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The socio-economic data of shrimp fleet in Bushehr province for 2019, were collected in order to determine the role of this fisheries in creating employment, income and development of coastal areas of the Persian Gulf. The data were collected using a questionnaire. The fishing fleet of shrimp in Bushehr province includes 470 vessels, that, in addition to shrimp, catch fish and other aquatic animals outside the shrimp fishing season.
Based on the analyzes, the number of fixed job created by shrimp fishing fleet in Bushehr province, were 3756.2. The total number of jobs created (fixed, temporary and seasonal) was calculated to be 3934.2. Fixed job and the total number of job opportunities created (fixed, temporary and seasonal) by each vessel were 8.0 and 8.4 people, respectively. Analyzes showed that more than 98% of the annual income and livelihood of crews and their families depend on shrimp fleet. The annual working hours of each of the personnel working on the vessels were calculated to be 2110.2 hours, which in 2019 was about 2% less than the full-time equivalent working hours on a national scale (2107 hours) and 3% more than the full-time equivalent working hours on an international scale (2000 hours).

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One of the crucial topics discussed in descriptive translation studies is that of Translation Universals (TUs), which addresses typical, salient features of translational language that make it distinguished from other linguistic variants. Taking into consideration the differences between languages, the key question here is whether the purported universal features (mainly articulated based on examining European languages) exist in non-European, less- or uninvestigated languages. Employing Chesterman’s categorization of universals into ‘S-universals’ and ‘T-universals’, the present study aimed at examining the latter, less investigated group of universals. A comparable corpus was made of original and translated Persian expository texts to investigate two T-universals, namely simplification and explicitation. In the light of linguistic features of translational Persian obtained, the present study challenges the purported universals as none of the extracted features were in line with the previous studies’ prepositions.


1. Introduction
One of the most significant topics whithin Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) is Translation Universals (TUs), first clearly articulated by Mona Baker in her work (1993). TU hypotheses are concerned with typical linguistic features that makes translational language different from other linguistic variants. According to Hansen and Teich (2001), “it is commonly assumed in translation studies that translations are specific kinds of texts that are different not only from their original source language (SL) texts, but also from comparable original texts in the same language as the target language (TL)” (p. 44). Such claims can be examined either manually or by means of corpus-based analytical tools. Corpora have been a reliable popular tool among researchers since the convergence of corpus-based empirical methodology and linguistic studies, including Translation Studies, during the 1990s.
Over the last three decades, many studies have been conducted on theories of TUs and evidence of specific linguistic features of translational language has been provided, but almost all of these studies have been on Western languages, especially English. Chesterman (2004) divides the TUs into "S-universals" and "T-universals." The first category refers to "universal differences between translations and their source texts" (ibid, p. 39) and the second category refers to the differences in the linguistic features of translations (target texts) as compared to non-translated, native TL texts. Although some TUs may usually be investigated within one category, some can be examined from the perspective of both groups.
Some interpret the so-called TUs as an inseparable part of any translational language and are in line with the theories presented in the literature of translation studies. It should be noted, however, that if a linguistic feature is to be considered a "universal," it should be found in translations into all languages, but, in fact, almost all the literature on TUs is devoted to research on Western languages, especially English. Only a few examples can be found (e.g. Xiao & Hu, 2015) that have studied universals in non-European languages. In addition, research on S-universals outweighs work on T-universals. Hence, such claims as the existence of ‘universal’ features, in the strict sense of the word ‘universal’, is highly debatable, unless they are scrutinized in other languages, especially those that are different from English in terms of word order, syntactic structures, stylistic features and the like. The hypothesis of the present study is that due to the differences between Persian and other Indo-European languages, including English, in those aspects (word order, syntactic structures, stylistic features, etc.), the claimed universal features shown in the other languages are not present in Persian, not at least with the same quality.
Investigation of TUs in Persian has also been largely neglected and faces some drawbacks. Some of these drawbacks are due to research methods (such as manual investigation and not benefiting from corpus investigation tools) and some are related to the limitation of data to only literary texts and novels. Focusing on comparison of source with target text(s) (addressing only S-universals using parallel corpora) and neglecting the examination of T-universals (using comparative corpora) is another limitation of such studies on Persian language. The present study intends to study the salient and distinctive linguistic features of translational Persian using corpus methodology and comparing translated texts with other comparable original writings, thus shedding light on the existence of the claimed universal features in Persian. In this regard, the T-universals of simplification and explicitation were selected and specific linguistic features were examined that can signal the presence of the selected universals. As an instance of non-literary writings, a medium-sized corpus consisting of two sets of expository academic and general humanities texts, namely philosophy and texts about literature (such as general informative texts about literature, review and critique of literary works, etc.), was analysed.


