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Showing 172 results for Abdollah
Volume 22, Issue 4 (6-2020)
Abstract
To extend the genetic base of Iranian tomato germplasm, 93 landraces were collected from the northwest of Iran and East Anatolian of Turkey, along with three commercial cultivars, and their genetic structure were studied using 39 SSR primers. Thirty-five polymorphic SSR loci generated a total of 118 alleles in the studied germplasm. Number of alleles per locus and effective number of alleles averaged 3.37 and 2.47, respectively. Expected heterozygosity of SSRs varied from 0.227 (TMS24) to 0.773 (LEta016), averaged 0.558. The mean number of alleles per genomic-SSRs (3.61) was more than that of EST-SSRs (2.66). Cluster analysis using Neighbour Joining (NJ) method placed 96 tomato genotypes in eight groups. Little congruence was found between NJ dendrogram and geographical distances. Genetic structure analysis of the germplasm using Bayesian method revealed two sub-populations and separated cherry tomatoes from the other landraces and commercial cultivars. Out of the 21 morphological characters, significant (P≤ 0.05) marker-trait associations were found for 18 characters. Each of SSR loci TC11, TC948, and Tom236-237 was associated with three characters. The genetic variability, structure, and markers associated with the studied traits in the current study can be used for planning tomato breeding programs and future studies.
Volume 23, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Recycling of concrete has been the focus of researchers owing to the large volume of concrete waste and the limited resources of valuable materials. Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) contains aggregates of various types of concrete and building materials that have been destroyed due to their shelf life or as a result of war and natural disasters. In order to use different types of recycled aggregates (RA), it is necessary to conduct more detailed and sensitive research on the behavior of RAC in order to reach the highest possible level of quality and cost in the construction process. On the other hand, RA are made of concrete with different properties and its aggregates have been subjected to different form of loading, hence it is important to carefully examine their behavior and properties. Therefore, in this study, the strength and the durability of RAC after freeze and thaw cycles were compared with natural concrete while different water/cement ratios are used.
In this study, RA were extracted from demolished waste concrete specimens and used to produce three mixtures named RC, RN and NC while 100, 50 and 0 percent of RA were replaced respectively. Water to cement ratio were kept as 45 and 55 percent of cement. A total number of 57 samples for flexural, compressive, tensile strength and ultrasonic tests were made. 24 samples were placed in the refrigerator and freeze and thaw cycles were applied on. 18 and 15 specimens were prepared for testing at 28 and 120 days of age, respectively. According to ASTM C666, the relative dynamic modulus of the specimens was tested using ultrasonic test after each 40 cycle’s period. After the test was finished, compressive strength, single point bending, indirect tensile tests and elastic modulus were determined for each specimens. Finally, the behavior of recycled and natural concrete was compared.
The results showed that the freeze and thaw cycles reduced the resistance of both RAC and NAC. Recycled aggregates have 2.5 times more water absorption than Natural aggregates. RAC has lost 41%, 18%, 10% and 28% of its compressive, flexural, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, after the freeze and thaw cycle, respectively. The 100% replacement of RA reduced even more the mechanical behavior of samples. The relative dynamic modulus at the end of the cycles for RAC was 2% higher than that of NAC, indicating its better durability properties against freeze and thaw cycles. Concrete with 50% replacement of recycled aggregate has almost the same durability and strength as NAC, hence is recommended to be use in similar condition
Volume 23, Issue 3 (5-2021)
Abstract
Continuous Biological Control (BC) of pests can reduce unnecessary pesticide applications in rice production, thus promoting occupational safety and health in farming. In this study, the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change was examined for its applicability in explaining adoption and maintenance of BC use among 344 rice farmers of Simorgh County, Mazandaran Province in northern Iran, to better understand how farmers change their pest management behavior for incorporating BC. The stages of behavior change in BC use were assessed according to the TTM model, i.e. Pre-Contemplation (PC), Contemplation (C), Preparation (PR), Action (A), and Maintenance (M), in the management of rice stem borer [Chilo suppressalis (Walker)]. Almost three quarters (75.1%) of the farmers were in pre-action stages (43.1% in PC stage, 16.3% in C stage, and 15.7% in PR stage), 15.1% were changing their behavior (A stage), and while few farmers (9.8%) reported continuous use of BC agents for more than two cropping seasons (M stage). Farmers in the early stages of TTM model showed lower education levels, higher income, lower self-consumption of rice, higher grain yields, higher damage by rice stem borer, and lower knowledge levels about natural enemies than those who were in the later stages of change. Moreover, self-efficacy in BC use and perceived advantages of BC use increased through the stages of change, whereas the perceived disadvantages of BC use decreased. This is the first report supporting the appropriateness of the TTM in explaining farmers’ behavior change in BC use, which provides novel evidence on farmers’ adoption process of BC. Extension measures should focus on usual obstacles related to BC use, such as perceived advantages and disadvantages of BC as well as self-efficacy in BC use, targeting to match the stage of change with various intervention strategies.
