---

Nowadays, entrepreneurship and knowledge-based companies are highly considered. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting Psychological Capital (PSyCap) in two groups of agricultural and non-agricultural knowledge-based companies from Science and Technology Park (STP) of Fars province, Iran. The population included the companies located in the STP incubators in Fars province. The data were collected from 238 participants (100 from agricultural and 138 from non-agricultural companies) as a sample through a questionnaire. Regarding the effect of services and facilites provided by STPs on the performance of companies at incubators, it is suggested that such services and facilities become more specialized and reinforced. In addition, it is emphasized to consider the necessity of educational and operational strategies in order to strengthen the entrepreneurial orientation, social capital, and PsyCap among members.

---

 

---

 
The wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures in Iran has been a great advantage for this country, providing a rich substantial culture and a lively society. However, this variety and multiplicity has sometimes been used by the country's enemies as means for engendering the national identity and unity. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, due to its richness and profundity, can play its traditional role of providing national identity and unity. In order to demonstrate the significant role of Shahnameh in providing Iranian groups with a single national identity, we considered the effect of Shahnameh on naming the geographical phenomena in Ghorveh with four towns and twelve rural areas. This research, registering geographical names and being impressed of Shahnameh, prevents this national unity from obliteration.
 

---

The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of social factors on generalized social confidence among Urmia residents. The population of this study included all members of families who lived in city of Urmia in Iran and, at the time of investigation, were more than 18 years old. Among this population a sample of 300 people were selected and were asked to complete a questionnaire constructed for this investigation. Using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis, the results indicate that the independent variables of articulated interactions, expansion of relations, social obligations, and social acceptance influence the dependent variable of generalized confidence. It has been concluded that, the theory of social confidence that considers human being as both rational and emotional and investigates social confidence on this suggestion has been experimentally supported. Finally, it is of our findings that level of generalized social confidence among Urmia residents was shown to be low.

---

Abstract In this article has been studied the effect of parents economic capital, social capital, cultural capital and communicative action within the family on youth Social capital. The statistical population is pre-university boys and girls of Tehran city. The sample size calculated was 302 people, selected at two stages by random proportional stratified sampling. Regression analysis and path analysis methods were used for the judgment of the hypotheses. Experimental findings indicated that the correlation coefficient of the social capital of children and the linear combination of independent variables was equal to /71. Weight of communicative action within the family was more than the other independent variables in explaining the social capital of children.

---

The identity of a society is a tool for distinguishing different nations from each other based on a common concept or predetermined concepts. The strong sense of identity can be considered as a social capital. In addition, social capital and social identity are the result of tangible social relationships, which are understandable by the society. They Also have strong affects on each other. With respect to this relationship, this paper verifies the relationship between identity and social capital. The data were gathered from the world values data of 70 countries according to the definitions of the variables. The results by logistic regression showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between social identity and social capital.

---

  In recent years the importance of social capital as an intangible organizational asset has been of interest to those concerned with organizational and management issues. Positive levels of social capital are referred to, as a product of positive internal organizational social relations. The goal of this paper is the study of the relationship between the Iran Insurance employees’ understanding of organizational justice and social capital in the branches of the state of Gillan. Research method used is descriptive and of the Pyrson Correlative type. The statistical populationincludes all employees of Iran Insurance in the state of Gillan (altogether 492 people). Considering Cohen, Morgan and Krisay’s table, the sample size chosen was 220 people. The data collection tool used was a questioner which was field conducted. In order to asses levels of social capital the questioner designed by Gyshal and Nahpyt (1998), with 16 buoy was used; and to asses social justice levels a standard questioner with 19 buoys using the Leickert scale was employed. Validity of the research tool was based on the expert opinion of a group of experts. The social capital questioner’s stability, and the verification of the reported levels of organizational justice were approved by the use of Cron Bach’s 0/896 and 0/916 levels respectively. For data analysis the Pearson correlation test was used. Test results and the single-sample T-test showed that between the dependent research variable (social capital), and the independent research variable (organizational justice), and its’ different dimensions(Distributional, procedural, relational, and informational justice), a 99% positive correlation exists.    

