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The identity of a society is a tool for distinguishing different nations from each other based on a common concept or predetermined concepts. The strong sense of identity can be considered as a social capital. In addition, social capital and social identity are the result of tangible social relationships, which are understandable by the society. They Also have strong affects on each other. With respect to this relationship, this paper verifies the relationship between identity and social capital. The data were gathered from the world values data of 70 countries according to the definitions of the variables. The results by logistic regression showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social identity and social capital.

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Social trust means more people in your life trust to each other. But the scope and radius of this trust do not have fixed form, therefore, we have two forms of trust: particular trust and universal trust. In this paper, after designing of the problem, the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of trust, radius and range of social trust were inquired. Then with considering the variables of objective participation, generalized trust, reciprocity, sense of social security and optimism that constitute conceptual and empirical models of this essay, the subject were explained. 18 years old and above residents of Kashan city make the population of this article. After selecting a sample of this population by survey and technique questionnaire, the data were collected and analyzed. The results of this study showed that the radius and range of social trust in Kashan are located at an intermediate level. There is significant relationship between the independent variables of conceptual model and dependent variables. The variables entered the equation can have a good predictability, showing that the scope and radius of trust can be developed as they are improved.

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Abstract  Trust leads to the development and improvement of group morale, through creation of cooperation and connection among group members. It directly and indirectly affects the group output, and eventually on organizational performance. Knowledge sharing in organizations leads to faster individual and organizational learning; increases creativity, and causes improvement in individual and organizational performance. Therefore, organizations nurture knowledge sharing and encourage their employees to act upon it. Trust building in organization and recognizing its relationship with knowledge sharing is especially important for the creation of competitive advantage. This research is carried out, aiming the “identification of the relationship between interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing in the Iranian National Gas Company headquarter”. The data related to trust and knowledge sharing are collected and analyzed by correlation analysis. Research findings confirm the positive and significant relationship between interpersonal trust and knowledge sharing and their factors.

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The subject of ethics and its principles (philosophy of ethics) is of particular importance. Ethics with Two Other Fields of Practical Wisdom (Politics and Education) for some reason it was out of the question, and it was pushed to the field of theologians and limited to the topics of prophecy and Imamate. In the modern age, the issues of moral philosophy have been at the center of philosophical issues, muslim scholars have sought to consolidate moral principles. There was three streams: Tabatabaei (a Creditable Perceptions), Motahhari (Rational good (Hosn) and evil (Ghobh) and transcendental ego), Sadr (a social approach to ethics). In this article, meanwhile refer to the aforementioned history, we introduce and analysis Sadr's perspective to ethics. Sadr is a thinker who, while familiar with Islamic philosophy, has never been confined to it. He went to solve social problems, including the foundations of ethics, to the Quran and Sunnah with free approach, and he laid a divine-social basis (public trust) for ethics.

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Trust is one of the effective cases on the person’s health and providing this health for all kinds of people is one of the basic issues in any society. On the other hand, teachers’ personality as well as their mental and psychological balance are more important than those of the other kinds of people in the society. The present study is an applied and cross-sectional research done by using a survey among different Tiranian teachers in different schools (elementary, guidance and secondary) in 2011.There were 240 people participating in this research. Because of the scattering of research people in various areas, we used multi-stage cluster samples to determine the volume. Also the data were collected by using questionnaires and analyzed by using Lisrel and SPSS softwares. The findings indicated that there was no significant difference between women and men, married and single people and teachers’ mental health rate. On the other hand, there was a direct significant relationship between mental health and various dimensions of social trust. In other words, the more social trust, the more mental and psychological health. These findings are in agreement whit the ideas such thinkers as Putnam, Wilkinson, and Kavachy.

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This article aimed to develop a model of the effect of dimensions of organizational justice and innovative behavior among physical education teachers: investigating the mediating role of knowledge sharing and organizational trust. The current research method is descriptive correlation based on the purpose of applied studies. The sampling method was also non-probability, voluntary, and accessible, consisting of physical education teachers in Tehran city, and the estimation of the sample size was done using Sample Power software based on research variables (359). People were considered to answer the questionnaires on organizational justice dimensions, trust, and innovative behavior. In order to analyze the data, the structural equation model with the ordinary least squares approach was used. The findings showed that distributive and interactional justice affected knowledge sharing and organizational trust. Such procedural justice affected knowledge sharing but did not significantly affect organizational trust. Such knowledge sharing and organizational trust were predictors of innovative behavior. Therefore, if physical education teachers witness fair and justice-oriented behavior in their organization, their motivation and desire to share knowledge and innovation will also increase. Thus, motivating and innovative behavior should be properly identified and managed in the educational environment, and appropriate actions should be taken with justice-oriented and equal behavior in line with its development and promotion.
 