Volume 23, Issue 3 (8-2023)
Abstract
Abstract
Wharf is an engineering structure which is constructed generally for loading or unloading of goods. The structure may be constructed on the weak layers like gravel and sand with respect to the bank conditions. In case of incorrect design of this type of structure and its failure, the wharf activities may be stopped for a long time due to damage to adjacent facilities. For this reason, investigating the behavior of coastal structures against failure factors such as earthquake and the liquefaction due to it, is of great importance. Analysis of wharf performance against liquefaction is done generally using the numerical methods. In this article using the Flac2D software which has the capability of nonlinear analysis of effective stress and generation of excess pore water pressure in the soil continuum, the liquefaction phenomenon in the soil surrounding the wharf is simulated using the behavioral model Finn. In continuation, the impact of different earthquake parameters on the wharf behavior is investigated. Finally, the results of the excess pore water pressure, horizontal displacement, soil settlement and bending moment of piles are presented. Then, the correlation between these parameters and different earthquake parameters is investigated. As the earthquake intensity criteria have great importance in terms of statistical assessment of seismic demand of various types of structures, therefore, in this study in order to investigate the quality of earthquake intensity criteria, the determining indices such as being optimal and applicable, efficiency index, sufficiency with respect to the earthquake magnitude and distance to the center of earthquake propagation are investigated. The results show that compatibility between the earthquake parameters and soil settlement is generally better with respect to other parameters.
Keywords: Wharf, liquefaction, dynamic analysis, finite difference method.
Volume 23, Issue 6 (June 2023)
Abstract
The type and material of the core piece of sandwich panels are important parameters in the mechanical behavior of these sandwich samples. In this study, the mechanical behavior of sandwich panels with two types of aluminum alloy foam core was investigated. Also, the effect of the method used to stabilize aluminum foam investigates and compares during the bending and compressive tests, for this purpose, the properties of the core of sandwich panels made with LM13 alloy aluminum foam were fabricated with calcium stabilizer and silicon carbide powder separately. The results of the X-ray diffraction test showed the presence of Al4Ca intermetallic compounds in aluminum foams containing calcium metal, and silicon carbide particles for aluminum foams containing silicon carbide powder in the cell wall. The yield strength of sandwich panels with aluminum foam core and calcium metal stabilizer was higher than that of cores with silicon carbide particle stabilizer. Also, sandwich panels with aluminum foam cores containing silicon carbide powder showed more energy absorption. In contrast, foams with silicon carbide powder stabilizer absorbed more energy under the uniaxial pressure test. Also, the results of the macrostructure analysis of how the shape of the sandwich panel changed in the three-point bending test were indicative of a reduction in force due to the weakness in the connection between the sandwich panel shell and the aluminum foam core.
