom. As Badger and White argue, effective communication involves knowledge about language, knowledge of the context in which the writing happens and especially the purpose for the writing (as in genre approaches), and skills in using language (as in process approaches) (2000, pp. 157-158).
 

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Hairsine and Rose (1991) developed a process-based soil erosion model which described the erosion transport of multiparticle sizes in sediment for rain-impacted flow in the absence of entrainment in overland flow. In order to test this model laboratory experiments were carried out in a detachment tray using simulated rainfall. Three contrasting soil types were subjected to simulated rainfall at different rates (25-110 mm h-1) in a 3530 10 cm detachment tray. Rainfall was applied using a rainfall simulator with a single scanning nozzle located four meters above the soil surface that emitted drops with a mean diameter (volumetric D50) of 1.5 mm. Results showed that the Hairsine and Rose model can clearly describe the sensitivity of different soils to erosion by introducing three terms of detachability, re-detachability and settling velocity, though the model is unable to describe aggregate breakdown which takes place in one of the soil at higher rainfall rates. The experimentally observed relationship between ponding water depth and soil detachability parameters did not agree with previously proposed theories. In addition, the results showed that the Hairsine and Rose model tends to over-predict values at the lower end of the scale, and under-predict values at the upper end, although the average sediment concentration predicted for the entire data set is not greatly different from the average measured values.

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Introduction:
Fricatives not only differ in their acoustic structures from one language to another, but also they vary considerably from individual to individual. Acoustic correlates of fricatives are sensitive to the shape and size of the resonance cavity in front of the oral constriction. It is therefore conceivable that any physical change in the length and place of constriction during production of fricatives may alter the resultant acoustic signals. This research attempts to explore potential speaker-specific acoustic parameters of voiceless fricatives in Persian based on experimental phonetics. Therefore, acoustic parameters of center of gravity and fricative duration are investigated for each voiceless fricative in Persian. This research aims to discover whether voiceless fricatives and selected acoustic parameters are able to discriminate between speakers in Persian and whether these fricatives and acoustic parameters are of assistance in segregating speakers in Persian. According to the aforementioned considerations, the following questions are presented in this paper:

1. Do the selected acoustic parameters (center of gravity and duration) of voiceless fricatives have capacity to differentiate speakers in Persian?
2. Which acoustic parameters and which voiceless fricatives discriminate Persian speakers the best?

 Furthermore, we will compare the results of the present study to the findings of previous studies to see in what way Persian has been similar or different from other investigated languages.
Methodology:
In order to analyze between- and within speaker variability of voiceless fricatives, 24 Persian speakers (12 male, 12 female) on two separate occasions were recorded in the sound proof booth at phonetics laboratory of Alzahra University. Non-contemporaneous recording of speech material allows us to measure the degree of within-speaker variability across each speaker. The speech material consists of a read passage which contains 54 Persian sentences including relevant voiceless fricatives Speech tokens were acoustically measured with PRAAT version 5.2.34 and statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS version 21 and R version 3.3.3.
Results and conclusions:
Results of this study indicated that for female speakers, center of gravity of /S/ and s/  have the best performance in showing between-speaker variability. For male speakers, center of gravity of /s/ is the most highly discriminant acoustic parameters across speakers. Moreover, fricative duration was not reported as a promising acoustic parameter. Center of gravity is directly linked to the size and length of the vocal tract. The longer is the length of the vocal tract, the higher is the center of gravity and vice versa. This indicates that anatomical differences between speaker’s vocal tract influence the acoustic properties of fricatives and ultimately make them distinctive. In the future studies, additional parametric potential speaker-specific features will be examined in order to determine a set of well-established discriminant parameters for voiceless fricatives in Persian.
 

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Aims: E-health intervention can be a valuable way to deal with asthma and reduce its global burden of it. This research aimed to determine the type of e-health interventions in the interventional studies in asthma based on PubMed.
Information & Methods: The research was carried out from 2000 to 2018 using content analysis and scientometric techniques. To reach the research population, the keywords of two concepts of asthma and e-health were identified, and then the search formula was developed using “Mesh” and “Ti” tags. By examining the 452 articles, the research population was limited to 102 articles that had somehow used e-health technologies to intervene in asthma. The extracted data from the articles were: the publication year, type of e-health technology used in the intervention, thematic scope of the intervention, and the affiliated countries of the articles.
Findings: The highest number of articles has published in 2016. Seventeen categories of e-health technology were identified by analyzing the content of 102 articles. The findings indicate that web-based systems, text messaging, and mobile applications were at the forefront of the technologies used in the studies. The highest number of interventions occurred in “asthma control”, “medication adherence”, and “self-management”. The United States has the highest share among the affiliated countries of the articles.
Conclusion: Web-based solutions have been the most extensively employed technology. In most studies, the key aim of deploying e-health interventions has been to improve “asthma control”. The United States has contributed the most to the studies.
 

