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Showing 154 results for Taheri
Volume 7, Issue 2 (Spring 2025)
Abstract
Rural communities are particularly vulnerable to flood damage due to their greater dependence on natural resources, limited infrastructure, and reduced access to relief and support services. Additionally, post-disaster reconstruction and recovery are more challenging for them. With the increasing occurrence of floods in rural areas of Iran, enhancing physical resilience and spatial planning against natural hazards has become necessary. This research identifies and analyzes the factors influencing the physical resilience of flood-prone rural areas in Region Seven of national spatial planning. The study evaluates the impact of eight significant factors, institutional and organizational, environmental, technical and engineering, socio-cultural, economic, political, legal and regulatory, and technological, as critical components of spatial planning for physical resilience against floods. The research follows a descriptive-analytical method and is based on survey data. The statistical population comprises 86 experts involved in crisis management and rural development across the three provinces of Region Seven (Zanjan, Qazvin, and Markazi). The multiple linear regression analysis (path analysis) results reveal that institutional and organizational factors, including appropriate policies, institutional solid structures, and inter-institutional cooperation, play a critical role in enhancing physical resilience, with an overall effect of 0.261, ranking first. Social legal and regulatory factors rank second and third, with overall effects of 0.254 and 0.209, respectively.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (Special Issue 2016)
Abstract
Marine organisms are one of the valuable resource of pharmaceutical. In the last decade, the commercial value of these organisms and the use of compounds derived from them in biological research and drug development, have made them as an important new source for anti-cancer drugs. Microtubules are one of important drug targets in cancer cells therapy and their related inhibitors are being developed widely. In this study the structure of more than 3,000 compounds that contributed marine organism were constructed and optimized by ChemAxon. The affinity of compounds into colchicine/epothilone binding sites in αβ-tubulin structure, was examined using structure-based virtual screening (docking). Results of docking studies were shown that some compounds have high and better binding affinity than colchicine and epothilone inhibitors. MNP14107 and MNP0565 compounds have high affinity for the colchicine and epothilone binding sites respectively. We propose the MNP14107 and MNP0565 compounds as new and the best candidates for the inhibition of tubulin.
Volume 7, Issue 3 (fall 2019)
Abstract
In this article, we introduce the epic of "Sundiata or the Epic of Manding" and compare its epic aspects with the battle of Rostam and Esfandiar in the book of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. These two stories have similarities and differences that can be distinguished from the inability of the defeat of the rival in the initial battle and the mystery of the invincibility, the betrayal of the common cause of the death of the two valleys, the attachment to the power and the throne and the crown of the anti-heroes, The prediction of Death's death, the choice of children to meet rivals and the death with a stick of wood. Comparison of the history of Rostam and Esfandiar and the history of the battle of Sundiata with Sumauru, despite the cultural differences and the geographical distance they have, what are the similarities and differences of the epic aspect? The research method in this paper is documentary and of a descriptive-analytical type.
Volume 7, Issue 5 (No.5 (Tome 33), (Articles in Persian) 2016)
Abstract
Some orientalists has considered neither subject nor predicate accusatives in Arabic as complementary and some Arabic syntax researchers called them special builder and some named them supplementary. But Azarnoosh has named them adverb.
This naming, adverb, because of the correspondence of most of these accusatives with adverb in Persian and English, is correct, exact and also more shortened, illustrative and exclusive than other names. Also finding equivalent and teaching it to others is simpler too.
This syntactic category has two forms: 1. Singular 2. Compound. Most of the singular adverbs can be changed into compound ones while reserving the meaning, usage and grammatical role. Regarding the characteristics of adverb, the definition is as follows: adverb is a meaningful and neither subject nor predicate part of sentence in Arabic syntax which determines the aspect and direction of the sentence in case of being singular or compound and it plays one the eight grammatical roles such as: adverb of time and place, adverb of reason, companionship adverb, intensifier adverb, state adverb, explicating adverb, exception adverb and specialized adverb.
Volume 7, Issue 13 (Spring & Summer 2020)
Abstract
There are Israelites and the constructions made by People of the Book in some historical sources and narrative interpretations of some Quranic verses , and the reader becomes doubtful by referring to the interpretations from non-Islamic sources that adapted and borrowed the stories of the prophets and quoted the instauration of the people of the Book, as well as the translations taken from those interpretations , thus he /she reminds the concept inconsistent with the prophets’ chastity . Addition to maintaining grammatical and rhetorical structures and similarity of the effect of the source and target text, correct interpretation and translation of these verses from the source language to the target language and correct conveyance of their contents require a translator and commentator to have special skill and be proficient in the correct theological principles and feedback of these basics in the target language so that they do not cause the reader to thin of lack of chastity of the prophets. This study, with analytic- descriptive method and critique and selection of literally , semantic , interpretive and free translating methods, has aimed to investigate and criticize the translation of verses 31 to 33 of Sad chapter. Results from the study showed that the interpretations from the constructions made by People of the Book are inconsistent with certain rational and narrative principles and literary arguments. Therefore, an interpretation and translation of these verses are accepted when they are based on the strongest literary arguments and include well-grounded theological reasons such as chastity..