Volume 24, Issue 1 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
Introduction
Population growth and migrationof (from or to) cities has led to the construction of unstructured and large changes in the spatial structure and expansion of cities. This causes changes in the surface of the earth and the conversion of natural effects of the earth such as soil and vegetation to the urban texture. So, the first consequence of the expansion of cities is land use change. Today, land use change and land cover have become a major challenge in many countries. Hence, the study of these changes plays a major role in the world's environmental studies. In order to better manage natural and human ecosystems and develop long-term planning, it is necessary to model land use changes and predict future changes.
Methodology
The research method is applied in terms of purpose and the nature and method of descriptive-analytic research, and the method of data collection in this study is also a library research. In this study, for land use changes during the 29-year period, images were first provided from the website of the Geological Survey of the United States. Then, using ENVI software, the pre-processing operation was performed to apply atmospheric and radiometric corrections. Also, the specimens of educational and supervised classification of images for land use in four levels (lands, rice field, forests, gardens and Water zone) were studied. Then, in the IDRISI SELVA software, simulation was used to predict future changes using the perceptron neural network.
Results and Discussion
Before the main analysis of the data and the extraction of the information, it is necessary to perform the pre-processing operation. Then several time satellite images used in the research after atmospheric and radiometric corrections were used to prepare the land use map and Maximum likelihood algorithm was used to classify the desired classes. The selection of effective variables in predicting urban growth is an important and useful information for the user to understand the desirability of land use change. Therefore, in the present study, distance variables from the road are considered as independent static variables, and distance from the landfill, distance from the land, and the distance from the forest and gardens are considered as independent variableswere used. Among the models that are used in the simulation of land use change, neural networks are multilayered perceptron. Therefore, this model was used to simulate land use changes in this study. Finally, according to the Kramer coefficient, the distance from the road has the least effect and the distance variable of the land has the greatest impact on land use change and transmission potential modeling. Then, user-potential mapping maps were generated through multi-layer perceptron neural networks for an 8-year time span. Also, in the maps produced, regions with a warm color spectrum have the greatest potential for change, and are more vulnerable to areas with a cool color spectrum.
Conclusion
Today, land use change and land cover have become a major challenge in many countries. These changes have a direct impact on environmental components such as soil, water and atmosphere.Which This causes changes in the surface of the earth and the conversion of natural effects of the earth such as soil and vegetation to the urban texture. Due to the fact that the city of Lahijan, like many other cities in Iran, has faced expansion of construction in recent years, so, today, the city has undergone significant changes in land use. The purpose of this study is to model and predict land use changes using the Multilayer Perceptron, . In this regard, in order to implement this model, Landsat classified satellite images for the four periods of 1989, 2000, 2010 and 2018, as well as four independent variables including distance from the road, distance from Shalizar, distance from the forest and gardens, And and distance from the land, were built to simulate land use changes. The study resulted in the generation of transmission potential mapping with the 84.58 accuracy index, which shows that the distance from the land constructed the greatest impact and the distance from the road has the least effect on land use change variations.
Population growth and migration
Methodology
The research method is applied in terms of purpose and the nature and method of descriptive-analytic research, and the method of data collection in this study is also a library research. In this study, for land use changes during the 29-year period, images were first provided from the website of the Geological Survey of the United States. Then, using ENVI software, the pre-processing operation was performed to apply atmospheric and radiometric corrections. Also, the specimens of educational and supervised classification of images for land use in four levels (lands, rice field, forests, gardens and Water zone) were studied. Then, in the IDRISI SELVA software, simulation was used to predict future changes using the perceptron neural network.
Results and Discussion
Before the main analysis of the data and the extraction of the information, it is necessary to perform the pre-processing operation. Then several time satellite images used in the research after atmospheric and radiometric corrections were used to prepare the land use map and Maximum likelihood algorithm was used to classify the desired classes. The selection of effective variables in predicting urban growth is an important and useful information for the user to understand the desirability of land use change. Therefore, in the present study, distance variables from the road are considered as independent static variables, and distance from the landfill, distance from the land, and the distance from the forest and gardens are considered as independent variables
Conclusion
Today, land use change and land cover have become a major challenge in many countries. These changes have a direct impact on environmental components such as soil, water and atmosphere.
