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The purpose of the present study was to examine the interrelationships between the perception of social and teaching presences and the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, persistence, intrinsic motivation, and negative emotions of Iraqi EFL learners in online courses. To this end, 200 intermediate Iraqi university students studying English were recruited to participate in the study. Then they were asked to complete self-report questionnaires on their perception of social and teaching presence, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, intention to persist, intrinsic motivation, and negative emotions. SEM analysis showed that the students’ perceptions of social and teaching presence had a positive relation with their satisfaction of basic psychological needs, persistence, and intrinsic motivation. The results, however, showed that there was a negative relationship between the students’ perceptions of social and teaching presences and boredom, anxiety, and shame.  The results imply that providing opportunities for students to interact effectively with their instructors and peers in online classes in a socially supportive environment can lead to positive outcomes. The implications of the study are discussed, and suggestions for further research are proposed.

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As a trigger to communication, motivation still includes undiscovered aspects which require further investigation. Hence, considering the newly proposed dual continuum model of motivation, this study investigated the relationships among willingness to communicate (WTC), active/passive motivation, and foreign language achievement (FLA) among 216 high school English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. The modified version of the active/passive motivation scale (APMS) was revalidated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed significant relationships among active/passive motivation, L2WTC, and FLA. Additionally, six models were proposed for the prediction of learners’ L2WTC and FLA. The findings indicated that socio-cultural and sensory-perceptual active motivation as well as cognitive and sensory-perceptual passive motivation significantly predict learners’ L2WTC, while only cognitive active motivation predicts FLA. Furthermore, passive motivation predicts FLA in all sub-constructs. Finally, active motivation is a negative predictor of FLA if mediated by L2WTC. Overall, the study highlights the importance of passive as well as active motivation in promoting WTC and improving FLA among EFL learners.

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Teachers’ Continuous Professional Development (T-CPD) is of utmost importance for language teachers. T-CPD is the stimulation for updating teachers’ subject knowledge and  their teaching skills. Therefore, the predictive power of Psychological Well-being, L2 Teacher Grit, Grit-s, and Perceived Organizational Support (POS) on T-CPD was investigated through the mediating role of Work Motivation. Those who have participated in this study were 189 L2 teachers, who were from Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. They took part in an online questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using Path Analysis. Before running path analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was run to estimate Cronbach’s Alpha. Based on the CFA, two items (one from L2 Teacher Grit and one from POS) that did not have good loadings were removed from the scales. Then, the authers used path analysis to check the causal relationship among the variables in the proposed model. The fitness indices showed good fitness. Moreover, the more domain-specific L2 Teacher Grit performed better than the Gris-s scale. These insights can inform strategies for enhancing T-CPD and improving the overall quality of education. In addition, the results put light on the design of teacher training programs and organizational policies that aim to improve teacher quality and student outcomes.
 

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This research examined how to explain the constructional schemas of Persian complex verbal predicates(PCVP) based on CM and its aim was to identify and classify different types of  PCVPs including compound verbs and verbal phrases (1036 data in textbooks related to Teaching Persian to Non-Persian Speakers). The research was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method and the data were analyzed based on the criteria of CM. The findings showed, through the analysis of PCVPs based on the constructional approach, their formal similarity and lack of the definite boundary between different types of PCVPs in the hierarchical lexicon is represented more transparently and their constructional continuum is more explicitly depicted in the Persian verbal network. In sum, in this continuum of PCVPs, three subschemas of Persian verb phrases, two subschemas of compound verbs, and one subschema of incorporated verbs were recognized in the data. In addition, all PCVPs were examined in terms of default inheritance and the degree of motivation in their form and meaning relationship, whether grammatical information of the higher levels inherited by lower levels, such as incorporated verbs, or not such as compound verbs with metaphorical meaning. As a result, the asymmetry in their form and meaning was not problematic. Assuming the holisticity of form and meaning, a generalized and cost-effective analysis can be presented for both regular and unpredictable PCVPs, and despite of a lot of idiosyncratic cases, all types of PCVPs could be explained through general schemas and subschemas coherently without proposing exceptional solutions.