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Mohammad Jafar Habibzadeh Associate Professor, Criminal Law and criminology Department, Tarbiat Moddares University Embezzlement and misappropriation of public property are among crimes against public order. Both of which have certain characteristics in common, while they are different in other aspects. What relates these two crimes toghether is the characteristics of the offender, becouse in both cases the offender must be a "public employee or in a position to act as a public employee" and the essential difference between them would be the type and means of "criminal behavior". Consequently, the criminal behavior in embezzlement is "withdrawal and appropriation", while ill misappropriation of public property is "the employment, usage or illegal application" of public property. The subject of both crimes concerns with property essentially the government property or the property of the public domain. However, embezzlement concerns with personal property, while the misappropriation of public property concerns with both personal property and immovable property. Funds are not considered among misappropriation of public property, since if funds are appropriated the crime of embezzlement is committed. With respect to other properties, one must analyze the situation while considering the manner of interference and other aspects relating to the crime. In instances that the crime committed cannot be fully assessed or determined, and considering that embezzlement in its moral and materrial context requires conditions and elements which exceed misappropriation, and relying on the principle of ruling on behalf of the defendant, this criminal act will be regarded as misappropriation of public property rather than embezzlement.

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According to researches, lack of commitment to change is one of the important factors making changes ineffective. Commitment to change is a force involving individuals in necessary processes of successful change. In current research, commitment to change path analysis model was designed according to the roles of organizational support, supervisor support, trust to supervisor, justice, and positive affection. This is a descriptive study and is based on correlations. The research sample contained 463 individuals of Isfahan Oil Refining & DistributionCompany that selected by stratifiedsampling and responded to research instruments. Bootstrapping analysis showed that supervisor support, procedural justice and interactional justice are mediator variables between trust, organizational support and normative commitment to change. According to results, managers and organizations are recommended to establish commitment to change by increasing trust, support, positive affection and justice.      

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The purpose of this study was to test the political behavior model on managers' decisions with the mediating role of organizational identity and the moderating role of organizational trust in sports organizations. The study sample was all middle managers Federations, Youth and Sports Ministry, Office of Sport and Youth Sports provinces and provincial heads of 250 people, of whom 104 subjects were randomly selected. The present study is a descriptive-correlational survey research and applied research that was conducted in the field. Data collection was through four questionnaires of political behavior (17 questions), managers' decision making (14 questions), organizational trust (12 questions) and organizational identity (16 questions).Validity and questionnaires were confirmed. Reliability was also reported through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (political behavior =0.89, managers' decision = 0.92, organizational trust =0.85 and organizational identity =0.90). SPSS software, SPSS sample power and Smart PLS were used to analysis the data. The results showed that organizational trust has a positive and significant effect on managers' decisions. Political behavior has a positive and significant effect on managers' decisions. Political behavior has a positive and significant effect on organizational identity. Organizational identity has a positive and significant effect on managers' decisions. Political behavior also has a positive and significant effect on managers' decisions through organizational identity. Finally, the results showed that organizational trust can moderate the relationship between political behavior and managers' decisions as a positive and significant effect. According to the results, it is suggested that when appointing managers, persons should be selected who care about the role and opinion of employees in organizational decisions and consider consulting in their activities.

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  The objective of the present study is to carry out a reviewon the relationship between religiousness and trust via metaanalysis of conducted researches that have been done in Iran. For this purpose, amongthe18 existing investigative documents in Tehran University, Shahid Beheshti University, Allahmeh Tabatabai University, and Tarbiat Modarres University, a number of 16 met the requirements to be regarded as metaanalysis, which have been done during the last ten years. On this basis, research sample size indicates 8245 people from different walks of life among Iranian people. The findingsthat stem from the combination of studies probability and reviews over the impactcoefficient showed that there is ameaningful relationship between religiousness and trust. This finding confirms the major hypothesis of this researchIt has been reported in researches there is a direct connection andthe average rate of this connection is about 0.4. Also, another hypothesis of this study is the impact of using different statistical tests on the results coming from religiousness and trust.The results proved to be far from sensible. Hence, it shows that using different statistical tests have no influence on the amount of resulted correlation between religiousness and trust. Samplegroups’ hypothesis, on the amount of religiousness correlation and trust in the result of variance analysis, did not make any sense, and the hypothesis was eventually refused. Last but not least, the hypothesis of studying field impact on the correlation of religiousness and trust, which was achievedas the result of variance analysis proved to be meaningless. Therefore, it can be concluded that, religiousness, apart from ground factors of research consisting of sample groups, studying field and statistical test using in researches, directly impacts the way people socially trust one another.    