Volume 24, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Human civilizations have always depended on freshwater to form, develop and fulfillment of various needs. With increasing urbanization, not only has the need for freshwater not diminished, but also some new technologies and industries have increased water consumption, and the pollution of water sources has increased significantly. Since groundwater resources are far from surface pollution and have their natural remediation ability, protection and remediation have not been given sufficient and appropriate attention. This issue and the overexploitation of aquifers have resulted in the quantitative and qualitative balance of groundwater resources being unsustainable. These issues show that further research is needed on various aspects of groundwater remediation. By developing the equations for water movement in porous media and analyzing them, it is possible to simulate groundwater flow. In this study, the double-well pumping system has been investigated analytically as one of the effective methods for aquifer remediation. In this system, pumping wells provide a return to natural conditions by draining polluted water and preventing it from spreading in the aquifer. For this purpose, the equations of the groundwater potential function and the stream function were determined for two pumping wells near a permanent stream. In other words, the real part of the complex potential equation represents the potential function and its imaginary part specifies the stream function; using the image well theory, the effect of the stream was also applied in the problem relations. By determining the coordinates of the stagnation points, the capture zone of the multi-well system was delineated in various configurations and the amount of stream withdrawal was also calculated. The capture zone describes the behavior and capability of the multi-well system by indicating the capture domain of discharge wells for different distances and different pumping rates. Three configurations of the remediation system are presented for two types of critical pumping rates. Under these conditions, it is possible to control the capture zone without intercepting the stream boundary and creating gaps in the extraction region at different distances of the wells with certain pumping rates. At the first critical pumping rate, the capture zone of the double-well system is tangent to the permanent stream boundary, and at a pumping rate below this threshold, groundwater pollution does not reach the surface waters. At the second critical pumping rate, capture zones of two wells merge together. Indeed, in discharges less than this critical rate, there is a distance (gap) between capture zones of the wells and pollution can enter the surface water through this gap. Also, the distance between two wells was determined in the state that both types of critical pumping rate are equal. This case shows a state of capture zone whose boundary is tangent to the stream boundary, and the capture zones of two wells are merged together. In the mentioned state, the dimensionless distance between two pumping wells (the distance between the two wells divided by their distance from the stream boundary) and the dimensionless critical pumping rate are equal to 2×0.58 and 0.33, respectively.
Volume 24, Issue 4 (April 2024)
Abstract
Waste heat dissipation from spacecraft subsystems is crucial due to spatial limitations (no convective heat transfer, limited electrical power, lightweight, and high reliability). Radiators are often responsible for collecting and dissipating this waste heat into cold space. Panel radiators are widely used in various satellites, including scientific, communication, and remote sensing satellites. In scientific satellites, panel radiators are used to dissipate heat generated by scientific instruments such as cameras and spectrometers. In communication satellites, panel radiators are used to dissipate heat generated by power amplifiers. In remote sensing satellites, panel radiators are used to dissipate heat generated by sensors and processors. High efficiency, light weight, and high reliability are the advantages of using this equipment. The main challenge in using it is to provide sufficient heat dissipation area and uniformity of the surface temperature when radiating waste heat to the cold environment (space). The use of heat pipes in the panel radiator structure provides this uniformity. A heat pipe radiator consists of a sandwich panel with an embedded network of heat pipes. Increasing the number of heat pipes reduces the temperature gradient across the radiator surface but increases the radiator weight. Due to the importance of equipment lightness in space systems, optimization of the number of pipes and their geometric arrangement in the radiator should be such that maximum temperature uniformity on the surface and minimum radiator weight are achieved. The objective of this research is to optimize the performance of a radiator (maximum temperature uniformity on the surface) to achieve minimum weight while considering the weight and size constraints imposed by the system designer as requirements. Initially, a mathematical model is developed and solved numerically, and the effect of design parameters on the performance of a panel radiator, including face and core thickness, spacing between heat pipes, mass, and surface area, is comprehensively investigated. Based on the simulation results, considering the weight limitations and existing face and core thicknesses, the maximum allowable spacing between heat pipes is calculated to achieve maximum efficiency of the panel radiator. A network of heat pipes with this characteristic was produced and used in the panel sandwich. The results obtained from testing the manufactured panel radiator were compared with the design efficiency to validate the model. Based on the experimental results, an efficiency of 89% was obtained at a root temperature of 39°C. The error of this efficiency with the efficiency calculated from the theory is about 3%.