2. Background
The search for TUs dates back to the mid-nineties, where this topic led to a surge of interest among researchers, especially since the emergence of corpora as a research tool in Translation Studies. Searching through the existing literature on TUs shows that the research carried out on S-universals outweigh the studies on T-universals. Among others, simplification and explicitation are the two T-universals investigated in the present study.
A number of studies have been done on simplification as a universal feature in translation at the lexical, syntactic and stylistic level (e.g. see Laviosa-Braithwaite, 1996; Malmkjær, 1997; Laviosa, 1998; Cvrček & Chlumská, 2015). Taking a closer look at these studies highlighted some disagreements. For example, regarding mean sentence length, Laviosa (1998) (English), Xiao and Yue (2009) (Chinese), and Ilisei et al. (2009) (Spanish) showed that mean sentence length in translational language is significantly higher than original writings. But, contrary to these three studies, Malmkjær (1997) believed that stronger punctuations may result in shorter sentences in translated texts. Also, Xiao (2010) and Xiao and Hu (2015) found that sentences in original Chinese are relatively longer than translated texts, although this difference was not significant.
A number of other studies have further demonstrated evidence for explicitation or the tendency in translational language to make explicit what has been implicit in the source text, thus making it different from original writings (Blum-Kulka, 1986; Toury, 1991; Baker, 1996; Øverås, 1998; Olohan & Baker, 2000; Xiao, 2010). Although this feature is found in translations at different lexical, syntactic, and textual levels, "there is variation even in these results, which could be explained in terms of the level of language studied, or the genre of the texts" (Mauranen, 2007, p. 39). There is still a long way to go to determine whether explicitation is a universal feature or not, as most of the data in the literature is based on Western languages, especially English.
Much of the criticism that the topic of TUs has attracted relates to the fact that most studies have only focused on Western languages and failed to move beyond and scrutinize others, a fact that is also reflected in the small body of literature on Persian. What we know about the possible presence of TUs in translational Persian is mostly based on studies that were carried out on S-universals and are limited in one way or another (e.g. Ghamkhah & Khazaee Farid, 2011; Salimi & Askarzadeh Torghabeh, 2015; Vahedi Kia & Ouliaeinia, 2016; Ahangar & Rahnemoon, 2019). In general, these limitations can be classified into seven categories:
direction being restricted to comparison of source with target text(s) (addressing only S-universals)
lack of variety in the source language (almost all studies feature English as the source)
universals (all studies are on the four recurrent features of translation proposed by Baker (1996))
genre (almost all studies focus on literary texts)
size (very small-scale studies, mainly on selected parts of one or two books)
methodology (using manual investigation and not benefiting from corpus investigation tools)
source of data collection (all data were collected from books and published works, ignoring online translated materials available)

3. Corpus Design and Method
In the present study, a comparative corpus was used which includes two subcorpora: original Persian texts and English-Persian translated texts. Each component consisted of one hundred extracts, each of 3000-word length, taken randomly from books and webpages, thus amounting to 300,000 words for each subcorpus and 600,000 words on the whole. The current literature on Persian language has failed to move beyond literary texts. Contrary to the predominance of studies on European languages and small-sized corpus-based works on Persian, all confined to literary texts and books, the data for the present research was collected from books and webpages on two non-literary fields in Humanities, philosophy and texts about literature (such as general informative texts about literature, review and critique of literary works, etc.). Finally, both sides of the corpus are comparable in terms of number of samples, size, genre and sampling period.
After collecting each sample, a header was assigned to it. For samples collected from books, this header contains information about the book title and year of publication, and for websites, it includes the title of the text, date of the post and the webpage URL. To normalize the data, we employed Virastyar, a Persian MS-Word add-in. Moreover, for segmentation, tokenization and POS tagging, we utilized tools developed by Mojgan Seraji (2015) for Persian, namely SeTPer (sentence segmenter and tokenizer) and TagPer (POS tagger). In addition, after analyzing different corpu-analyzer tools (namely WordSmith, AntConc, Sketch Engine, and LancsBox), it was found that the best and most adaptable software for analyzing Persian texts is "WordSmith".
Two universal features of simplification and explicitation were selected for investigation. The presence of universals was identified through a number of features. For simplification, the study used the three signs discussed in Laviosa-Braithwaite (1996) where she concluded that translational language uses lower lexical density, shows less lexical variety, and reports greater mean sentence length. For explicitation, the higher frequency of connectives and cohesive ties in translated than non-translated language was employed (Olohan & Baker, 2000; Chen, 2006).