Volume 8, Issue 1 (6-2006)
Abstract
Purpose: Evaluation of humoral and cellular immune responses of naturally infected dogs against type I (rCPB) (Recombinant cycsteine proteinase B), and II (rCPA) (Recombinant cycsteine proteinase A) recombinant cysteine proteinases and C-terminal extension (CTE) of Leishmania infantum (L. infantum). Materials and Methods: In this study, fourteen infected dogs (7 with symptoms, 7 asymptomatics) from an endemic area and three uninfected dogs from a nonendemic region were selected and their humoral and cellular responses against type I and II recombinant cysteine proteinases, C-terminal extension (CTE) and F/T of Leishmania infantum were evaluated using the ELISA and lymphocyte proliferation assay, respectively. The level of specific IgG isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2) and lymphocyte proliferative response against rCPA, rCPB, CTE and Freezed/Thawed lysate (F/T) of L. infantum were examined. Results and Discussion: The results showed that in both of the symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs there is a high lymphoproliferative response to F/T antigens and moderate responses were observed when rCPs (Recombinant cycsteine proteinase) (rCPA and rCPB) and CTE were used. The level of antibody (total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2) recognition toward rCPA was low in the both groups of the dogs. In contrast, the CTE stimulates similarly as the CPB both of the humoral and cellular responses of all the infected animals and the level of total IgG and IgG2 isotypes against these antigens compared to the IgG1 was higher in the asymptomatic dogs. Since, the CTE is the terminal fragment of the CPB, it seems that the immunogenicity of the CPB is dependent on the CTE. Conclusion: The results of our investigation indicates that the CPB and CTE stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses of L. infantum infected dogs, wherase the CPA is a weaker immunogen.
Volume 8, Issue 1 (4-2017)
Abstract
Microorganisms and plants have high potential for reducing the metal (biosynthesis of nanoparticles) through their metabolic pathways. Apart from the environmental benefits of biosynthesis of nanoparticles, there is the opportunity for production of nanomaterial with new properties in this method. In this study, the fruit aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa L. was used for synthesis of nanoparticles. To evaluate the reducing potential of plant, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts were measured by DPPH and FRAP methods. The aqueous extract showed a lower antioxidant activity than the ethanolic extract; however, it had high potential to reduce the free radicals and metal ions. After preparing the extract, for phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles, 2 ml of extract was added to 4 ml of 1 mM silver nitrate. The extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agents of the nanoparticles. The effect of determining parameters for optimizing synthesis of nanoparticles such as: pH of reaction, the amount of extract, concentration of metal ion and time of reaction were evaluated using Ultraviolent-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) .The spectrum of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of silver nanoparticles showed the maximum absorbance at 415 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to identify the possible functional groups involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The Results showed that the nanoparticles were spherical shape and the size of them were about 8-12 nm.
Volume 8, Issue 3 (Summer 2019)
Abstract
Aims: The aim of the current study was to determine the role of Avicennia marina’s primary production as well as other food sources in the diet of Longjaw thryssa, Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782) in an arid mangrove ecosystem using carbon stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N).
Material & Methods: We collected five potential food sources in the ecosystem including fresh and senescent leaves of Avicennia marina, particulate organic matter, microphytobenthos and sediment organic matter for further stable isotope analysis. Additionally, fishes were collected with a combination of set nets and seines. The muscle tissue (boneless and skinned, 5 g) was removed from the dorsum of fish.
Findings: Significant differences were found between carbon and nitrogen isotopes of different food sources (p < 0.05). Although, this was not significant for green and senescent leaves (p > 0.05). The average values of carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios of T. setirostris were 15.93‰ and 13.01‰, respectively. The SIMMR model showed that the contribution of senescent and fresh leaves in the diet of T. setirostris was 15% and 10%, respectively.
Conclusion: The result of the current study emphasized a limited role for mangrove detritus in the diet of transient fishes in an arid mangrove ecosystem.
Volume 8, Issue 4 (1-2009)
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate empirically the effects of monetary policy on poverty and income distribution in Iran using the data over the period 1976-2005. Monetary policy is one of the most potent instruments for managing the economy. There is a useful question to ask if the monetary policy is used as an instrument to reduce poverty. Most of the existing literature on monetary policy and poverty focuses on the short run. Monetary policy affects most of the macroeconomic variables such as output, unemployment, and inflation. Moreover, anticipated inflation and unanticipated inflation redistribute differently income from creditors to debtors. If poverty and inequality respond to these macroeconomic variables, monetary policy affects the well-being of the poor. The findings of this study show that monetary policy cannot be used as a poverty alleviation policy in Iran, since the expansionary monetary policy followed commonly by expansionary fiscal policy results in a rise in budget deficits. This policy increases the aggregate demand for all the goods and services in the economy resulting in higher inflation. Furthermore, there is no significant link between monetary policy and investment through interest rate. Consequently, monetary policy has no supply side effects in the economy and just it increases inflation rate. As a result of expansionary monetary policy, the poor would find its real income being gradually eroded by the growth in money supply, and hence the possibility of running into poverty.