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Using of language skills has long been among the most conspicuous weak points of learners of Arabic language as a foreign language. By interviewing some professors and experts of Arabic language teaching, a number of topics were recognized as worthy to be investigated further as sources of weakness. These topics include “sources of boredom and tiredness of students in learning Arabic language”, “the appropriateness of existing instructional materials”, the appropriateness of the teaching methods”, “the sources of students motivation”, “ the effect of teaching methods on motivating students” in general and “ the appropriateness of methods for teaching listening” in particular. A researcher made questionnaire was used to elicit the viewpoints of students and professors regarding each of the above-mentioned topics. The results indicated that learners of Arabic language are not de-motivated but bored and tired due to the overall teaching context, in which they are learning this foreign language. Among the major sources of this boredom are “inappropriate teaching methods”, inappropriate instructional materials” and “inappropriate techniques in teaching listening comprehension”.

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This research aimed to compare the perceived motivational climate of judokas and basketball players in the Iranian Premier League, which was carried out using a comparative research method. The statistical population of the research was all the judokas of the Iranian Premier League (9 teams and 18 judokas on each team) and all the Iranian Premier League basketball players (9 teams and 18 basketball players on each team). They competed in the Premier League competitions in 2014. The present research considered the statistical sample based on Morgan's sample size table for judokas (n=83) and basketball players (n=102).In order to conduct data collection, a demographic form and motivational climate questionnaire (PMCSQ) were used. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, and an independent t-test was used to compare the two sports at a significant level (p≤0.05). The results showed a difference between the perceived motivational climate of judokas and basketball players of the Iranian Premier League (p≤0.05). Furthermore, the results showed that the performance Climate in judokas was higher than in basketball players (p≤0.05), but the skill motivational Climate in basketball players was higher than in judokas (p≤0.05). In general, it can be concluded that the type of sport is an important factor in the type of perceived motivational climate.
 

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Different types of leisure surround today's world. Playing video games is the most popular type of digital leisure in Iran and the world. This research's main goal is to analyze gamers' constraints and motivations based on the PCM model. The statistical population of this research is gamers under the age of 30 who play video games for at least 1 to 6 hours per week in their free time. Descriptive statistics methods are used to analyze the data. (statistical indices of central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test were used. The results showed a significant relationship between the understanding of constraints and the position of people in the PCM model in such a way that each of the dimensions of Constraints are understood differently in the stages of the model and show different deterrent power in different classes.
 

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One of the newest and the most comprehensive models for the behavior change is Information- Motivation- Behavioral skills (IMB) model. It is both simple and economic, and is of proper efficacy in the studies. IMB model as a health behavior change model is based on integration of the theories in social psychology and health education and promotion, emphasizing on information, motivation and behavioral skills as the basic determinants of the health-related behaviors The purpose of this article is to introduce the IMB model and by review of some studies based on this model; suitability of the model for health education and promotion interventions to be discussed. Iranian and foreign studies conducted using this model reveal the model's effectiveness in various health education disciplines. Although the IMB model has restrictions and disadvantages as any other health education and promotion model, IMB model-based interventions' advantages show that it is an applied model for changing health behavior.

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problem statement: Common values ​​between residents and citizens of a neighborhood are fundamental in having a collective and common mentality. The emergence of common values ​​in the neighborhood depends on several factors. One of the qualities and concepts that significantly impact these common values ​​is the spatial differentiation of the neighborhood. This article aims to investigate the effect of the degree of spatial differentiation of neighborhoods on the formation of common values ​​among citizens.
Method: This research has been done using a survey and based on field studies in the neighborhood of Ahvaz city and based on the opinions of 663 residents of selected neighborhoods.
Findings: Many of the city's problems and ills are caused by a lack of shared values ​​and collective mentality and understanding. Neighborhoods with unique characteristics, distinctiveness, and different spatial distinctions can provide many qualities. Shared values ​​lead to a shared understanding of the neighborhood, enhance collective and shared experiences, and thus add to neighborhood quality and urban quality.
Conclusion: The results show that the spatial differentiation of neighborhoods significantly leads to the formation and promotion of common and collective values ​​among citizens. Moreover, the distinction of physical appearance and neighborhood identification are among the most critical factors.