4. Results
The four different lexical and syntactic features of translational Persian were examined in the corpus under investigation, namely lexical density, lexical variety, mean sentence length, and frequency of connectives. First, regarding simplification, it was found that translational Persian in the comparative corpus used in this study has a higher lexical density, although this difference was minor and was not statistically significant. Also, the lexical variety in translational Persian was greater than non-translational texts. In addition, the study of the mean sentence length showed that sentences in original texts are slightly longer than translated texts. Comparing the two subcorpora, the texts "about literature" show higher lexical density and variety (or richness), and the sentences in philosophical texts were longer, which can be interpreted as field (also genre) variations and their idiosyncratic linguistic features. Finally, regarding explicitation, the total number of connectives was higher in the original texts than in translated texts. However, no clear overall tendency was detected in either subcorpus favoring connectives more than the other. Some connectives were more frequent in translations and some in original texts. Further, some connectives followed no trend as they were more frequent in one field but less frequent in the other.

5. Discussion & Conclusion
Moreover, the data and findings provide further support for the controversies over the strong version of TU hypotheses and raise intriguing questions regarding the presence of universal features in translations as none of the results for the four features addressed were in line with previously proposed T-universals. Therefore, the results of this study support the hypothesis that the claimed universal features, due to linguistic differences, are not present in Persian (at least to the same quality). Contrary to many previous studies (such as the detailed investigation of Ilisei et al. (2009)), features like lower lexical richness and density, greater mean sentence length and higher frequency of connectives might possibly not be among the most salient, universal (at least in its global sense) features indicative of the simplification and explicitation hypotheses. Therefore, it can be cocluded that the findings of this study indicate the specific features of translational (from an English source) and original Persian texts. In general, the present study shows that, in contrast to what might be assumed, simplification and explicitation as so-called translation universals may not be really universal as discussed by Baker (1993) and Eskola (2004), because they are not universally present in all translated texts, at least as far as thid research accounts for translational Persian psychology and sociology.
Whereas a number of studies support simplification and explicitation as translation universals, these linguistic features have been challenged by some other studies, especially when language pairs and genres vary and move from the more investigated languages and genres (Western languages, literary texts) to the less investigated ones (non-Western languages, non-literary texts) (Chesterman, 2004; Mauranen, 2007; Xiao & Hu, 2015). It seems that the assumption of the presence of similar linguistic features in all translations needs to be revised. Therefore, it is better to be cautious in presenting such generalizations and to reclassify them under what Eskola (2004) labels local translation law rather than universal translation law. In fact, it should be noted that some of the theories presented have been formulated using only a pair of specific language pairs ​​or texts, and may not apply to other languages ​​or genres and should therefore be limited and narrowed down. As it was shown in this study, both T-universals examined here were not present in Persian with the same quality as indicated by previous research.
Since it is not possible to proceed with any claim about the presence of universal tendencies in translations without validation, further work needs to be done to establish whether TU hypotheses are supported, at least in their current account, in other, especially unexamined, languages and genres. Although the results of the present study did not support any of the hypotheses presented in the previous studies, this may not be a good reason to dismiss the universals altogether. The authors believe that, instead of abandoning the whole possibility of translations displaying common features, we may find, at least, new tendencies that are different from those of the previous hypotheses; for example, simplification in translational language may be universally manifested through features other than lower lexical density or less lexical variety. Nevertheless, the present study indicated that the claim of the existence of "universal" features in its absolute sense (in all languages ​​and text types) is unfounded. Much more research should be done on translational Persian and other non-European languages ​​in order to clarify the validity and nature of TUs and the role of language, text type, translator skills and other intervening aspects involved in the minifestation of certain linguistic features in translations.