---

Applying social capital to refurbish urban streets has meant recognizing opportunities and challenges and shaping processes to its sequences over time. The purpose of the present study is to introduce a strategic framework for applying the potentials and values ​​of social capital in environmental improvement and responsible maintenance and social control of street-related sequences. The main question is that how to transform the role of today's street as an element of neighborhood segregation into a linking element of discrete neighborhoods so as to become a showcase for cultural and social interactions. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical which is in three phases: explaining the relevant conceptual framework for entering the research context, applying it to the research context, analyzing and discussing the objective and subjective findings, Qualitative data analysis is done. The measurement tool is a semi-structured questionnaire, using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics performed by SPSS software were used to evaluate criteria and answer research questions. The research context is Imam Khomeini Street and the neighborhoods adjacent to this street. The sample size was 378 using Cochran formula. Indicators used in this study are invitations, neighborhood personality expression on the street edge, transparency and depth to the street edge, and a sense of belonging and responsible environmental behaviors. The results indicate that the items related to the design of the entrances and the continuation of recreational and tourism activities on the edge and the inner texture of the neighborhoods are of greater importance for identifying street sequences.

---

Strong social capital plays a vital role in quick access and convenient scheduling to a variety of information. Secure Communication prepares access to numerous resources, and promotes information receiving and improves people’s comprehension about their knowledge in a certain range. Social capital facilitates give rise to access to information, (information received from reliable people, who generally are accurate, relevant and reliable) that is one of key components of entrepreneurial opportunities. Research innovations are in combination of both social capital and marketing activities using concept mapping methodology as a inductive and deductive methods. In this study was used of criterion purposive sampling method and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 10 experts to saturation point. The results indicate prominent and visible position of social capital and dimensions entrepreneurial firms marketing activities. Social capital is mapping the five clusters marketing mix, control and assessment of market, market research and analysis of customer behavior, strategic factors and internal factors, and 15 sub cluster; distribution, promotion, price and product (marketing mix), customers, competitors, suppliers and systems and methods (control and assessment of the market), customer behavior and the systems and methods (market research and analysis of customer behavior), structure, style, and employees (internal factors), and customer and market entry (strategic factors ).

---

---

This study's purpose was to analyze recreational-sports clubs' social capital. The research is a descriptive survey in terms of applied purpose and a descriptive survey in terms of data collection. The population of this study was 480 athletes who were selected as a sample using a simple random sampling method. The standard social capital questionnaire in recreational clubs was used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including independent and one-way analysis of variance tests using SPSS software version 24, were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the four components of social acceptance, behavioral norms, mutual trust, governance, and social norms are the most important components of social capital in leisure-sports clubs. And in general, to increase the quality of life and happiness of the people, investing in social capital is much more valuable than economic investment. Many groups, organizations, and human societies have succeeded without economic capital and relying solely on human and social capital, and they must have a strong emphasis on social capital.

---

This research is conducted on the basis of the relational view of competitive advantage. In this view, competitive advantages are created by not only corporate-level resources but by inimitable capacities and mixed into dynamic relations. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze and quantify the impact of external social capital dimensions on organizational competitive advantage. For this purpose, after an extensive study of literature, the initial conceptual model was designed. The questionnaires were distributed among senior executives and board members of Color and Resin Company and 64 questionnaires were returned and the data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, inferential analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. Results show that the size of a firm impacts innovation and external social capital significantly affects the organizational competitive advantage. Also, structural dimension of external social capital is the most effective among the dimensions of competitive advantage, and strategic flexibility dimension is the most impressible dimension of external social capita. Additionally, the cognitive dimension of external social capital has the minimal impact on competitive advantage. It seems that the warm personal relationships, business relationships and working closely with many diverse groups and work teams in complex industrial organization are the most important tools for achieving the desired organizational results.    