Volume 25, Issue 2 (Summer 2021)
Abstract
While principal private international actions are pending before a court, there is a possibility for arising related actions. However, if the court doesn’t have jurisdiction over related actions, two important questions may arise; the first one is if the Iranian or Egyptian courts have jurisdiction to decide the principal dispute, can they take the jurisdiction to decide the related actions? Also, if the foreign court has jurisdiction over the principal action, is the Iranian or Egyptian court required to dismiss jurisdiction in favor of the foreign court? The article with the descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach examines the approach of Iranian and Egyptian laws in this area. The article shows that where the Iranian or Egyptian court has jurisdiction over the principal action, it can take jurisdiction to decide the related actions. Nevertheless, if the Iranian court has jurisdiction to decide the related actions, the jurisdiction of the foreign court over the principal action does not prevent the Iranian court to exercise the jurisdiction over related actions. However, on this question, there are contradicted views in Egyptian law.
Volume 25, Issue 3 (Summer 2022)
Abstract
Aim: Applying deep brain stimulation at low-frequency has anticonvulsant effect on kindled seizures. In this study, the effect of low-frequency stimulation (LFS) on kindling-induced changes in the dendritic length of hippocampal CA1 neurons was investigated.
Methods: To administer LFS in the hippocampus, animals first underwent stereotactic surgery and a tripolar electrode were positioned in the CA1 region. Animals received intraperitoneal pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 34 mg/kg) every other day until they showed three consecutive stage 4 or 5 seizures. LFS was administered to the dorsal hippocampal CA1 area in kindled+LFS group. Hippocampal samples were prepared for stereological assessment one week after termination of LFS application.
Results: PTZ kindling was accompanied with a decrease in dendritic length in CA1 neurons. One week after application of LFS, the length of dendrites was restored to control group values, and there was a significant difference between kindled+LFS and kindled groups. Interestingly, the effect of administering LFS alone in control group, was similar to that of kindled group and a significant decrease was observed in dendritic length.
Conclusion: LFS had a restoring effect on morphological changes in CA1 neurons of kindled animals. This effect may be considered a mechanism for therapeutic action of deep brain stimulation in seizure.
Jamal Zakeri, Gholam Reza Kiany, Abdollah Baradaran,
Volume 25, Issue 4 (7-2018)
Volume 25, Issue 4 (7-2018)
Abstract
To launch an evidence source for successive judgment and decision making, program evaluation of any educational institute is an indispensable process, and language institutes are not the exceptions. In an attempt to propose a solution for a fundamental problem as the lack of a standard evaluation program for English language institutes, this study used a new method to be implemented in the context of ‘English language institutes (ELIs)’ of Iran. In this country, evaluation of nongovernmental centers, including ELIs, is carried out by the Ministry of Education (ME) using a performance evaluation framework which mainly collects the required data through a survey form (locally known as ‘Form 322’). We adopted and applied the survey form 322 into developing a specific questionnaire. Ninety ELIs administrators of Mazandaran were surveyed through an instrument that was piloted and validated through the obtained data. The extracted results from the questionnaire were sorted into the categories of “validation”, “improvement”, “redesigning”, and “researchers’ opinion”. The results showed that the original form, long used in the country, needs to be redesigned. To cross-validate the obtained data and the emerging results, fifteen volunteers from the participating institutes were interviewed for their ideas through Skype and direct interview. Consistent with the results, not only for Iran are an online platform and a standard evaluation and monitoring process recommended, but also an international integrated performance evaluation standard is strongly suggested for English language institutes.