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Over the past few decades, the mobile government has attracted a lot of attention around the world. The governments are seeking quality services to citizens to achieve the desired level of satisfaction. Therefore, in order to provide better services, it is necessary to study of the quality of mobile government services and ultimately explain the factors affecting the quality of its services. The present study is a type of qualitative research in terms of purpose, applied, and in terms of data collection.In this study, the method of meta synthesis and the approach of Barrosu and Sandeluski was used to investigate the research literature. Data collection tools are open coding to identify themes and components Drivers of of mobile government service quality. The validity of the analysis was assessed using the kappa coefficient, which was equal to 0.771 In this study, 39codes were identified as basic themes to identify the quality of service quality components. Of these, 21codes were selected as Sub themes and 7were identified and formed as Main themes:Quality orientation, meritocracy, personal privacy, commitment, infrastructural measures, pragmatism, efficient management.

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During 2007-2008, 58 strains of P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) were isolated from various Prunus species and other hosts such as sugar beet, pear, quince, oat, millet, wheat, barley, and rice in Fars, Isfahan, Kohgiloye and Boyer Ahmad, Chahar Mahal-o-Bakhtiari provinces of Iran. The strains were tested for pathogenicity, the presence of the syrB gene and BOX PCR (BOX A1R primer). All tested Pss strains were pathogenic on peach seedlings regardless of their original hosts. A total of 58 isolates of the Pss and Pss IVIA 773-1 amplified a 752-bp fragment with the syrB primers. The results of analysis of the BOX fingerprints from P. syringae pv. syringae strains showed that the strains isolated from stone fruits, graminous hosts and pome fruits formed a relatively distinct cluster, which were separable from the strains isolated from the other hosts. Results of this study indicate the existence of a relative degree of host specialization within the heterogeneous pathovar Pss.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of several doses of spearmint essential oil (SEO; 0, 250, 500, 750 or 1,000 µg ml-1 buffered rumen fluid) on the fermentation kinetic and digestibility using in vitro gas production technique. A total mixed ration (30% roughage: 70% concentrate) was incubated with buffered rumen fluid. In vitro gas production, asymptotic gas production (A), rate of gas production (µ), partitioning factor (PF), microbial biomass (MB), ammonia concentration and digestibility were determined. Increasing the dose of SEO decreased the parameters A and µ. Adding SEO, however, increased PF, ammonia concentration, apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility and true in vitro organic matter digestibility at the lower levels of SEO (250 and 500 µg ml-1). But, at the level of 1,000 µg ml-1, a decrease was observed for these parameters. The increment in PF and digestibility illustrate that SEO has a potential to modulate the rumen fermentation, which may be beneficial (at low doses) for improving nutrient utilization.

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In this article, one of the new casing treatment methods for improving of compressor performance have been investigated. Stepped tip gap is one of the appropriate methods of casing treatment that its functionality in axial compressors have been proved lately. In the present study, for the first time, effects of stepped tip gap on stall margin improvement of a centrifugal compressor have been evaluated numerically. Simulation has been done using Fluent software and k-ε turbulence modeling. To find the optimum geometry of stepped tip gap, seven casing geometries with one untreated smooth wall were considered. Results of velocity contours and streamlines patterns on various azimuthal and meridional planes showed that by using casing with stepped tip gap, tip leakage flow has been weaken and flow blockage in compressor main passage has been reduced. Hence, stepped tip gap extends the stable operating range of compressor and delays the occurrence of stall phenomenon. Results of present research, shows that by using stepped tip gap with optimum size, stall margin of the proposed compressor was improved by 7.38%.

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During 2003-2004, a number of rhizospheric soil samples were collected of either healthy or symptomatic field grown melon plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis race1/2 (Fom). Twenty one bacterial strains capable of inhibiting Fom including Burkholderia sp., Bacillus sp., Streptomyces sp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated. The strains colonized roots of “long melon” cultivar of Mashhad and, within two weeks, resulted in increased fresh and dry weight, length of stem and root, and number and area of leaves, in the absence and presence of Fom, under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. The growth inhibition of Fom in vitro was due to antagonism, siderophore and antibiotic production, and secretion of exogenous compounds. All antagonistic strains reduced infection of long melon seeds with Fom under controlled conditions.