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Samuel Clark has a completely rationalist explanation of ethics and uses the concept of fitness a lot to explain his view; hence, his moral theory is known as the fitness theory. Clark considers moral values ​​and obligations to be based on fitness relations and believes that the reason can understand self-evidently a large part of these relationships, and the other part can be obtained through rational arguments or revelation. Critics have found some ambiguities and defects in Clarke's fitness theory. In this article, Clarkeian fitness theory is examined according to the criticisms raised, and then in a brief comparison with the theory of existential fitness, it is shown that the theory of existential fitness does not have these ambiguities and defects.

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  Leadership is one of the most important concepts in management literature. Organizations cannot achieve their predetermined goals without an efficient leadership. This study tries to identify the most effective factors on leadership intention and demonstrate them as a conceptual model. Leadership intention means persons’ scheduling for self-individuals future and whether he or she is willing to be responsible for leaderships roles. The conceptual model of this study is created according to subject literature. Questionnaires distributed among management students of Tehran universities using convenience sampling and 845 were collected. Data analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that fame-seeking, social networks, leadership motivation and person’s leadership efficiency have positive and significant Influence on his/her leadership intent. Dream, risk taking, independence, confidence, curiosity and emotional intelligence were among other variables that their effects on leadership intent was not confirmed.        
 

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Aim: Decades named preventing injuries decade. The most sensitive and vulnerable persons against diseases and accident, especially accidental falls are children. This study aimed to determine the application of the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) in predicting preventive behaviors from children's accidental falls (AFs) in mothers with children less than 3 years old referred to the health centers of Mashhad City.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 140 mothers who were selected from the health centers of Mashhad City according to the inclusion criteria of the study and by cluster and systematic sampling. The instruments for data collection were valid and reliable questionnaires of demographic information, a self-administered questionnaire that is assumed to examine the structures of PMT and preventive behaviors from CAFs and were analyzed with SPSS 20. Pearson & Spearman, one way ANOVA correlation coefficient and linear regression were applied together to analyze the data.
Findings: The mean age of the subjects was 27.42+5.07 years. The results also showed that there were statistically significant relationships between the perceived susceptibility and protection motivation and preventive behaviors from CAFs (P<0.001). Based on regression analysis, preventive behaviors from CAFs using the structures of protection motivation was generally 66%.
Conclusion: The results showed that the mother‟s sensitivity and knowledge about preventive behaviors from CAFs were low. The findings of this study can be useful for designing educational interventions for prevention of CAFs by health authorities.

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Aim: A theory-based research program can increase the participation of elderly people in terms of good nutritional behaviors. This study aimed at assessing the prediction of the nutritional improvement of elderly based on protection motivation theory (PMT).
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly people over 60 years of age in the City of Hamadan in early April in 2016. The PMT-based questionnaire data were analyzed using measures of central tendency, dispersion, and independent t-tests.
Findings: The results showed that the knowledge item of the questionnaire had significant effect on all constructs of the model.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the PMT-based program had an effect on the improvement of nutritional performance of the elderly people; however, further investigations in other age and gender groups as well as using other educational methods are also recommended.

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... But its a letter to editor!

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This study examines the impact of organizational communication on human resource management architecture which is conducted in one of the governmental agencies. This research is an applied research and is a descriptive survey. Data collected using questionnaire consisted of three parts, first, demographic information. Second, effective organizational communication assessment which is based on six components of Robbins model and consists of 37 questions. Third, measurement of human resource management architecture which consists of 19 questions from (readers et. al 2012). as reliability and validity of measuring instruments confirmed, population of this study is managers and employees of Khorasan-e-Razavi, which 280 of them randomly selected as the study sample. Data Analyzed using SPSS and LPS software. results show that effective organizational communication has a significant positive relationship with human resource management architecture and contribute to its implementation.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the construction, validity and reliability of the short-form of the “Attitude/Motivation Test Battery” questionnaire in language learning. To achieve this purpose, the Persian version of Gardner’s AMTS was used. Using the stratified random sampling method, 245 (135 male and 110 female) undergraduate university students from different majors of Tehran universities were chosen to answer the questionnaire. The analysis methods included the construction validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and reliability (calculation of Alpha Cronbach’s coefficiency for all questionnaires and factors). As a result, 7 factors were recognized including attitude towards language learning importance, language learning anxiety, parents’ encouragement of language learning, negative attitude to language teachers, demotivation of language learning, positive attitude towards native speakers, and integrative motivation to language learning. The reliability of the questionnaire measured by Alpha Cronbach was 0.848. Regarding the results of this study, AMTB has appropriate validity and reliability. This instrument can measure the motivation and attitude of Iranian language learners.