Volume 26, Issue 2 (1-2020)
Abstract
The subject of physical and spiritual resurrection is one of the most challenging theological issues among Islamic scholars. Meanwhile, Fakhr Razi and Allameh Tabataba'i believe in spiritual resurrection. In this study, we intend to analyze the content and approach of the two great thinkers about the most significant resurrection doubts. A closer look at the works of Razi reveals that his words are more explicit on physical resurrection. He responds to the Corrosive and Eaten of deceit and man. Since he considers restorations permissible and God Almighty, he concludes that Restoration of Non-being is not abstained. Razi, in the immateriality of the human soul Doubt, refers to the contradiction of the soul and the body, which is separated from him when he dies and ascends to the universe. Also, the verses quoted by him do not indicate that the soul that is other than the body is Immateriality or not Immateriality. In contrast, Tabatabai avoids the Corrosive and Eaten and the Restoration of Non-being Doubt. In his view, there is nothing in the body and soul, because the body changes to other elements, and the soul is a Immateriality thing that is not corrupted by the death of the body. Tabataba'i, in response to the immateriality of the human soul of self-objectification Doubt, considers the regards the object as object, not matter. He believes that our body in the resurrection is like the earthly body. He also considers being objective in the self and preserving the human personality.
Volume 26, Issue 2 (Summer 2022)
Abstract
One way of dealing with parallel litigation for the courts of common law countries is to issue an anti-suit injunction preventing one of the disputing parties from initiating or continuing proceedings in the courts of another country. Civil law countries believe that this remedy interferes with the proceedings in their courts and violates their national sovereignty. This study aims to examine the attitude of the EU, French, and Iranian law towards the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions. The study contends that in the EU, an anti-suit injunction rendered by a third country is enforceable in an EU member state as long as it accepts the enforcement of such an injunction under its national law and its jurisdiction is not based on EU regulations. In French law, anti-suit injunctions are traditionally unenforceable. However, when parties agree to grant jurisdiction to a foreign court, the French courts enforce such injunctions and dismiss the proceedings in favor of the foreign-selected court. On the other hand, when the French courts assert exclusive jurisdiction to decide the dispute, they may react to an anti-suit injunction by issuing an anti-anti-suit injunction. In Iranian law, an anti-suit injunction cannot be enforced under Article 169 of the Enforcement of Civil Judgments Code. As a result, there is no mechanism for the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions in Iran. However, due to the advantages of enforcing anti-suit injunctions, the study contends that the lack of a mechanism should not be an obstacle to the enforcement of anti-suit injunctions in Iran.
Abdollah Motevali, Mohammad Hassan Beigi, Farhad Saboorifar,
Volume 26, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Volume 26, Issue 3 (9-2019)
Abstract
Traditional celebrations and recreational activities are considered part of the Iranian historical identity. Ancient and medieval Persian sources have documented various types of these celebrations, suggesting the social commitment to such rituals. Apart from social identity, these tendencies could also bring dynamism and refreshment into the society. With the passage of time, despite many adversities imposed on social foundations, some of these ceremonies were redefined and retrieved as the national heritage. Of course, other forms of joyful ceremonies that were matched with new religious thought were added to the national heritage, as well. On the other hand, Iranian governments and rulers of the time also supported and promoted some of these rituals in accordance with their personal morale as well as political and religious attitudes, thereby contributing to their survival and continuity. In the Safavid era, the Iranian society was not different as a relative political stability and security allowed the continuity of these traditions. The present study intends to introduce the patterns and types of these celebrations. Thus, the main question of this research is: what were the forms of joyful ceremonies during the Safavid? Research data show that despite the fact that the Safavid period, at one time and other, was engaged in some civil or external wars, the social texture had a deep link with promising and recreational approaches and hence; there were various types of celebrations and ceremonies based on social traditions.