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The novel has been considered by various researchers as a social work (influenced by and affecting the community). Based on this preliminary assumption, this study engages in a case study of four war novels in order to show the difference between formal narrative of war in different media, including literature, and what is narrated in these works. The research method is based on a combination of theoretical foundations existing in sociology criticism, specifically the Lukach-Goldman model, Leventhal social criticism, and Pierre Bourdieu's viewpoint on institutions of power. The four selected novels include The Scorched Earth, Pilgrimage Customs, Winter 62, and Crystal Garden. These works were all written during the wartime period and are all considered outstanding and popular works. To achieve the research purpose, each novel was interpreted based on the sociological criticism model, and attempting to avoid any bias. The characteristics of each of the four novels were then highlighted in contrast to the formal war narrative, and how features such as personality, narrative style, tone, point of view, and even the content of the work served to reflect the minority discourse. Minority discourse is a multiplied voice that is completely distinct from the formal war narrative, and its manifestation is evident in the war novel as opposed to poetry and other literary forms related to war literature (such as memoir writing and oral narratives).
Extended Abstract
1- Introduction
The eight-year Iran-Iraq war is undoubtedly one of the salient events in Iran's contemporary history. Even though more than three decades have passed since this event, society is still plagued by the social, political and even economic consequences of the war. Just as this event is important in its own right, so are its "narratives. For a variety of reasons, research on Iran-Iraq War and its surrounding narratives from the perspective of sociology and literature has received little attention (especially not in an unbiased manner without any interpretation and assumptions of the dominant discourse). Thus, the "dominant discourse" with its cultural and propaganda apparatus has exercised a kind of discursive control (under various propagandistic, media, literary, psychological and sociological aspects) over the war in the last three decades, convincing people that the truth of the war is the one proclaimed in this official narrative.
2. Theoretical Framework (social criticism as a method)
In general, it should be noted that until the 20th century, critics mainly focused on the content of works rather than their form in the sociological analysis of literature. In other words, their main interest was how social and cultural issues were reflected in literary works and to what extent literary works addressed these issues. This is also the main concern of the critics themselves in the works of the early Marxists. It was not until the 20th century and the publication of the seminal works of critics such as Lukács, Goldman, Bakhtin, Lewenthal, Escarpit, and others that the connection of form, literary type, and esthetic considerations with social structures received special attention. To indicate the views of influential researchers and scholars specializing in the sociological criticism of the novel, we must begin with the Marxists and move on to Lucien Goldman as one of the most notable figures:
Lucien Goldman: Developmental Approach in Sociology of Literature
The main contribution of Lucien Goldman (1917-1970) to the field of sociology of literature is the introduction of dialectical materialism, that is, a complex method linking art and society to this field. Goldman's innovative technique for exploring literary works is called developmental structuralism. According to this method, a literary work is one of the fundamental elements of social consciousness and does not depend on the consciousness of an individual, but is formed on the levels of supra-individual consciousness (Goldman, 1978: 493-495).
3. Research Background
Persian research in this field includes Sociology of Literature (Salim, 1998), Sociology in Persian Literature (Sotoudeh, 1999), Sociology of Persian Literature from the Beginnings to 1978 (Parsansab, 2008); Social Criticism of Persian Novels focusing on 10 selected novels (Asgari, 2008) and Sociology in Persian Literature (Vahida, 2009). These studies chiefly seek to reflect "social issues" in Persian literature, both classical and contemporary. For this reason, they first examine the content of literary works before exploring the association between form, genre, and social relations, they delve into the"content" of literary works. For this reason, the work of Mesbahipour still enjoys an exceptional and distinctive status some four decades later.
4. Research Method
To analyze the novels from a sociological criticism approach, this paper adopts a combination of different perspectives presented in the theoretical foundations. The steps taken to obtain a sociological reading of each novel are as follows: First, an interpretive reading is presented that is unaffected by the presuppositions and dominant discourse structures. Next, the relationship between the elements of each story and the dominant discourse (official narrative) and the unofficial narrative is exhibited.
5. Analysis of the plot and interpretive reading of four novels based on social criticism
Scorched Land (Mahmoud, 1982). This work is classified under the subgenre of historical novels and depicts events in Ahvaz in the fall of 1980.
Winter 1983 (Fasih, 1983). This novel, narrated in the context of romantic events, is an attempt to showcase the realities of Khuzestan and Ahvaz in particular in the midst of the eight-year war.
Crystal Garden (Makhmelbaf, 1986). Layah, Mansour's wife, who was martyred during the war, finally gives birth to her third child with the help of neighbors, in the absence of a father to look after her children. The husband of Suri, Layah's neighbor, has also been killed in War. Suri talks about the days of the Islamic Revolution with Layah and how she used to chant slogans and carry the bodies of the martyrs.
Rituals of Pilgrimage deals more explicitly than the other three novels with social criticism of the war. Both the course of events and the illustration of the characters reflect the confusion and atonement that different character of the story is dealing with in the wake of the War. In this work, Iraq rather than an invading and hostile country, is depicted as an ancient land where the only combatant in the story (Mehrdad) voluntarily travels as a soldier to discover its ancient secrets.
6. Summary and Conclusion
After the 1978 revolution, the new dominant discourse went to great lengths to present a reading of the War bereft of its ugliness (due to censorship) and adverse consequences. A discourse that portrays the death of young people as ideal martyrdom and proclaims that the path to heaven is the main and inevitable path for people from all walks of life. At least four novels were written under such an atmosphere and discourse during the War, which offers a distinct reading and picture of the war while seeking to reflect the voice of others against the propaganda of the dominant discourse, which we have called the minority discourse.
The Scorched Land is a narrative of the lost middle class, Winter 1983 is a narrative of the secular but patriotic educated class from the war, Crystal Garden is a female narrative of the underprivileged class that is more or less in tune with the dominant discourse, and Pilgrimage Rituals is the narrative of the archaistic intellectual class from the war, all of which constitute a puzzle that makes up the minority discourse of the war. This is a discourse that survives and thrives against hundreds and thousands of hours of movies and documentaries on the war fronts, and dozens of other novels, short stories, and poetry collections which engages the audience and propagate its voice and perspective.
The minority discourse takes a painful glance at the Iranian society during and after the War and seeks to offer a balm to the wounds of this society; a balm that may be attained by sacrifice or calls for a miracle, but is nevertheless absent in the slogans of the official war discourse. The discourse of the minority is the story of the war in the past and in the present, the consequences of its social damage are still evident in the decisions and cultural and social events of Iran.
 