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Aim:An attempt was made to understand the influence of climate change on thefuture potential distribution of Centaurea balsamita
In the world. Centaurea balsamita is an annual plant from thesunflower family (Asteraceae) that invades fallow and slope lands worldwide. Climate change has caused extreme weather events and has had widespread impacts on the global ecosystem, including
thedistribution of plant species.The CLIMEX software is used globally for analyzing potential distributions of species.
Material and methods:The experiments were conducted in Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi Province.In the present study,CLIMEX software was used to study thepotential distribution of this plant in the world at present and future climate conditions.CLIMEX software requires five climate variables, including average, maximum, and minimum monthly temperature, precipitation and relative humidity at 9 Am and 3 Pm.These data were obtained from various sources such as "CRU TS v. 4.03" and used for the model predictions. Following the data collection, the values were adjusted and incorporated into the CLIMEX Modelling software.Using the literature data, we collected information onThe biology and ecology of Centaurea balsamita relevant for modeling the distribution of this species in Iran and worldwide underCurrent and future climatic conditions.Findings:Our results revealed that in current conditions, Europe, Asia, and North America are suitable locations for this invasive weed dispersal, and most parts of Europe have optimal conditions (20≤ EI) for dispersal of C. balsamita. It is likely that the suitable C. balsamita habitat area will be wider in some parts of the world such as Asia, America, and Europe under future climatic





 

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The book "The Literary Mind" by Mark Turner, first published in 1996 at the Oxford Publishers Collection, was followed by numerous publications. The book, which has been considered and received by various experts from various branches of cognitive science, linguistics, literature, neurology, and philosophy, has come to light and deep in 208 pages and eight chapters on the subject of literary thought, and in particular the story and the parabolic story on the basis of language and thought. The author has shed light on the role and necessity of literature as a vital element. Despite the general opinion that the literary mind is considered secondary and something special to of the experts of literature, in fact, the main theme of the book is that the activity of mind is essentially literary.This book argues in a revolutionary way that the central theme of cognitive science is the nature of the literary mind.
 

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Regarding the importance of writing performance in mastering English language and considering writing as the most challenging language learning skill, the present study examined the relationship between personality traits with motivation and written performance in learners. The main purpose of this study was to examine the model fitness of the relationship between the personality traits and writing performance of learners with motivation mediation. To this end, one hundred twenty participants were selected from intermediate EFL (teaching, literature, translation) learners. Data were collected through Big Five Personality Traits questionnaire (John and Srivastava, 1999), Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) (Gardner, 2004) and a timed writing Test. The results of the path analysis indicated a relationship between personality trait dimensions with motivation and EFL writing performance. Also extroversion, consciousness, and agreeableness indirectly had a positive and significant effect on writing performance. Learners’ motivation relatively intercedes the relationship between personality traits and writing. Finally, the findings of the study are discussed in relation to effective attitudinal variables and non-cognitive variables of personality traits for educational planners, writing courses teachers, and EFL learners’ motivation in language classrooms.
 
 

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Aims: There are few studies on the effectiveness of this type of management on soil properties of Golestan province as the main agricultural pole in Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of limited tillage on improving biological soil quality indicators.
Methods: Three types of operations which include No Tillage (NT), Minimum or Occasionally Tillage (OT or MT) and Conventional Tillage (CT) were selected. From each management, 30 samples were taken at depths of 0-30 cm. Microbial respiration, microbial biomass, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and cellulase activity were measured.
Findings: Conservation tillage (ST) which include both MT and NT increased acid and alkaline phosphatase by 1.6 to 2.5 times. The reverse trend was observed for cellulase, which showed a decrease from 37.5% in MT to 25% in NT. Urease and dehydrogenase increased by 14 and 18% in MT and decreased by 5.7 and 10% in NT. Microbial biomass and microbial respiration increased by 1.8 and 2.5 times in MT and in no tillage, operation decreased by 15 and 44%.
Conclusion: The emphasis is on the advice of ST, However, it seems that some points related to the promotion of this method in agricultural lands should be considered.  It seems that MT has a better condition for enzyme activity than NT. Low enzyme activity in NT conditions may reduce the availability of nutrients and thus reduce the yield, then extension experts should be inform the Farmers.