---

Trust is one of the effective cases on the person’s health and providing this health for all kinds of people is one of the basic issues in any society. On the other hand, teachers’ personality as well as their mental and psychological balance are more important than those of the other kinds of people in the society. The present study is an applied and cross-sectional research done by using a survey among different Tiranian teachers in different schools (elementary, guidance and secondary) in 2011.There were 240 people participating in this research. Because of the scattering of research people in various areas, we used multi-stage cluster samples to determine the volume. Also the data were collected by using questionnaires and analyzed by using Lisrel and SPSS softwares. The findings indicated that there was no significant difference between women and men, married and single people and teachers’ mental health rate. On the other hand, there was a direct significant relationship between mental health and various dimensions of social trust. In other words, the more social trust, the more mental and psychological health. These findings are in agreement whit the ideas such thinkers as Putnam, Wilkinson, and Kavachy.

---

Supply chain Integration importance leads to this believe that some scholars express that the whole concept of supply chain management is derived from integration. Providing the basis for creation and effective continuation of supply chain management requires the recognition of main factors affecting the integration. Studies reveal that the organizations with higher levels of social capital are more successful than their rivals. So, the purpose of this study is to surveying Social Capital Influence on Supply Chain Integration. Considering the purpose, this study is applied research, and based on its research methodology, it is a correlation descriptive, and it is specifically based on the structural equation models. The population consisted of 435 organizations in food industry of Fars province in Iran, and via employing stratified sampling, 124 executives related to supply chain management were selected and the questionnaires were distributed and collected data were analyzed. This model suggests that five factors influence Supply Chain Integration, and the purpose of the research was to investigate the influence of social capital on these factors. The results indicated that the social capital has positive and direct relation with integration, communication pattern, trust and commitment and has no direct relation with power and attitude.  

---

One of the main priorities of knowledge management researchers is motivating people for sharing their knowledge. Although some believes that knowledge is the power, it seems that knowledge has now power on its own but what make it powerful is that part which share among people. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of social capital and behavior control as influencing factors on tacit knowledge sharing of staff. Data was collected using a close questionnaire. According to literature, a model was designed and tested to indicate the effect of staff tacit knowledge sharing among work groups, social capital view, and behavior control. Finally, results from SEM and regression analysis showed that social capital has positive effects on tacit knowledge sharing intention through the affect based-trust, shared value, and internal control variables. Tacit knowledge sharing intention, on tacit knowledge sharing behavior is greater when external control is higher in compare with internal control.  

---

In today's competitive world, role of employees is more important than ever, organizations are looking for employees who use all their efforts toward organizational goals. this research aimed to investigate the effect of social capital on Achieving to necessary mechanisms in order to increase perceived organizational support. This survey was based on all 220 employees of the Alborz Insurance Company in Tehran as the research population and According to Krejcie & Morgan’s Table (1970), the sample size for this study is 140. This study was conducted using stratified random and proportional method., this study was conducted using descriptive correlational and questionnaire was used for data collecting. In order to determine the questionnaire reliability, Cornbach alpha were used and its content validity determined by opinions of faculties of management as well as the confirmatory factor analysis. Analysis of data was conducted using SPSS16 and LISREL8.5. Also path analysis technique was used to test the hypothesis. The results show that social capital has a positive and significant effect on perceived organizational support; Also relational dimension is the most influential dimension among dimensions of social capital in employees of Alborz Insurance Company.

---

The idea of social capital is a continuation of Karl Marx theory on the concept of economic capital. Development of theories about human capital, cultural capital and social capital has brought new aspects to the concept of capital. This paper is looking at the historical context in which social capital as a theory was found and its framework was shaped and also how it has been developed theoretically throughout the course of history. This research is mainly based on historical method, and is specifically looking at the history of ideas. The outcome of research showed that the theory of social capital was found as a result of concentration on the value of relationships and connections in a social group. Afterwards, it led to the discovery of some kind of collective capital and its position in certain social relationships. Finally, the new concept of social capital was developed as a combination of Social Relations Theory, effective social norms and social trust. Moreover, the emergence of cognitive theories and different cognitive narrations of social capital developed a new point of view in the Theory of Social Capital.     