Volume 8, Issue 4 (8-2019)
Abstract
Some samples were collected from tomato fields in Qazvin from tomato plants with big bud symptoms such as plant droop and purplish vein under the leaf, enlarged and sac-like pistils and malformed buds. DNA was extracted from the veins and vascular tissues of the plant with CTAB-based methods. In symptomatic plants, DNA fragments of 1800 and 1200bp were amplified by PCR using P1/P7, R16F2n/R16R2 primers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of nested R16F2n/R16R2 primed PCR product (1200bp) showed that the tomato big bud phytoplasma from Qazvin (TOM-Qazvin) is a member of clover proliferation (16SrVI). Phylogenetic analysis of 16SrRNA and putative restriction site analysis of the R16F2n/R16R2 primed sequence classified TOM phytoplasma in clover proliferation (16SrVI) group and belonged to subgroup 16SrVI-A. Virtual RFLP by using 1200bp sequencing of 16SRNA and 17 restriction enzymes confirmed that TOM-Qazvin belonged to the subgroup 16SrVI-A and16SrVI group. To our knowledge, this is the first report of tomato big bud disease in Qazvin province.
Volume 8, Issue 16 (Fall & Winter 2022)
Abstract
Although Quran’s text is obvious and comprehensible, but it has delicate meanings and it is written with an eloquent syntax and unique brevity. According to this description, one should try in Quran translation to transmit its clarity as well as its delicate meanings and syntactical and rhetorical details. Tahereh Saffarzadeh has translated Quran in Persian by an obvious and understandable language, but in some cases, she has not conveyed the word’s significations and syntax of text with accuracy and brevity. Investigating Safarzadeh’s Persian translation of Quran and comparing it with Arabic lexicons and syntaxical structures, authors of present article has figured out that some parts of translation cannot reflect the Arabic text and is influenced by English translation of Quran. In order to meet the purpose, text of last for parts of Saffarzade translation has been compared with Quran and Abdullah Yosef Ali’s translation and the aspects by which saffarzade has been influenced, has been extracted and investigated. A more in depth analysis, the results show that in safarzade’s translation, changes such as ungrammaticality, linguistic adjuncts, change of implication, inappropriate equivalents and descriptive equivalents have been made under the influence of English translation.
Volume 8, Issue 33 (6-2020)
Abstract
In the traditional masculine culture and its gender-oriented divisions, logic had always been considered as a masculine concept. Thinking strategies, in this respect, as well as the ability to make decisions and find solutions are considered as masculine features, marking women as passive, marginal, and observing agents. If only they were given any active role in the social, cultural and political context, it was mostly regarded as a role coupled with treachery and deceitfulness. Yet, in the Persian public cultural domain, from the crux of which legends have emerged as the most notable literary forms, this very patriarchal cliché fails, and the women come to the scene to address problems by relying on their utmost level of rationality and logic. Such a pragmatic logicism in addressing problems as presented by women in the legends can be considered as a feminine rationality. Borrowing from the Jungian theories and forming an analytical-descriptive approach, this study explores how feminine rationality is materialized in the Iranian legends. The findings indicated that unlike global clichés and Jung’s reading of the archetypal legends, women exhibit an essentially feminine rationality that enables them to not only help the main hero of the narrative but also play an all positive role. Considering the depth and breadth as well as the appearance of the wise women in the Iranian legends, this study shows the formation of an archetype, called a ‘wise woman’, which can be further appreciated by exploring the legends from other nations.
Keywords: Pop literature; Iranian legends; gender clichés; feminine rationality; wise woman.
Introduction
Research Background
Several articles have been written about the role of women in Iranian folktales. For example, an article entitled “Active and passive women in popular prose stories” by Bagheri (2013) deals with the types of female roles in popular stories in the two categories of “active women” and “passive women”. “Women’s solutions in Hezarvayekshab” by Ebrahimi (2009) and “Analysis of the cunning story of three cunning women: a critical discourse analysis perspective” by Karimzade Esfahani and Varham (2016) are other examples of articles about women’s cunning. This study, however, focuses on the positive aspects of feminine logic in the Iranian folktales.
Goals, questions, assumptions
In legends and myths, protagonists and heroes are crafted based on the masculine traditions, and when women are introduced as protagonists or heroines, they are set to behave in a manly fashion (Hourihan, 2005, p. 67). Now, the issue is whether female characters exhibit stereotypical behaviors derived from patriarchal culture in Iranian folktales, too? Examining the Iranian legends, one can realize that some gender clichés have been reflected in a rather different form; for instance, introducing women as wise individuals contradicts the binary of wise man and simple woman, and requires deeper investigation.