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Rotating stall alleviation in an axial compressor with deployment of air injection at its rotor blade row tip region has been experimentally investigated. Twelve air injectors had been mounted evenly spaced around the compressor casing upstream the rotor blade row. Initially, improvement of the compressor overall performance has been examined through air injection, especially at stall point condition. Instantaneous flow velocities at various radial and circumferential positions were measured simultaneously utilizing hot wire anemometry. These unsteady results, obtained from these latter measurements together with signal frequency analyses, provided to describe the stall inception process and consequent flow induced fluctuations and also alleviation process of stall during the air injection. Results show that a small amount of air injection at the rotor blade tip region can affect the total pressure rise and specifically can increase the compressor stall margin efficiently. Air injection of less than 1% of the compressor main flow rate through the injectors has caused the stall margin to be improved by 9%. Air injection at the blade row tip has caused its beneficial effects to extend throughout the blade whole span, especially while working at the near stall conditions.

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Taylor argues that procedural liberalism is not viable, or is insensitive to the conditions of social and political possibility, since it cannot justify the political furtherance of common goods. This is because the ontology and epistemology behind it disregard the “transcendental conditions” of human identity and the “dialogical” way of its formation. Taylor’s own version of liberalism, on the other hand, does not eschew promoting collective goals, such as cultural survival, and is supported by these transcendental conditions. However, his charge of non-viability against the liberalism of rights, and his argument for a liberalism of promoting collective goods, on epistemological and ontological grounds, are not convincing. Although he is right that rights-based theories of justice cannot account for promoting collective goals, such as a culture or a language, that liberal societies at large advance, these are goals that go beyond ensuring the survival of the society or its liberal characteristics, and are about preserving the distinctness of the society.

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Investigation of spike stall formation and its propagation in a low-speed axial-flow compressor is the main aim of this study. Experimental measurements are performed in a low speed axial compressor test rig. Measurement parameters include instantaneous velocity and static pressure at the stall inception process. For this purpose several hot wire probes and a high response pressure transducer is used in data acquisition procedure. Instantaneous fluctuations of velocity at upstream of the blade row show that spike stall inception is accompanied by flow separation from the leading edge of the rotor blade and formation of a vortex subsequently. This vortical structure extends over the blade span. Stall cell propagates with a circumferential speed lower than rotor wheel speed which is equal to 66% of rotational speed in this compressor. Furthermore, wavelet frequency analysis is employed for detail investigation of spike disturbances and capability of this method in distinguishing the spike stall is presented. Wavelet analysis, by representing the temporal variation of frequency spectrum, shows dominant phenomena in the transient process from stable operation to the stall inception condition.