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Today, the ethical leadership has important effect on performance of knowledge-based organizations. On the other hand, organizational identification and organizational trust as mediator variables facilitate the relationship between ethical leadership and performance of organizations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of ethical leadership on task performance and organizational creativity with mediating role of organizational identification and organizational trust. The participants consisted of 204 employees of Jahad Agricultural Organization of Khuzestan that were selected by stratified random sampling method. The instruments that were used in this study include: Ethical leadership questionnaire of Brown, Treviño, & Harrison (2005), job performance scale of Williams & Anderson (1991), organizational identification scale of Kreiner & Ashforth (2004), organizational trust Questionnaire of Schoorman & Ballinger (2006), and organizational creativity scale of Ganesan and Weitz (2004). Fitness of the proposed model and indirect effects was examined through structural equation modeling and bootstrap procedure. Findings indicated that the proposed model fit the data properly. The results also indicated that ethical leadership directly and with mediating role of organizational identification and organizational trust had impact on task performance, and also with mediating role of organizational identification had impact on organizational creativity. This research suggests that there need to provide conditions to promote ethical leadership, organizational identification and organizational trust to increase task performance and organizational creativity.

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The idea of social capital is a continuation of Karl Marx theory on the concept of economic capital. Development of theories about human capital, cultural capital and social capital has brought new aspects to the concept of capital. This paper is looking at the historical context in which social capital as a theory was found and its framework was shaped and also how it has been developed theoretically throughout the course of history. This research is mainly based on historical method, and is specifically looking at the history of ideas. The outcome of research showed that the theory of social capital was found as a result of concentration on the value of relationships and connections in a social group. Afterwards, it led to the discovery of some kind of collective capital and its position in certain social relationships. Finally, the new concept of social capital was developed as a combination of Social Relations Theory, effective social norms and social trust. Moreover, the emergence of cognitive theories and different cognitive narrations of social capital developed a new point of view in the Theory of Social Capital.     

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Mentoring as a critical strategy, is a way to alter and improve individuals’ perception and values toward their position, organization and managers for better understanding of organizational behavior in workplace context. In some Iranian organizations, subordinates are more likely to be distrust to their supervisor's abilities and competencies. This puts employees not getting engaged to their tasks. To tackle this problem, mentoring is suggested as the effective solution. To this, we can suggest two solution. First, if mentees trust to their mentors, the trust of supervisor as an antecedent can be examined while mentoring effects on outcomes such as Affective commitment, Intention to quit, Job involvement, and self-efficacy. Second, it is required that supervisor or management trust to mentee. In this circumstance, we can refer to first solution rather than mentoring and trust in supervisor. Further, our study is based on Social exchange theory (SET) which explains the relationship between subordinates and supervisor. Our results show that second solution is more desirable. In other words, once supervisor use mentoring as effective way, staff would show high level of trust to supervisor and thus, they show high level of Affective commitment, Job involvement, and low level of Intention to quit.

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Using Gray and Balmer’s Conceptual framework, a specific model has developed for Iranian banking system which tested in Tehran. Nonfunctional perceived value and persuading word of mouth as antecedents and trust (system & institutional) as consequence are forming elements of the model. Method of study is mixed (qualitative and quantitative). Qualitative part of study consist of interviews with bank marketing experts and bank customers. Dimensions of bank reputation has explored through content analysis of interviews. Service quality, customer orientation, social responsibility, obeying rules and regulations are recognized as dimensions of bank reputation construct. In quantitative part of study a survey of 436 samples of commercial retail banks has conducted. Sampling method is convenience. Analyze of data shows that customer based bank reputation construct consists three factors. Model test shows that nonfunctional perceived value has positive impact on bank reputation (γ=0/84, p<0/001). Persuading word of mouth has positive impact on bank reputation (γ=0/09, p<0/1). Bank reputation has positive impact on trust (β=0/76, p<0/001).