In folktales, we encounter several groups of wise women. The first group is formed by women who help the protagonist when a conflict arises. They are generally old women who can help the fluidity of the narrative by helping the hero to address the conflict. Carl Gustave Jung, in his explication of the archetype of the wise old man, has referred to this form of characterization, but in its masculine structure. In Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (1959), Jung claims that everyone, regardless of their gender, can be unified in one group under the rubric of the father complex. He also claims that in dreams fate, complications and bans as well as constructive councils are derived from father (Jung, 1959, pp. 255-256). Moreover, he expands the concept by examining the significance of the spirit of a father in the European folktales. However, Jung does not mention “Wise Old Woman” in his projects. Most likely, such a role has not been given to women in the European myths, which is a place of reflection and requires further investigation. The scope of Jung’s research is limited, and given the prominence of the presence of wise old men, more research is needed in this area.
Analyzing the Iranian legends, one can conclude that although a proportion of Iranian legends are conceived in line with a global image of masculine domination, there are numerous examples wherein women are presented as a wise old individual, the traits of whom perfectly match those of her European male counterparts.
The second group of women are introduced as wise women in legends. Contrary to popular belief, feminine logic has been emphasized by people like Christian Dupizan, Mary Wellston Kraft, and Jung. Jung discusses the feminine wisdom helping the man in various ways: “an important function of anima is its contribution to man’s logic when it fails to understand hidden interactions of the unconscious. The other notable function of anima lies in its ability that allows the mind to harmonize itself with internal reality of the mind, reaching the deepest layers of consciousness” (Jung, 1998, p.278). In Iranian folktales and legends, we encounter the examples of wise women. These women are mostly considered as smart, intelligent, and wise women in the stories. We can find the examples in these folktales: “Gole boo Madaran”, “Baghe Gole Zardaloo” and “The king and the Shepherd’s Daughter”.
Conclusion
The article explored the two ways in which women have played significant roles in the Iranian legends, namely, the wise old woman and the wise woman. Exemplifying these two forms, the article concluded that unlike international gender-based binaries, Iranian legends are rife with examples of women as wise, astute, and kindhearted individuals. This contradictory aspect of the Iranian legends shows that such gender binaries were never an original part of our culture and heritage. Hence, a reconsideration of gender clichés and reading them in the light of our national heritage and culture is necessary in the later studies. Considering the frequency of wise women in the Iranian legends, we can suggest the notable significance of a new archetype called the wise woman in its Iranian context, bridging between our cultural heritage and the Jungian theories. It, moreover, can be suggested that this new archetype can be traced in other national legends and literatures.
References
Keywords: Pop literature; Iranian legends; gender clichés; feminine rationality; wise woman.Introduction
Research Background
Several articles have been written about the role of women in Iranian folktales. For example, an article entitled “Active and passive women in popular prose stories” by Bagheri (2013) deals with the types of female roles in popular stories in the two categories of “active women” and “passive women”. “Women’s solutions in Hezarvayekshab” by Ebrahimi (2009) and “Analysis of the cunning story of three cunning women: a critical discourse analysis perspective” by Karimzade Esfahani and Varham (2016) are other examples of articles about women’s cunning. This study, however, focuses on the positive aspects of feminine logic in the Iranian folktales.
Goals, questions, assumptions
In legends and myths, protagonists and heroes are crafted based on the masculine traditions, and when women are introduced as protagonists or heroines, they are set to behave in a manly fashion (Hourihan, 2005, p. 67). Now, the issue is whether female characters exhibit stereotypical behaviors derived from patriarchal culture in Iranian folktales, too? Examining the Iranian legends, one can realize that some gender clichés have been reflected in a rather different form; for instance, introducing women as wise individuals contradicts the binary of wise man and simple woman, and requires deeper investigation.
In folktales, we encounter several groups of wise women. The first group is formed by women who help the protagonist when a conflict arises. They are generally old women who can help the fluidity of the narrative by helping the hero to address the conflict. Carl Gustave Jung, in his explication of the archetype of the wise old man, has referred to this form of characterization, but in its masculine structure. In Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious (1959), Jung claims that everyone, regardless of their gender, can be unified in one group under the rubric of the father complex. He also claims that in dreams fate, complications and bans as well as constructive councils are derived from father (Jung, 1959, pp. 255-256). Moreover, he expands the concept by examining the significance of the spirit of a father in the European folktales. However, Jung does not mention “Wise Old Woman” in his projects. Most likely, such a role has not been given to women in the European myths, which is a place of reflection and requires further investigation. The scope of Jung’s research is limited, and given the prominence of the presence of wise old men, more research is needed in this area.