Volume 27, Issue 1 (3-2020)
Abstract
Over the past several centuries, Children have found their place in the world in terms of their education and learning issues hence, the child has become the subject of interest of researchers and scholars of educational sciences and psychology. Researchers and critics have also been interested in children's literature as domain independent from other literature fields. In early years, we have come across a lot of works related to children and after realizing the necessity of criticism of those works, critics entered the theoretical domain to develop and promote the level of these literary works especially for children. However, the Shia children's literature has not received much scientific attention despite a large number of studies in the field of children’s literature. As such, critical studies are needed in this area to bring the Shia child literature to its desired end. This article, based on descriptive, analytical and critical approaches and with a brief presentation of the Chambers theory, tries to study a model of Shia children's literature in order to elevate its existing standard.
Volume 27, Issue 1 (12-2025)
Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic stress in arid and semi-arid areas. This study examines how drought stress and different rootstocks affect aerial part physiology and macronutrient uptake in two seedlings of pear cultivars, 'Dargazi' and 'Louise Bonne,' grafted onto 'Dargazi' and 'Pyrodwarf' rootstocks. Treatments were well-watered as control (100% Field Capacity, FC), moderate (60% FC), and severe drought (30% FC). Drought stress decreased the Root-to-Shoot weight ratio (R/SH), Leaf Relative Water Content (LRWC), Soluble Protein (SP), Photosynthetic Nitrogen Use Efficiency (PNUE), leaf osmotic potential (Ψs), Leaf potassium (LK+), Root Calcium (RCa2+), Root Nitrogen (RN), Stomatal aperture (SA), net photosynthetic rate (An), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and instantaneous carboxylation Efficiency of Rubisco (EiC) in all scion-rootstock combinations. Under drought stress, levels of proline (Prol), Glycine Betaine (GB), Total Soluble Carbohydrate (TSC), root potassium (RK+), leaf calcium (LCa2+), leaf nitrogen (LN), leaf and root phosphorus (P) increased. 'Dargazi' as the cultivar or rootstock showed better instantaneous Water Use Efficiency (WUEi), Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency (NUtE), and Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency (NUpE), with higher LN, LNO3−, LNH4+, Prol, and Ψs under severe stress. 'Louise Bonne' had higher amounts of R/SH weight ratio, Total Nitrogen Accumulation (TNA), leaf and root nitrate reductase activity (NRA), An, intracellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), E, and root nitrate (RNO3−) under moderate stress. 'Pyrodwarf' rootstock demonstrated the highest TNA and RCa2+ under moderate stress conditions. These results indicated that 'Dargazi' demonstrated better tolerance under severe stress, while 'Pyrodwarf' and 'Louise Bonne' were more effective under moderate stress conditions.
Volume 27, Issue 2 (March 2025)
Abstract
Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease in rosaceous plants, contains type III secreted effector proteins including DspA/E, HrpN and HrpW, which are secreted into host plants during the pathogenicity stages. In order to investigate the role of these effector proteins in the interaction with the host plants, susceptible (Bartlett), tolerant (Harrow Sweet) and resistant (Dargazi) pear cultivars were inoculated with wild-type and mutant strains of E. amylovora (hrpW-, hrpN- and dspA/E-) under in vitro conditions. Based on the results, HrpW protein may be involved in pathogenicity in Dargazi cultivar. Different levels of pathogenicity were observed by dspA/E- mutant in cultivars. The results showed the key role of HrpN in the defense mechanisms of Dargazi cultivar, and its pathogenic role in Harrow Sweet and Bartlett cultivars. An increase in ferritin levels was observed in all cultivars inoculated with the wild type strain, but resistant and tolerant cultivars showed higher ferritin levels and a decrease in Fe2+ was observed only in these cultivars. The obtained data show that the HrpW protein does not affect iron homeostasis. Inoculation of Harrow Sweet and Dargazi cultivars with all strains increased ferritin, which was associated with a decrease in Fe2+. Based on the results, it is not possible to associate any of the effector proteins with changes in ferritin and Fe2+. In general, the ability of resistant pear cultivars to increase ferritin levels and regulation of iron can be one of the reasons for their resistance to fire blight. According to the results, different mechanisms are employed by pear cultivars to respond to the causative agent of fire blight.