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Sustainable coastal fishing management includes different components and factors. One of the practical initiatives to achieve sustainability is to evaluate or measure different criteria of sustainability and measuring sustainability of each system needs its own indicators. This study aimed to investigate different criteria of sustainable coastal fishing management in Beach Seine Cooperatives (BSC) in Guilan Province of Iran and to analyze different aspects of sustainable coastal fishing management in the cooperatives. The statistical populations of the research were 58 active BSC’s of Guilan Province, 36 of which were determined through formula of Cochran and were selected randomly. Sampling was done from September 2011 to April 2012.The method used in this research was descriptive-survey research and data was gathered through questionnaires. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with Cronbach's Alpha that was calculated for each of the seven criteria of the questionnaire (Cronbach's α coefficients ranging from 0.78 to 0.93). The construct validity was analyzed with a factorial analysis of the main components whose applicability was verified by means of Bartlett’s test of sphericity and the KMO test (acceptable with values above 0.6). Technique used in this study was Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), a general approach that can analyze complex problems involving multiple criteria used in sophisticated systems such as fishing. MCA is a decision-making tool to analyze and evaluate multiple indicators under a participatory group decision-making environment. Seven variable criteria of sustainability indicators including ecological, economic, social, institutional, coastal management, restocking the reserves, and resource conservation indicators were investigated. According to the results, social sustainability in BSC cooperatives had the best situation among different criteria of sustainable coastal fishing management, while the economic coastal management and resource conservation criteria had unfavorable status of sustainability.

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Supplier selection and determination of the lot sizing is an important component of production and logistics management for many companies. Therefore, after the select of preferred suppliers at the first should obtaine the optimize order of each of the suppliers that is the purposes and constraints of determiners. One of the most effective techniques, which can provide optimal solutions with different targets, is multi-objective programming model.Purpose of this study is to design an efficient multi-objective model of optimal to determine the lot sizing to each supplier.This work is done with designation of multi- objective model, to achieve minimizing the cost of the chain, such as the cost of purchasing, storage, transportation, etc., and also maximize the quality of materials that purchased from suppliers. Finally the model is solved by using the meta-heuristic method, multi-objective Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NAGA-II), and also in order to validate the model using meta-heuristic particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) has been solved and results compared with the first method.

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Nowadays, organizations tend to aggregate and increase the knowledge resources of work groups. In this paper, we introduce a framework to classify knowledge-sharing mechanisms, especially in project-based organizations. Prior research concentrated on identifying dimensions of knowledge sharing mechanisms such as personalization vs. codification, and individualization vs. institutionalization. Personalization strategy aims at encouraging individuals to share their knowledge directly.  Information technology plays less important role, as it is only supposed to facilitate communication and knowledge sharing among the members of an organization. Codification mechanisms focus on collecting and storing codified knowledge in previously designed electronic databases to make it accessible to the organization. Individualization mechanisms facilitate the sharing of knowledge at individual level while institutionalization mechanisms facilitate knowledge sharing at group level. Taking these dimensions into account and based on an empirical study of MAPNA Corp, this paper presents a framework to utilize knowledge sharing mechanisms in organizations while they have different size, nature of work, and geographical dispersion. 