Analyzing the Iranian legends, one can conclude that although a proportion of Iranian legends are conceived in line with a global image of masculine domination, there are numerous examples wherein women are presented as a wise old individual, the traits of whom perfectly match those of her European male counterparts.
The second group of women are introduced as wise women in legends. Contrary to popular belief, feminine logic has been emphasized by people like Christian Dupizan, Mary Wellston Kraft, and Jung. Jung discusses the feminine wisdom helping the man in various ways: “an important function of anima is its contribution to man’s logic when it fails to understand hidden interactions of the unconscious. The other notable function of anima lies in its ability that allows the mind to harmonize itself with internal reality of the mind, reaching the deepest layers of consciousness” (Jung, 1998, p.278). In Iranian folktales and legends, we encounter the examples of wise women. These women are mostly considered as smart, intelligent, and wise women in the stories. We can find the examples in these folktales: “Gole boo Madaran”, “Baghe Gole Zardaloo” and “The king and the Shepherd’s Daughter”.
Conclusion
The article explored the two ways in which women have played significant roles in the Iranian legends, namely, the wise old woman and the wise woman. Exemplifying these two forms, the article concluded that unlike international gender-based binaries, Iranian legends are rife with examples of women as wise, astute, and kindhearted individuals. This contradictory aspect of the Iranian legends shows that such gender binaries were never an original part of our culture and heritage. Hence, a reconsideration of gender clichés and reading them in the light of our national heritage and culture is necessary in the later studies. Considering the frequency of wise women in the Iranian legends, we can suggest the notable significance of a new archetype called the wise woman in its Iranian context, bridging between our cultural heritage and the Jungian theories. It, moreover, can be suggested that this new archetype can be traced in other national legends and literatures.
References
- Ebrahimi, Sh. (2009). Women’s solutions in Hezarvayekshab. Journal of Stylistic of Persian Poem and Prose, 2(4), 125-135.
- Hourihan, M. (2005). Deconstructing the Hero. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library.
- Jung, C. (1998). Man, and His Symbols (translated into Farsi by Mahmoud Soltanieh). Tehran: Jami.
- Jung, C. (2018). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (translated into Farsi by Farnaz Ganji and Mohammad Baqer Ismaeil Poor). Tehran: Jami.
- Karimzade Esfahani, A. & Varham, L. (2016). The analysis of the cunning story of three cunning women: a critical discourse analysis perspective. Journal of Iranian Social Research, 1(11), 125-146.
Volume 8, Issue 35 (11-2020)
Abstract
The historical, social, and literary significance of folk tales is a generally accepted notion. Since these stories are oral narratives that were later written, they are important in terms of narrative prose and textual structure. The Safavid period is also noteworthy in terms of profiling many of these stories. So far as the style is concerned, the combination of order and prose is one of the characteristics of fictional prose of this period. There are many poems in fiction that can be studied. However, in this study, among the popular stories of the Safavid era, the story of Bustan-i Khayal (Garden of Imagination) is selected as one of the largest and most famous folk tales with a collection of historical tales and stories of demons and fairies, written by Mir Mohammad Taqi Al-Jaafari Al-Husseini nicknamed "Khayal", and also known as Khayal Ahmadabadi. The storyteller lived in the twelfth century AH in the Indian subcontinent. The purpose of this study is to analyze the scattered poems in the story of Bustan-i Khayal, following these objectives: 1. an investigation of the poetic themes and the variety of their use within the story, 2. their connection with the text of the story, 3. identifying the poets of the poems. The research methods are quantitative, qualitative, and analytical. The scattered poems in this work were extracted and analyzed based on the subject, function, and identification of their poets. The findings in the subject section indicate that the descriptive, romantic, emotional, social, critical, epic, prayerful, doctrinal, and praiseworthy topics have the highest to the lowest frequency, respectively. Based on the functions, we can group the poems in relation to the prose of the story into four sections: confirmation, emphasis, completion, and description. Their order is: completion 55%, description 33%, emphasis 9%, and approval 2%. The storyteller tries to use more poems of Saeb, Saadi, Hafiz, Jami, Mowlavi, Ferdowsi, Nizami, Attar, etc. Research background: There are several studies conducted in relation to the topic of our research. Aq Qaleh (2016), researched 224 printed Persian texts belonging to this period up to the year 700 (Hijri), of which 136 texts contained Persian poems and 88 works lacked Persian poetry. Soltani (2013) discusses the characteristics of folk tales, the characteristics of Safavid period prose, its related perspectives, and people's interest in the Safavid era to tell and read stories. Faghihi (1994) conducted a PhD dissertation on the collection, translation and description of poems in the second half of the sixth century. Aims, questions, and assumptions The study follows these aims: 1. Identifying the poets 2. Examining the poetic topics and the variety of their use within the stories 3. The use of these poems in the text and their relationship with the story To these aims, the following research questions were raised: 1. What is the literary value and significance of the poems in the prose folk tales of the Safavid period? 