---

There is a continuous emergence of new technologies in modern society, and the most widely adopted are information technology. Today organizations perform business in a global and information enriched environment. They benefit from the existence of networks, such as the internet, that not only enable access to information, but are also a great means of communication. Relationships are one of the most important factors for the success of an organization. Expanding the use of social networks and social media has had a huge impact on both personal and professional aspects of life, so it is not surprising that organizations are sensitive to employees’ use of social media. In recent years a lot of research has been done on this subject, some of which has shown an improvement in job performance, while others imply a more negative impact. It is believed that employees' use of social media and its impact on job performance is affected by other factors that should be considered.
This research tries to prepare a comprehensive model to show both primary and secondary factors in the relationship between the use of social media and job performance. A questionnaire was used to gather the required information. The statistical populations' sample of this study included 227 employees of Tarbiat Modares University. The results show a significant correlation between personal factors and use of social media, social media and social capital, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance.

---

Abstract
Binary opposition is one of the fundamental concepts in the critique of structuralism, and post-structuralism as well as the theories of linguistics and semiotics which are rooted in the mythological and cultural beliefs. Binary opposition shifted from linguistics to cultural studies and was challenged in the postmodern condition eventually. Claude Levi-Strauss espouses a bipolar-oppositional structure to the logic of myth, including proverbs. In his view, the structure of the human mind to understand phenomena puts each continuum in a binary reciprocal polarity. This pervasive mental action will eventually lead to the binary opposition, such as nature and culture. The purpose of the present study, however, is to represent the value binaries in the proverbs of the Ilami people. Due to the reconstructural nature of the case study, the research paradigm was qualitative and the method used was qualitative content analysis. The data is the published books about the proverbs of the Ilami people and some key informants were asked to supplement the information. These people were selected through purposeful sampling and were questioned through semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that the binary value of the Ilami proverbs includes the following general binary oppositions: rational/irrational; collective/individual; dynamism / stagnation; universalism / particularism; order/ disorder; social capital development/ social capital erosion; moderation/ extremism; and justice/ oppression. These binaries consist of more detailed subcategories that represent a society saturated with opposition. The binary oppositions derived from the findings are largely consistent with the Talcot Parsons model variables.  

