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While principal private international actions are pending before a court, there is a possibility for arising related actions. However, if the court doesn’t have jurisdiction over related actions, two important questions may arise; the first one is if the Iranian or Egyptian courts have jurisdiction to decide the principal dispute, can they take the jurisdiction to decide the related actions? Also, if the foreign court has jurisdiction over the principal action, is the Iranian or Egyptian court required to dismiss jurisdiction in favor of the foreign court?  The article with the descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach examines the approach of Iranian and Egyptian laws in this area. The article shows that where the Iranian or Egyptian court has jurisdiction over the principal action, it can take jurisdiction to decide the related actions. Nevertheless, if the Iranian court has jurisdiction to decide the related actions, the jurisdiction of the foreign court over the principal action does not prevent the Iranian court to exercise the jurisdiction over related actions. However, on this question, there are contradicted views in Egyptian law.

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Aim: Applying deep brain stimulation at low-frequency has anticonvulsant effect on kindled seizures. In this study, the effect of low-frequency stimulation (LFS) on kindling-induced changes in the dendritic length of hippocampal CA1 neurons was investigated.
Methods: To administer LFS in the hippocampus, animals first underwent stereotactic surgery and a tripolar electrode were positioned in the CA1 region. Animals received intraperitoneal pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 34 mg/kg) every other day until they showed three consecutive stage 4 or 5 seizures. LFS was administered to the dorsal hippocampal CA1 area in kindled+LFS group. Hippocampal samples were prepared for stereological assessment one week after termination of LFS application.
Results: PTZ kindling was accompanied with a decrease in dendritic length in CA1 neurons. One week after application of LFS, the length of dendrites was restored to control group values, and there was a significant difference between kindled+LFS and kindled groups. Interestingly, the effect of administering LFS alone in control group, was similar to that of kindled group and a significant decrease was observed in dendritic length.
Conclusion: LFS had a restoring effect on morphological changes in CA1 neurons of kindled animals. This effect may be considered a mechanism for therapeutic action of deep brain stimulation in seizure.

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To launch an evidence source for successive judgment and decision making, program evaluation of any educational institute is an indispensable process, and language institutes are not the exceptions. In an attempt to propose a solution for a fundamental problem as the lack of a standard evaluation program for English language institutes, this study used a new method to be implemented in the context of ‘English language institutes (ELIs)’ of Iran. In this country, evaluation of nongovernmental centers, including ELIs, is carried out by the Ministry of Education (ME) using a performance evaluation framework which mainly collects the required data through a survey form (locally known as ‘Form 322’).  We adopted and applied the survey form 322 into developing a specific questionnaire. Ninety ELIs administrators of Mazandaran were surveyed through an instrument that was piloted and validated through the obtained data. The extracted results from the questionnaire were sorted into the categories of “validation”, “improvement”, “redesigning”, and “researchers’ opinion”. The results showed that the original form, long used in the country, needs to be redesigned. To cross-validate the obtained data and the emerging results, fifteen volunteers from the participating institutes were interviewed for their ideas through Skype and direct interview. Consistent with the results, not only for Iran are an online platform and a standard evaluation and monitoring process recommended, but also an international integrated performance evaluation standard is strongly suggested for English language institutes.

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One way of dealing with parallel litigation for the courts of common law countries is ‎to issue an anti-suit injunction preventing one of the disputing parties from initiating or ‎continuing proceedings in the courts of another country. Civil law countries believe that ‎this remedy interferes with the proceedings in their courts and violates their national ‎sovereignty. This study aims to examine the attitude of the EU, French, and Iranian law ‎towards the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions. The study contends that in the EU, an ‎anti-suit injunction rendered by a third country is enforceable in an EU member state as ‎long as it accepts the enforcement of such an injunction under its national law and its ‎jurisdiction is not based on EU regulations. In French law, anti-suit injunctions are ‎traditionally unenforceable. However, when parties agree to grant jurisdiction to a ‎foreign court, the French courts enforce such injunctions and dismiss the proceedings in ‎favor of the foreign-selected court. On the other hand, when the French courts assert ‎exclusive jurisdiction to decide the dispute, they may react to an anti-suit injunction by ‎issuing an anti-anti-suit injunction.  In Iranian law, an anti-suit injunction cannot be ‎enforced under Article 169 of the Enforcement of Civil Judgments Code. As a result, ‎there is no mechanism for the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions in Iran. However, ‎due to the advantages of enforcing anti-suit injunctions, the study contends that the lack ‎of a mechanism should not be an obstacle to the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions in ‎Iran.‎
 

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Traditional celebrations and recreational activities are considered part of the Iranian historical identity. Ancient and medieval Persian sources have documented various types of these celebrations, suggesting the social commitment to such rituals. Apart from social identity, these tendencies could also bring dynamism and refreshment into the society. With the passage of time, despite many adversities imposed on social foundations, some of these ceremonies were redefined and retrieved as the national heritage. Of course, other forms of joyful ceremonies that were matched with new religious thought were added to the national heritage, as well. On the other hand, Iranian governments and rulers of the time also supported and promoted some of these rituals in accordance with their personal morale as well as political and religious attitudes, thereby contributing to their survival and continuity. In the Safavid era, the Iranian society was not different as a relative political stability and security allowed the continuity of these traditions. The present study intends to introduce the patterns and types of these celebrations. Thus, the main question of this research is: what were the forms of joyful ceremonies during the Safavid? Research data show that despite the fact that the Safavid period, at one time and other, was engaged in some civil or external wars, the social texture had a deep link with promising and recreational approaches and hence; there were various types of celebrations and ceremonies based on social traditions.