2. What is the frequency of using poems in each of the selected folk tales of the Safavid period? 3. During the prose of the story, which of the Persian language poets has been martyred the most? The hypotheses are: 1. The use of these poems in the context of the story is rhetorical and for the completion of the content of the story. 2. The poetry of famous Persian poets has been martyred in fictional prose. 3. The verses are given in order to complete, confirm, emphasize, and describe the story Results and discussion In this literary-fiction story, the author talks about the world of human beings and their connection with the transcendental existence. According to Mahjoub, this story is the longest story in Persian. "Bustan-i Khayal is one of the greatest folk tales or a collection of historical tales and stories of demons and fairies. It has fifteen volumes written by Mir Mohammad Taqi Al-Jafari Al-Husseini alias Khayal" (Mahjoub, 2014, p. 620). The Safavid period is important in terms of having different types of stories. Safa has introduced a large number of them in his history of literature (Volume 5, Part 3). In the current study, however, scattered verses of this work have been extracted and examined in terms of their subject and function. Thematically, these verses have been categorized from various descriptive, romantic, admonishing, social, critical, epic, prayerful, doctrinal, and praiseworthy aspects. So far as their functions are concerned, they are categorized into four groups of confirmation, emphasis, completion, and description. Conclusion According to the descriptive verse statistics, love affairs are in the first place, and advice is in the third place. The manner the verses are used in the narration of the story shows that these verses are directly related to the text of the story; that is, if it is a matter of wisdom and advice, the verses that refer to advice and counsel are given, and if it is lyrical and romantic, emotional and romantic verses are used. However, if it is an epic, epic poems related to heroism and battle are included in the text of the story. Examining how the verses are used and functioned in the text of the story, it was found that the narrator has included the verses in the text according to the confirmation, emphasis, completion, and description of the story. Poems in the completion section with 55%, description 33%, emphasis 9% and 2% confirmation have the highest to the lowest distribution, respectively. The storyteller's effort in using poems is manifested through verses that are in the category of proverbs and are common in the language of the people. Of the 592 verses, 190 verses, which account for 32.09% of the total number of poems, contribute to the poems that have become popular. Apart from Ahmadabadi's imaginary poems, most of the verses are from Saeb, Saadi, Hafez, Jami, Rumi, Ferdowsi, Nezami, Attar, etc., respectively. Few verses have been recited from Kaleem Kashani, Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, Abu Saeed Abolkhair, Asir Shahrestani, Bidel Dehlavi, Milli Mashhadi, Naziri Neyshabouri, Mohtasham Kashani, Anvari, and others. References Homaee, J. (1999). Techniques and figures of speech. Homa. Khayal Gojarati, M. T. (2013). Boostan-i- khayal (edited by Seyed Kamal Haj Seyed Javadi and Pouran Zeinali). Pazooheshkadeh Honar. Mahjoob, M.J. (2014). Iranian Folk Literature (edited by Hassan Zolfaghari). Cheshmeh. Safa, Z. (1967). History of Literature in Iran. University of Tehran. Safari Aq Qaleh, A. (2016). Scattered Persian poems in texts up to 700 Hijri. Mahmoud Afshar. Shamisa, S. (1997). Stylistics of prose. Mitra.
Volume 9, Issue 0 (بهار 85- 2010)
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory erosive joint disease with the worldwide distribution of approximately 0.5-1%. Molecular methods can be very sensitive in the early stage diagnosis of the disease and therefore prevention the late complications and disabilities. Etiology of RA, an autoimmune disease, is not exactly known but immunologic and genetic factors seem to play important roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. Genetic factors such as Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) are responsible for many autoimmune diseases; therefore we decided to look for a correlation between RA and the presence of specific HLA-DQB1 alleles as a possible genetic markers. Methods: The genomic DNAs from the whole blood samples of 25 patients with RA and 86 normal individuals (Control group) were extracted by salting out method. The genomic DNA was amplified by PCR-SSP technique. HLA-Typing was done by this method after optimizing the PCR reaction for each allele. In this procedure seven serological subclasses of HLA-DQB1 can be detected. Results: Comparing the results between the patients and the controls suggests a significant increase in the frequency of HLA-DQ5 (*0501-*0504) and HLA-DQ8 (*0302, *0305) alleles in the patient group. The P-values were respectively 0.033 and 0.007 (P<0.05)(DQ5 and DQ8 positive individuals in patients were respectively 56% and 24% compared with 31.4% and 5.8% in healthy people). The relative risk for these alleles was evaluated higher than 1. Conclusions: The results suggest that DQ5 and DQ8 are the dominant HLA-DQB1 alleles that are associated with the susceptibility to RA. These alleles are probably important in increasing the risk of developing RA disease in Northeastern Iran and we can use them as molecular markers for diagnosis of RA.