Keywords: Binary oppositions; proverbs; social value; social capital; conflict.
Introduction
Popular literature or "oral literature is an important branch of popular knowledge or folklore that includes a large collection of songs, lullabies, riddles, stories, myths, and proverbs" (Zolfaghari, 2013, p. 9). Proverbs reflect all aspects of life, material or spritual (Zolfaghari, 2005, p. 18). Proverbs represent the life of a people who have illustrated their aspirations, wishes, values, norms, different issues of life, and their social behavior through an artistic expression. In this context, proverbs are nowadays considered as one of the most important sources for cultural and social studies, and can be used to realize individuals' cultural and social viewpoints among which "binary oppositions" is a case in point.
The term "binary oppositions" was coined in the school of structuralism, and employed as a means to examine and analyze the fundamental structure of thought and culture. This term refers to opposite pairs in an area, which usually shows the dominance of one over the other (Ghiyasi and Mahmoodi, 2015). Binary oppositions dominate one pole over the other one and leave the identity and presence of one in the absence of the identity and presence of the other. Similarly, ideology is largely based on oppositions since it depends on values, and values oppose anti-values to be defined. Some other examples include religion against infidelity, good against evil, infallibility against sin (Talebian et al., 2009).
Conceptual Framework
Binary oppositions include values based on which actors act. These values are at the two ends of a continuum that is generally privative and demanding.
Social values are the bases of social actions. According to Pasrons, values associated with actions are not imposed on individuals from the outside but in their interactions with the society. In fact, the values, in practice, form the constructive conditions of the social actions. All actions involve these choices and reflect the system of the actor's choice. There are four major alternatives in this regard (Azkia and Ghaffari, 2008, p. 184), which Parsons calls "pattern variables". They include universalism vs. particularism, specific vs. diffuseness, achievement vs. ascription, affective vs. affective neutrality, and self-interest vs. collective-interest.
Aims, questions, and procedure
This study aims to investigate the representation of binary oppositions in proverbs of the people of Ilam. Within the same line, the following question was raised:
what is the representation of the following binary oppositions in the proverbs of the Ilami people: rational / non-rational, individualism / collectivism, individualism / collectivism, social dynamism / social static, universalism / particularism, order / disorder, formation / destruction of social capital, balance / indulgence, and justice / injustice?
This study employed a qualitative content analysis method of investigation. The scope of this study was the printed books on proverbs of the Ilami people. To triangulate the data, key informants, who were selected through purposive sampling, and their competence was determined based on the saturation principle, were interviewed.
Conclusion
The binary oppositions in proverbs of the Ilami people were represented in eight general pairs, including:
In the binary of rational/non-rational, there were the binaries of considerate/inconsiderate, prudence/non-prudence, and rationality/ irrationality. The binary of collectivism/individualism included opportunist/altruist, responsibility/ non-responsibility, cooperation/ competition, common grief/indifference, and facilitator/ troublemaker. The binary of static/dynamism included social dynamism/ coercion, and incorrigibility/ reversibility. In the binary of universalism/ particularism, the following values were found: specialization/non-specialization, and achievement/ ascription. The binary of order/disorder included the categories of social order/social disorder, agreement/non-agreement, and taking turns/ignoring turns. In the binary of formation of social capital/destruction of social capital, the binary values of social trust/distrust, honesty/demagoguery, trusteeship/ barratry, dignity/ stinginess, forgiveness/ reproach, and humility/ arrogance were represented. The binary of balance/indulgence represents the binary values of patience/ impatience, tolerance/ intolerance, understanding/hostility, adaptability/ dominance, and observing the rights/indulgence. The binary of justice/ injustice included equity/inequity, and the value of women/ patriarchy.
Such binaries are, to a great extent, consistent with Parsons's pattern variables. The difference is that in order to distinguish the traditional societies from the non-traditional ones, Parsons believed that each of the mentioned societies has only one of the attributes in the oppositions, while the representation of oppositions in proverbs of the Ilami people is based on a kind of attitude dynamism and jelly thinking as well as reciprocal movement between the two ends of a continuum. In this sense, we face a society saturated with oppositions, which sometimes tends to the affirmative values and sometimes to the negative ones. It sometimes tends to the rational actions and sometimes to the emotional ones. It sometimes demands individualism and sometimes collectivism. It sometimes calls for dynamism and sometimes emphasized coercion; sometimes calls for order and sometimes for disorder. It sometimes emphasizes formation of the social capital and sometimes its destruction. It sometimes considers balance as its ideal and another time puts indulgence on its agenda.
References

•  Ghiyasi, N. & Mahmoodi, F. (2015). Deconstruction of binary interpretations in Hafez's poems in the painting of Sultan Muhammed Naghash. Literary Criticism, 32(4), 105-131
•  Talebiyan, Y., Sarfi, M., Sharifpour, E. & Kasi, F. (2009). Binary oppositions in Ahmadreza Ahmadi's poems. Persian Language and Literature Journal of Research (Gohar-e-Guya), 3(4), 21-34.
•  Zolfaghari, H. (2005). The stories of proverbs (in Farsi). Tehran: Maziyar
•  Zolfaghari, H. (2013). The dictionary of Persian proverbs (in Farsi). Tehran: Elm Publication

---

In a knowledge-based economiy, products and companies live and die on information and the most successful companies are the ones who use their intangible assets better and faster. Researches have indicated that inverse decreasing returns of traditional resources such as land, money, machinery etc. Knowledge is realy a resource to increase business performance. From a strategic perspective, intellectual capital (IC) is used to create and enhance the organizational value, and success requires IC and the ability to manage this scarce resource controlled by a company. In addition, one of the most important organizational capabilities is social capital that can contribute to create and share knowledge in organizations and to make sustainable organizational advantage for them in comparison with their competitors. Thus, the objective of the present descriptive and analytical research was to discuss the role of intellectual capital and social capital in competitive advantage in two automobile maker companies in Iran. Statistical community of the research consisted of supervisors, general managers and top managers. The obtained results indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between the social capital and intellectual capital in the two studied companies. Also, their intellectual capital had direct impact on their competitive advantage. However, their social capital had indirect impact on their competitive advantage.