 

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Abstract

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Aims: The purpose of this study is to develop strategies for sustainable tourism development in the kavir of northeastern Kerman province.
Methods: The documentation and survey adopted to collect data, and 30 questionnaires collected by the Kerman Province Tourism Organization based on the snowball method. Data analysis was analyzed by SWOT matrix and QSPM matrix.
Findings: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that among the importance of internal factors, among the strengths, the highest priority is related to the indicators of "regional road safety" with a score of 19.33; And the index of "having unique natural landscapes" with a score of 10.93 is less important in the eyes of experts among the strengths. Among the weaknesses of the index "low quality of service facilities" with a score of 18 is the most important internal weaknesses. Further analysis of external factors scores showed that among the opportunities, the highest priority is related to the index "growing trend of desert tourism activities" with a score of 18.40. The "lack of attention to tourism development in desert areas in policy-making" index with a score of 19.20 is the most important environmental threat.
Conclusion: The situation of sustainable tourism development in the northeast of Kerman province is in an aggressive state and this situation is due to the dominance of internal strengths over internal weaknesses and environmental opportunities over environmental threats. The conclusion highlights the role of green tourism in achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

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Introduction: The present study reports a case of familial episodic coma in which three girls manifesting refractory seizures followed by coma. Targeted gene panel of epilepsy using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique was requested to identified disease -causing variant(s) in the patients.
 Materials and Method: After obtaining a written informed consent from our patient, genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood, for identifying mutations in epilepsy genes, at first, coding regions as well as all intron–exon boundaries of the 72 genes were captured by Sure Select Target Enrichment System V4 kit (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA), then captured libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 4000(Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), sequenced reads were aligned with a reference human genome and Picard tools was used to remove duplicated reads; variant calling was performed using the Genome Analysis Tool Kit (GATK). ANNOVAR was used to annotated variants, then all variants were filtered out based on minor allele frequency (MAF) <1 % according to data bases of nucleotide including dpSNP, 1000 Genome project. In silico tools was performed to evaluated pathogenicity of variant(s).
Result: According to databases of pathogenicity prediction of gene, no specific mutation in epilepsy genes was found in our patients, but several polymorphisms were reported.
Conclusion: Given polymorphisms in genes related to epilepsy were found in our study, failed to provide us with an acceptable diagnosis of this condition, further research is needed to reveal the cause of the disease.
Key word: episodic coma, NGS, gene panel, epilepsy

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Aims: Marriage significantly influences individuals’ roles and developmental trajectories. This study investigated the effectiveness of emotion-focused group therapy on emotion regulation in divorced women, focusing on anger, positive affect, and internalized shame.
Materials & Methods: The study utilized a quasi-experimental design, incorporating a pre-test-post-test framework with follow-up assessments at one and three months, and was conducted on 20 divorced women. The samples were divided into the experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA by SPSS 25 to examine changes in emotion regulation.
Findings: Significant differences were noted between the experimental and control groups in the regulation of anger and positive affect, as well as in levels of internalized shame. No notable differences were observed in depressed mood and anxiety levels.
Conclusion: Emotion-focused group therapy effectively enhances emotion regulation among divorced women, particularly in managing anger and internalized shame.

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Aims: Waste separation behavior is beneficial for implementing waste management, recycling, and financial savings. The present study aimed to identify the predictors of waste separation behavior and behavioral intention based on the integrated behavioral model among housewives in Tehran.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 326 housewives in an institutional district located in the northern part of Tehran in 2023. Data collection was carried out using a developed questionnaire based on the integrated behavioral model.
Findings: The mean age of the study participants was 38.96 years. Waste separation behavior, environmental factors, and normative beliefs significantly influenced the behavioral intention score for waste separation (p<0.0001). The levels of increase for the aforementioned factors were reported as 0.655, 0.101, and 0.204, respectively (R²=0.569). Additionally, the history of waste separation training (p<0.0001) and the spouses’ educational level (p=0.003) were found to significantly affect the behavioral intention score for waste separation, with levels of increase reported as 0.786 and 0.275, respectively (R²=0.203).
Conclusion: The housewives’ behavior and their behavioral intention regarding waste separation largely depend on the history of waste separation training at the source and on environmental factors.
 

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Aims: The landuse change is one of the most important challenges of urban development in Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of agricultural land use change and its impact on sustainable development in Shahriar city.

Methods: This descriptive-analytical research methodology is selected for the investigation during 1996 to 2016. The trends of changes in Shahriar city are studied and analyzed and radiometric correction is performed by using ENVI software. A questionnaire technic was used to assess the effects of landuse change on sustainable development.

Findings: Based on the results during the study period (1996 to 2016), the residential use increased annually with the growth rate of 117 hectares per year. Also, the use of garden and agricultural lands is increasing at an average rate of 200 and 37 hectares per year, respectively. Agricultural lands first experienced a decreasing trend (8%), then increased again (16.7%) and the result was an incremental study period (8.7%). Barren lands also have a 30% reduction rate in the region.

Conclusion: The outcomes emphasize on the importance and significant impact of agricultural and horticultural land use change on the components of sustainable development and well show that land use change has negative economic, social, environmental and spatial physical effects for sustainable development.