Volume 9, Issue 0 (بهار 85- 2010)
Abstract
Introduction and aim: Diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection in children must be done before renal damage. So, in many countries the screening programs are done in the schools. There are a few reports on the prevalence of this disease among children in different parts of Iran. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of this infection in the seven years old children of Birjand city and determine the worth of recommending a screening program for the UTI before attendance to school ,this study was performed . Methods: 278 Students (148 boys and 130 girls) Were selected by multi stage cluster sampling. After filling the questionnaire ,urine culture was done. In those who had colony count above or equal 104 per ml and below 105, U/C was repeated. children with 105 colony count per ml had documented as UTI. Results: The prevalence of UTI was 1.1% in all students. The prevalence of UTI was 1.4% in boys and 0.8% in girls. There was not any significant difference in the prevalance of UTI between two sexex (P.Value =1). 68.9 % of the boys (102 persons) were circumcised. The prevalance of UTI was 1% in circumcised boys and 2.2% in uncircumcised ones. There was not any significant difference in UTI between these two groups (Pvalue = 0.53). the most common age of doing circumcision was six years old. We had only Ecoli in the results of all documented UTI. Conclusion: Regavding to a few information about the prevalance of UTI among children in different parts of Iran, it is better to conduct more studies to determine the worth of recommending a screening programs for UTI in pre-school age .We recommend giving more information and education to people about the best age for circum cision.
Volume 9, Issue 2 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
Aim: the present study aimed to analyze the diameter distribution of Juniperus excelsa m.bieb stands of northeast Iran, using probability distribution functions consider to cardinal directions.
Materials & Methods: The data have been collected from 168 sample plots of 0.1ha areas in natural juniper stands of Iran. In this study, the diameter distribution of the juniper stands has been evaluated in four main geographical aspects, using various statistical distributions. Weibull (two- and three-parameter), Gamma (two- and three-parameter), Beta, Johnson, and lognormal probability distributions have been used for modeling diameter distribution.
Findings: According to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the most appropriate distribution functions in the northern, eastern, and southern slopes were the two-parameter Weibull and Johnson probability distributions western slopes, the most appropriate distribution functions were Beta and Johnson. Besides, considering Anderson-Darling’s fitting test, only lognormal distribution in the northern, eastern, and southern aspects, and lognormal and three-parameter Weibull in western aspect did not show a significant difference compared with the frequency of trees in diameter classes.
Conclusion: Generally, the results show Weibull (2p) and longermal are the most appropriate statistical distribution functions for describing the distribution of trees in the diameter classes of Juniperus excelsa in different aspects.
Materials & Methods: The data have been collected from 168 sample plots of 0.1ha areas in natural juniper stands of Iran. In this study, the diameter distribution of the juniper stands has been evaluated in four main geographical aspects, using various statistical distributions. Weibull (two- and three-parameter), Gamma (two- and three-parameter), Beta, Johnson, and lognormal probability distributions have been used for modeling diameter distribution.
Findings: According to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the most appropriate distribution functions in the northern, eastern, and southern slopes were the two-parameter Weibull and Johnson probability distributions western slopes, the most appropriate distribution functions were Beta and Johnson. Besides, considering Anderson-Darling’s fitting test, only lognormal distribution in the northern, eastern, and southern aspects, and lognormal and three-parameter Weibull in western aspect did not show a significant difference compared with the frequency of trees in diameter classes.
Conclusion: Generally, the results show Weibull (2p) and longermal are the most appropriate statistical distribution functions for describing the distribution of trees in the diameter classes of Juniperus excelsa in different aspects.
Volume 9, Issue 3 (Summer 2021)
Abstract
Aims: With the new COVID-19, a global effort has been made to control and prevent the spread of the disease. Self-care behavior is known to be an effective way to prevent COVID 19. Physical distancing, hand washing are important examples of self-care actions. This study aimed to model and determine the predictors of self-care behavior about the new COVID-19.
Instrument & Methods: Cross-sectional correlational design was used for this study. This study was performed on 1083 people in Kerman Province, Iran, using the available sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the main constructs of the Health Belief Model and constructs derived from the review of the literature. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and AMOS 18 software.
Findings: The mean age of the participants was 32.36±9.34, with an age range of 10 to 65 years. The model explained 72% of the variance in self-care behaviors. The SEM showed that self-efficacy (β=0.685; SE=0.097; p=0.001), perceived severity (β=0.419; SE=0.064; p=0.001), perceived benefits (β=0.288; SE=0.061; p=0.001), health importance (β=0.19; SE=0.063; p=0.001) and knowledge (β=0.248; SE=0.025; p=0.001) were positively and significantly related and perceived barriers (β=0.199, SE=0.046, p=0.001) was negatively and significantly related to self-care behaviors.
Conclusion: Constructs of self-efficacy, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, health importance, and knowledge are the main predictors of self-care and preventive behaviors associated with the novel coronavirus. Therefore, this model can promote self-care programs and predict the incidence and mortality of COVID-19.