Volume 27, Issue 3 (Summer 2024)
Abstract
Background: Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Apart from supportive care, no effective treatment for this disease has been identified so far. Accordingly, a double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on infants with a diagnosis of mild to moderate bronchiolitis. Material and Methods: Three clinical trial groups were designed, including Ventolin 0.15 mg/kg, Palmicort 125 mg twice a day, and normal saline nebulization every 4 hours. Clinical symptoms were monitored by asthma and allergy specialist daily, and the need for supplemental oxygen, recovery time from symptoms, and hospital days were recorded and compared between the three groups. Results: The results demonstrated that the frequency of oxygen requirement in both palmicort and normal saline groups was lower in compare to the ventolin group. But there was no significant difference between the three groups (P=0.765 and P=0.907, respectively). The duration of symptom improvement in the normal saline and palmicort group was significantly shorter than the Ventolin group (P=0.017). No significant difference was observed between the three groups of Ventolin, Pulmicort and normal saline during the treatment in terms of clinical score (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The obtained results showed that Ventolin or Palmicort nebulizer is not statistically better than normal saline for the treatment of children with bronchiolitis. Therefore, our results do not support the routine use of bronchodilators in the clinical setting for the management of mild to moderate forms of bronchiolitis in infants.
Volume 28, Issue 2 (8-2024)
Abstract
In concluding a contract, sometimes we need to leave some of its provisions to the future and agree on the basic elements of the contract. Many lawyers consider this contract vague and even invalid. However, due to the connection that certain conditions have with the public policy of the society, such invalidity does not come from jurisprudence, civil code and commercial practice. So, the question is what are the criteria for resolving the ambiguity of the provisions of the contract? By examining legal provisions, the ambiguity of an incomplete contract may be subject to an objective criterion or the will of the parties to the contract or one of the parties or a third party may prevail. If these criteria are not in the contract, the court can enter and resolve the ambiguity of the contract. All of this kind of Contracts is valid if one can evaluate by an objective criterion or by a personal decision or a court decision. Otherwise, the contract would be a void entity in law.
Volume 29, Issue 3 (9-2022)
Abstract
Thinking is not innate or inherited matter rather achieved through learning and experience. Examining some related studies, it was found that the dimensions of entrepreneurial thinking are not classified into multiple dimensions, and it was noted that their dimensions are related to the fields of innovation. There is an overlap in the organization that can be considered these two variables in relation to customer loyalty to the brand. Assessing the existing backgrounds in this field, the lack of research is felt especially about the mediating role of entrepreneurial thinking. The present study is descriptive-correlational based on the applied purpose and based on the nature and method. In the analysis of Kalmogorov-Smirnov test results, it was shown that the data distribution was not normal; therefore, Smart Pls software was used for data analysis. The PLS method for fitting and evaluating the validity of structural equation models covers three parts. Fitting of measurement models, fit of structural model, fit of general model. The results showed that the conceptual model has a good fit. Also, to test the research hypotheses, the path coefficient and statistical value of t were used, which were all confirmed and the results of this study showed that the innovation of the organization has an effect on customer loyalty and entrepreneurial thinking and entrepreneurial thinking can play a mediating role in this regard.