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Nanotechnology is increasingly being employed in the areas of food packaging. Public perception will be crucial to the realization of these technological advances. According to the amount of some of measurement variable isn’t available in some of the countries (scat dates), ingratiated different scheme. In fact in this schemes, analyzed with delete the test content scat dates. In this research investigated how to tendency creation to consume bread packaged in nano films for edit structural modeling of amount acceptance and ingredient fundamental in tendency creation for consume these products. Participants received some general information about nanotechnology, and specific information about three nano films packaging. Results show that in sum, participants were hesitant to buy bread with nanotechnology packaging. However, that nanotechnology packaging is perceived as being more beneficial than other packaging. Results suggest that social trust in the food industry is an important factor directly influencing the affect evoked by these new products. As suggested by the affect heuristic, affect had an impact on perceived benefits and perceived risks. Perceived benefit seems to be the most important predictor for willingness to buy.

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Like any other translations, the translation of the Qur'an must be made according to the principles of translation. Despite the great efforts of the translators of the Qur'an in Persian, problems can be found in these translations. One of the terms whose translation needs to be defined precisely is the term "faith". This term and its derivatives are used in the Qur'an in two forms: one in transitive sense with the preposition "bā" in Arabic and the other one with preposition "lam". Etymologists and Shia and Sunni commentators, by examining the meaning of "faith" in its latter usage, have expressed different opinions about it. Drawing upon the descriptive-analytical method and reflecting on the Qur'anic usages of the term "faith" in its former usage and comparing it with the usages of "faith" in its latter usage in 28 Persian translations of the Qur'an, and also by referring to the lexical and explanatory books on the Qur'an, this article has shown that except for a small number of translations, the rest of them do not have the necessary accuracy and have not provided a correct translation. The findings of this research work is that the term "faith" in its former usage means "faith" as opposed to disbelief, and the term "faith" in its latter usage means confession and submission; which finds its meaning in Persian in the word trust.

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Human resources in any organization have a significant impact on how one organization excels in competition with others, which in some areas, such as face-to-face sales, this role is more important. The purpose of this study is evaluation of the effect of salesperson gender and age (demographic characteristics), salesperson height and weight on buyer trust to a salesperson, using conjoint analysis approach and Based on Homophily theory. Data were collected from clothing buyers in Tehran through 194 questionnaires using in hand sampling. Results show the main factor affecting buyer’s confidence to a salesperson is his/her weight with the average importance of 28.5%. Salesperson’s age, height, and gender are located in the next priorities with average importance of 27/7, 23/9 and 19/9% respectively. Based on results effect of different surface of salesperson characteristics on buyer’s trust shows the same gender, weight and height of salesperson and buyer led to more confidence of buyer. Also, the difference in age between salesperson and buyer, decrease buyer’s trust. The results of ranking 12 types of salespersons according to the utility average shows the first rank allocates to a salesperson with these characteristics: different gender from a buyer, older than a buyer, similar weight and taller than the buyer. Also, the last rank allocated to a salesperson includes characteristics as the similar gender with the buyer, same age as the buyer, different weight with the buyer and taller than him/her.

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Participating of demos in decision making processes of their society have had been the scientists utopia. Communication and information technologies paved the way for participation of the people in their fate. By the way, the most important construct in this equation is public trust that determines the level and specificatian of democracy To explain the role of trust in electronic government, we took advantages of justice pentagon (five dimensional) model and examined public administrators, faculty members and students opinion about electronic government, public trust and democracy. The results support our electronic government – justice – trust and democracy conceptual model.

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In B2C models of e-commerce, customer trust is considered as one of the key factors of successfulness, and many scholars believe that the success factor in e-commerce is establishment and implementation of a safe and reliable purchasing process for the customers. The aim of this research was to study the effective factors on customer trust in e-commerce. To do so, the research hypotheses were developed to examine individual, company and infrastructural variables. Statistical population of this research was the customers, who had the experience of e - purchasing from the e-stores of “Iranian virtual community”. As the results of data analysis showed, the cooperative and infrastructural variables had positive influence on customer trust but individual variables had no positive influence on customer trust.

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The main purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing knowledge sharing among the personnel of Agricultural Extension and Education Organization in the Iranian Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture. A survey method was employed for the study, and 110 personnel randomly selected as a sample out of 140 who were busy working in the organization. Data was collected through a questionnaire employed as the tool of the study. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined as 0.93. The personnel were of the belief that knowledge sharing happened in their organization to a large extent. According to the study, there existed significant relationships between the factors of social trust, relational social capital and attitude toward knowledge sharing, and the dependent variable of knowledge sharing. A stepwise regression analysis indicated that relational social capital and attitude towards knowledge sharing could explain about 37 percent in the variations of knowledge sharing.