Instrument & Methods: Cross-sectional correlational design was used for this study. This study was performed on 1083 people in Kerman Province, Iran, using the available sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the main constructs of the Health Belief Model and constructs derived from the review of the literature. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and AMOS 18 software.
Findings: The mean age of the participants was 32.36±9.34, with an age range of 10 to 65 years. The model explained 72% of the variance in self-care behaviors. The SEM showed that self-efficacy (β=0.685; SE=0.097; p=0.001), perceived severity (β=0.419; SE=0.064; p=0.001), perceived benefits (β=0.288; SE=0.061; p=0.001), health importance (β=0.19; SE=0.063; p=0.001) and knowledge (β=0.248; SE=0.025; p=0.001) were positively and significantly related and perceived barriers (β=0.199, SE=0.046, p=0.001) was negatively and significantly related to self-care behaviors.
Conclusion: Constructs of self-efficacy, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, health importance, and knowledge are the main predictors of self-care and preventive behaviors associated with the novel coronavirus. Therefore, this model can promote self-care programs and predict the incidence and mortality of COVID-19.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Winter 2019)
Abstract
Enzymes of marine organisms are ideal candidates for biomonitoring of pollution in marine environments. For the widespread use of enzymes in industrial processes, carried out under certain physico-chemical conditions, their stability must be improved. In this study, for the first time, chitosan nanoparticles were used as matrices for augmenting the stability of Penaeus vannamei (Whiteleg shrimp)-derived purified proteases against metallic ions. For the electrostatic binding of the enzyme to the chitosan nanoparticles, the protein solution at a concentration of 7mg/ml was added to the nanoparticles, and incubated for 4 hours at 10°C. After 3 times rinsing with phosphate buffer of pH=7.5, the nano-enzyme was dissolved in 1ml phosphate buffer, and used for further studies. The results of this study showed that Fe2+ and Mn2+ significantly increased the enzyme activity, whereas a strong inhibitory effect was observed in the presence of Cd2+, Hg2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+, and a weak inhibitory effect in the presence of Na+ and K+. The immobilized enzyme exhibited greater resistance to metal ions than its free counterpart. The free enzyme was susceptible to the presence of metal ions, and with the increment of their concentrations, enzyme activity declines. From this nexus, it could be inferred that the high stability of immobilized enzyme is due to the presence of chitosan nanoparticles. Stability retention of the immobilized enzyme at high concentrations of metal ions indicates the efficacy and utility of the immobilization method in industrial enzyme technology.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Winter 2019)
Abstract
The Stability of protease in organic solvent media has been widely discussed for more than two decades. Proteases can catalyze synthetic reactions in organic media, by this way solvent stabilities of proteases are very important. In this study, we reported a bacterium isolated from hot spring of Geinarje, Iran producing an organic solvent stable protease. Protease producing bacteria were screened on skim milk agar and the formation of a clear zone around the bacterial colony was investigated. Proteolytic activity was assayed by a modified caseinolytic method using casein as a substrate. The best alkaline protease producing bacterium was selected and identified on the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequencing and morphological and biochemical characteristics. The effect of organic solvents, temperature, pH, and NaCl on proteolytic activity were examined. According to phylogenetic analysis, morphological and physiological tests, isolated, the bacterium was identified as a new strain of Brevibacillus borstelensis. This strain was able to produce an extracellular organic solvent-stable protease with 0.53U/ml enzyme activity. After 2 hour incubation at 30°C the protease of Brevibacillus borstelensis AMN was active in wide ranges of organic solvents, and its activity was enhanced in the presence of 25% (V/V) isopropanol. The biochemical properties of the enzyme revealed that the optimal pH and temperature for protease activity were 9.0 and 60°C, respectively. Our finding indicated that these robust properties of protease, like outstanding activity and stability in organic solvents and alkaline medium, might be applicable for various industrial biotechnologies.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (1-2021)
Abstract
| This study was designed and performed to evaluate the effect of using the active edible coating of sodium alginate containing different levels of rosemary extract on physicochemical and microbial properties of silver carp-chicken fillet mixed burger during storage. 5 treatments including uncoated burgers (control) with sodium alginate coating enriched with levels of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of rosemary extract were considered. Burgers were stored at -18 ° C for 3 months. Results showed that the use of sodium alginate coating significantly decreased the percentage of burger cooking drop. Enrichment of sodium alginate coating with different levels of rosemary extract improved its performance (P<0.05). The lowest total microbial count, psychrophilic bacteria count, TVN, PV and TBA were observed in coated burgers containing 1.5% of rosemary extract (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the performance of coatings containing levels of 1 and 1.5% of rosemary extract in decreasing TBA. Thus it is possible to use the active edible coating of sodium alginate containing 1.5% of rosemary extract to delay bacterial and oxidative spoilage of silver carp-chicken fillet burgers during a 3-month storage period at -18 ° C used. |