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Nowdays due to the increasing trend of insecurity and terrorist attacks, certainly structural engineers are aware to the importance of the proper design of secure structures against blast loading. In the field, the purpose of all designs is a structure with features which can have suitable resistance against blast loading, but for such a project with these specifications the operating costs will be very high. For solving this problem buried underground structures were considered. The reason for choosing such structures make greater use of the property to anchor the soil around of structure, reducing the structural weight, Sensible reduction of inertial forces and using the attenuation and viscoelastic property of the soil for reducing the amplitude of the shock wave from the surface and buried explosion and destructive effects of radiation. Currently the air and missile attacks on underground structures is considered one of the most important issues in studies related to this field of Civil Engineering Sciences.In the literature it has been suggested a lot of relation to obtain the shock ground parameters like peak particle velocity and wave pressure distribution in the continuous environment and free field experimentally and semi-analytical. The phenomenon of explosion is a type of high strain rate problem, which requires dynamic analysis to solve it. Also, due to the interaction between underground and soil structures, the analysis of these structures under the influence of any type of load is a nonlinear analysis. Thus, the analysis of underground explosive structures is a type of high strain rate problem, which requires a nonlinear dynamic analysis to solve it. There are two implicit and explicit solving methods for dynamic analysis, which, given the conditions of the explosion, analyze them as an explicit integral solution. Recently, numerical simulation techniques have become widely used as a new method for calculating nonlinear dynamic loads. Based on the results of the researchers, among the open source software, the AUTODYN software, due to its high power in solving problems with very high strain rates, provides good results for simulation and analysis of explosion problems. On the other hand, explosive loading of underground structures is often carried out based on theoretical and empirical research. In this research, numerical simulation method has been used for analyzing and simulating the effect of surface explosion on underground structures. Also, all simulation steps are performed using the AUTODYN hydrocode. In order to analyze the loading and response of underground structures, the effect of explosive charge weight and depth of the structure burial has been investigated and numerical results have been compared with the relationships presented in the authoritative scientific references and American guidelines. In the process of simulation conducted, to assess the dynamic response of structures and investigate shock ground parameters such as peak particle velocity, pressure and displacement, soil-structure interaction has intended. As well as the effect of changes in the factors affecting the explosion of underground structures in order to achieve a safe burial depth has been investigated. Finally, suggestions are being made to improve the loading of these structures.

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The plug-in hybrid electric powertrain is a new technology and a suitable option to reduce the volume of pollutants in the city. The batteries in these systems can be plugged into an external source in addition to recharging by the combustion engine and regenerative braking. These vehicles have larger full electric range because of their relatively large batteries. As a result, the fuel consumption of these vehicles is low. The aim of this research is the development of a smart sizing and simulation software for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The size of the combustion engine, electric motor and battery are calculated in the software according to the input based on the performance of components. Then fuel consumption and emissions of pollutants are estimated in a standard drive cycle using a predictive controller. To verify the result from the software, a produced plug-in hybrid electric vehicle has been used. The software outputs correspond to the determined values for the vehicle. The proposed software is a useful tool for the early phase of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle development stage.
 

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Heeled concrete walls (T-Wall) are used for privacy, protection and some form of blockage. These walls can be built precast or cast in place and can be designed according to the possible loads such as blast loads, earthquakes, winds and so on. Also, the use of fiber concrete to absorb more energy and durability can be a good solution in the construction of such walls. Resistance, stability, and possibility of overturning of these walls due to the blast load and depth of buried walls are those that should be controlled by the designer. In addition to all the controls mentioned, one of the important issues is to optimize the cost of construction and consumables, so comparing reinforced concrete use with fiber reinforced concrete is of interest. In this study, six types of walls are considered: Type 1 and 2 walls with 3 m height and 2.5 m width, Type 3 and 4 walls with 4 m height and 2 m width and Type 5 and 6 walls with 5 m height and are 1.6 meters wide. Which, the walls of Type 5 and 6 are non-prismatic and are one meter buried in soil. In addition, type 1, 3 and 5 walls are made of fiber reinforced concrete and type 2, 4 and 6 walls are reinforced concrete. The purpose of this study is to investigate the resistance of concrete prefabricated walls against the impact and explosion. During an explosion, there is an explosive wave that spreads from the center of the explosion. Waves spreading at a later time are much faster than the speed of the initial waves. When a structure is exposed to the wave front, its surface pressure rises and reaches its maximum value in a very short time. This pressure affects the structure on all sides rapidly. This wave is a combination of high-pressure shock that emits outward from the center of the explosion and decreases as a function of the time and place of the explosion. The energy released by the explosion affects the structure in two ways. The first effect is the blast pressure, which is the key factor in determining the structural response, and the second effect is the dynamic pressure or the secondary pressure, which at high speed results in the debris being thrown around. Therefore, the most important parameter of an explosion is the forward blast pressure, the amount of which depends on the type of explosive and the weight of explosion. Hence, in order to find the above parameters, the 6 types of discussed wall modeled in Abacus software by CDP method. Also, the earthquake loading with different acceleration is applied to the walls and lateral displacements of them are calculated by using linear time history analysis with SAP2000 software. Finally, the performance level of walls under loads has been evaluated according to the national building earthquake loading criteria and 21th national building regulations. The results of the present study show that; the use of fibers has a positive effect on improving the performance level of prefabricated walls against dynamic loads such as explosion and earthquake.