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In this study, impact of work climate and social network size on the volunteers’ motivation were investigated through the application of self-determination theory. This research type is applied and research method is Descriptive. In this study Active volunteers of Tehran Red Crescent Society were selected as Statistical population. Sample size was estimated 146 using Cochran Formula. Two stage Cluster sampling method used for sampling. For gathering data standard questionnaires were used. For testing hypotheses, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using LISREL software were employed. Results showed that the work climate has positive effect on volunteers autonomous and controlled motivation while the needs satisfaction acts as a mediator. Also the results showed that the social network size has positive effect on the volunteers’ autonomous motivation and negative effect on the volunteers’ controlled motivation and the needs satisfaction acts as a mediator of both impacts.

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Anxiety in foreign language class is one of the variables which has main effect in language learning. Therefore researchers in language teaching are always interested in this factor. This study investigates the  relation  between achievement motivation, emotional  intelligence and foreign  language classroom  anxiety, in French  students  of  Ferdowsi  University of Mashhad  and relation of age and gender with these variables. For this purpose, Baron Emotional intelligence questionnaire, Hermans achievement motivation test, foreign language classroom anxiety test and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety scale were presented to 87 French students. To analyze research data, T test and Pearson correlation test were used. The results indicate that there is a negative significant correlation between foreign language classroom anxiety and achievement motivation (p= -0/001) in parallel with foreign language classroom anxiety and emotional intelligence (p= -0/007). As a result, it can be claimed that higher emotional intelligence and achievement motivation follow language classroom anxiety decrease.

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One of the major challenges organizations are facing, is the gap between participation and ways of motivating those personnel that have least participation and motivation about their daily activities. Gamification is a kind of real activity which is specified by means of a skill oriented gaming and can result in learning and acquiring proper work behavior with personal preference. This can be done even without any external middleware for continuous participation. These behavior consequences, are related to changes in personnel's behavior, skills development, and promoting innovation. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the behavioral desire and examining the factors related to acceptance and adoption of these tools. This work is based on descriptive and survey approach and uses Rural Water and Sewage Organization of Fars province with a statistical Society of 240 and 147 as statistical samples including staff who deal with either specialized software or administrative automation or both, with at least 1 year of work experience. Sampling is non-random and purposive and data were collected using questionnaire which is designed and implemented after a workshop. To specify reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficients calculated, and to examine data normality, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test was used and to examine the hypothesis, Spearman, chi- square and Friedman test used. Results of this study indicates that this technology has been accepted by the staff and they have behavioral intention for doing it objectively. In addition, by strengthening the main determinants, it is possible to increase staff's behavioral intention, as well as to improve their performance and attitude. There is no significant relationship between the variables and the demographics.

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The present study aimed at investigating the initial and final attitudes of Iranian EFL learners in two different age groups (8 and 11 year olds) during one year of inquiry and seek to witness whether the language learners’ age of  starting foreign language learning can influence their attitudes or not. The participants’ attitudes were measured via questionnaires and interviews. The modified AMTB (Attitude Motivation Testing Battery) used in this study was designed in such a way as to measure the learners’ attitude in eight different domains (Learners’ interests in foreign language, Attitudes toward English speaking people, Attitudes toward learning English, National identity, Integrative orientation, Instrumental orientation, English class anxiety and parental encouragement). Our focus in the present study was on the participants’ performance on the first four attitudinal domains and also their performance on the whole questionnaire so the participants’ answer to these relevant items on the questionnaire (items related to the first four domains) and also the whole questionnaire was subject to statistical analysis .For the first four domains, results of the study showed that our participants hold positive attitudes towards foreign language learning and learning English both at the beginning and also at the end of inspection. For their attitudes towards English culture and its speakers and also their national identities, our learners in different age groups revealed different patterns. Taking the total attitude picture into consideration (the questionnaire as whole with all its 8 domains) however, there was not any significant difference between the attitudinal behaviors of participants of two different age groups of this study.