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Drought is a major abiotic stress in arid and semi-arid areas. This study examines how drought stress and different rootstocks affect aerial part physiology and macronutrient uptake in two seedlings of pear cultivars, 'Dargazi' and 'Louise Bonne,' grafted onto 'Dargazi' and 'Pyrodwarf' rootstocks. Treatments were well-watered as control (100% Field Capacity, FC), moderate (60% FC), and severe drought (30% FC). Drought stress decreased the Root-to-Shoot weight ratio (R/SH), Leaf Relative Water Content (LRWC), Soluble Protein (SP), Photosynthetic Nitrogen Use Efficiency (PNUE), leaf osmotic potential (Ψs), Leaf potassium (LK⁺), Root Calcium (RCa²⁺), Root Nitrogen (RN), Stomatal aperture (SA), net photosynthetic rate (An), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and instantaneous carboxylation Efficiency of Rubisco (EiC) in all scion-rootstock combinations. Under drought stress, levels of proline (Prol), Glycine Betaine (GB), Total Soluble Carbohydrate (TSC), root potassium (RK⁺), leaf calcium (LCa²⁺), leaf nitrogen (LN), leaf and root phosphorus (P) increased. 'Dargazi' as the cultivar or rootstock showed better instantaneous Water Use Efficiency (WUEi), Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency (NUtE), and Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency (NUpE), with higher LN, LNO³⁻, LNH⁴⁺, Prol, and Ψs under severe stress. 'Louise Bonne' had higher amounts of R/SH weight ratio, Total Nitrogen Accumulation (TNA), leaf and root nitrate reductase activity (NRA),  An, intracellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), E, and root nitrate (RNO³⁻) under moderate stress. 'Pyrodwarf' rootstock demonstrated the highest TNA and RCa²⁺ under moderate stress conditions. These results indicated that 'Dargazi' demonstrated better tolerance under severe stress, while 'Pyrodwarf' and 'Louise Bonne' were more effective under moderate stress conditions.

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Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease in rosaceous plants, contains type III secreted effector proteins including DspA/E, HrpN and HrpW, which are secreted into host plants during the pathogenicity stages. In order to investigate the role of these effector proteins in the interaction with the host plants, susceptible (Bartlett), tolerant (Harrow Sweet) and resistant (Dargazi) pear cultivars were inoculated with wild-type and mutant strains of E. amylovora (hrpW^-, hrpN^- and dspA/E^-) under in vitro conditions. Based on the results, HrpW protein may be involved in pathogenicity in Dargazi cultivar. Different levels of pathogenicity were observed by dspA/E^- mutant in cultivars. The results showed the key role of HrpN in the defense mechanisms of Dargazi cultivar, and its pathogenic role in Harrow Sweet and Bartlett cultivars. An increase in ferritin levels was observed in all cultivars inoculated with the wild type strain, but resistant and tolerant cultivars showed higher ferritin levels and a decrease in Fe²⁺ was observed only in these cultivars. The obtained data show that the HrpW protein does not affect iron homeostasis. Inoculation of Harrow Sweet and Dargazi cultivars with all strains increased ferritin, which was associated with a decrease in Fe²⁺. Based on the results, it is not possible to associate any of the effector proteins with changes in ferritin and Fe²⁺. In general, the ability of resistant pear cultivars to increase ferritin levels and regulation of iron can be one of the reasons for their resistance to fire blight. According to the results, different mechanisms are employed by pear cultivars to respond to the causative agent of fire blight.

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Background: Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Apart from supportive care, no effective treatment for this disease has been identified so far. Accordingly, a double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on infants with a diagnosis of mild to moderate bronchiolitis. Material and Methods: Three clinical trial groups were designed, including Ventolin 0.15 mg/kg, Palmicort 125 mg twice a day, and normal saline nebulization every 4 hours. Clinical symptoms were monitored by asthma and allergy specialist daily, and the need for supplemental oxygen, recovery time from symptoms, and hospital days were recorded and compared between the three groups. Results: The results demonstrated that the frequency of oxygen requirement in both palmicort and normal saline groups was lower in compare to the ventolin group. But there was no significant difference between the three groups (P=0.765 and P=0.907, respectively). The duration of symptom improvement in the normal saline and palmicort group was significantly shorter than the Ventolin group (P=0.017). No significant difference was observed between the three groups of Ventolin, Pulmicort and normal saline during the treatment in terms of clinical score (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The obtained results showed that Ventolin or Palmicort nebulizer is not statistically better than normal saline for the treatment of children with bronchiolitis. Therefore, our results do not support the routine use of bronchodilators in the clinical setting for the management of mild to moderate forms of bronchiolitis in infants.
 

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In concluding a contract, sometimes we need to leave some of its provisions to the future and agree on the basic elements of the contract. Many lawyers consider this contract vague and even invalid. However, due to the connection that certain conditions have with the public policy of the society, such invalidity does not come from jurisprudence, civil code and commercial practice. So, the question is what are the criteria for resolving the ambiguity of the provisions of the contract? By examining legal provisions, the ambiguity of an incomplete contract may be subject to an objective criterion or the will of the parties to the contract or one of the parties or a third party may prevail. If these criteria are not in the contract, the court can enter and resolve the ambiguity of the contract. All of this kind of Contracts is valid if one can evaluate by an objective criterion or by a personal decision or a court decision. Otherwise, the contract would be a void entity in law.

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