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Different types of leisure surround today's world. Playing video games is the most popular type of digital leisure in Iran and the world. This research's main goal is to analyze gamers' constraints and motivations based on the PCM model. The statistical population of this research is gamers under the age of 30 who play video games for at least 1 to 6 hours per week in their free time. Descriptive statistics methods are used to analyze the data. (statistical indices of central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test were used. The results showed a significant relationship between the understanding of constraints and the position of people in the PCM model in such a way that each of the dimensions of Constraints are understood differently in the stages of the model and show different deterrent power in different classes.
 

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The importance of researches within the syntactic scope of different languages and dialects in scientific frameworks has specifically gained interest within the Optimality Theoretic Framework (OTE), within which the variety differences can be defined by differential rankings of the same set of constraints, and the concept of “Unity in Variety” in different linguistic domains is achieved. The present dialectological study is aimed to investigate the word order of declarative projections (including transitive, intransitive and clefting sentences) in Ateni/ Saravi dialect of Mazandarani language. To achieve the goals of the investigation, 27 dialectal declarative sentences are analyzed and represented by the usage of tableaus and diagrams throughout the paper. The analysis is performed by the aid of Grimshaw's (2001) left alignment constraints (Head Left, Specifier Left and Complement Left) as well as her (2001, 1997) obligatory element constraints (Obligatory Head and Obligatory Specifier). For the sake of determining the appearance and absence of subject in the projections studied in the dialectal data, the research applies Kohn's (2003) structural constraints including that of faithfulness (Full Interpretation, Parse) and markedness ones (Opearator-Specifier, No - Lexical Movement, Stay). Following Grimshaw (2001), the investigation of the concept of unity in variety has been followed throughout this study not only by the usage of alignment constraints but also by their number of violations; i.e. the variation lies only in which of the constraints to be violated, and the number of times it violates. In accordance, the present research demonstrates that the sameness of the number of elements in the dialectal projections results in the sameness of the total number of alignment violations that approves the unity in spite of superficial linguistic varities. Keywords: Word order typology, Alignment constraints, Obligatory element constraints, Structural constraints, Unity in variety.

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The present study aimed to provide a comprarative analysis of the performance of Persian monoligual and Azari-Persian bilingual adolescents in comprehension of Persian proverbs. The study has been made on the basis of the constraint satisfaction model, within which the effect of the variables of “linguistic context”, “familiarity” and “gender” is examined on their “speed of comprehension”. The corpus includes 142 high school students in two groups of monolingual and bilingual individuals. The proverb comprehension test has been provided as a testing software­ in which the data are saved in the textual format and the response timing is saved in milliseconds. Data analysis was performed by a two-way analysis of variance. The research findings illustrated the significant effect of the variables studied, that by itself supports the efficiency of the constraint satisfaction model, as its theoretical base, in the comprehension of Persian proverbs.  

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  This study aims to investigate and compare some frequent phonological processes in Isfahani accent with that of standard Persian in the framework of optimality theory.  The methodological approach of the study is descriptive-analytical and the data collection was done through field study method. To do this, the conversation of Isfahani-native speakers, aged between 30 and 50, has been recorded for ten hours and then the data have been transcribed and classified. Through the analysis of the data in the framework of optimality theory, the top-ranked constraints in the hierarchy of constraints responsible for optimal candidates in Isfahani accent have been determined. Among the most significant phonological processes in this accent are devocalization, vowel harmony, and consonant and vowel dissimilation. The data analysis showed that the optimal candidates in Isfahani accent differ from that of standard Persian and in most cases, markedness constraints are responsible for optimal candidates in Isfahani. While in standard Persian, faithfulness constrains are top-ranked in the hierarchy of constraints.      

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The present research deals with the investigation of subject-intransitive verb agreement in Persian. The corpus of this research is consisted of spoken and written utterances. The data are analyzed based on Minimality and Optimality approaches which are both generative in nature, though they have fundamental differences. In this survey, the exception cases of agreement in traditional grammar are analyzed according to Chomsky's recent Minimalist approach which is syntactic based and Optimal theory which is constraint based. In Minimality, subject-verb agreement involves a relationship between a probe and a local goal in order to determine the unvalued features. But in Optimality, the interaction of constraints determines the optimal candidate of agreement. The findings demonstrate that all the exception cases of agreement are explained based on Minimal approach; In honorific or polite use, the presence of the feature [+HON] causes plural agreement on verb; In subject-less verbs, the probe agrees with null PRO. Moreover, in optimality, the optimal candidate is determined based on extended animacy hierarchy. The results showed that minimal approach is much more efficient than optimality theory in explaining agreement.

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Aim: The objective of this paper is to design nutrient-adequate, varied and cost-efficient diets for diabetes patients.
Methods: A new multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model under uncertainty is developed to design diet plans for diabetes patients.
Findings: The analysis is conducted on the population of 30 years old men and women in 24.99 and 18.5 body mass index, 1.50, 1.65 and 1.80 (m) height categorized in 4 physical activity levels (sedentary, low, active and very active). The objectives of the model are the minimization of the total amount of saturated fat, sugar and cholesterol and the total cost of the diet plans. The constraints of the model are fulfilling the body's nutrient requirements and the diversity control of each patient’s diet. In order to get closer to the real world, fuzzy parameters are considered in the model. To solve the model, a new hybrid solution methodology (Jimenez and epsilon-constraint method) is used to offer the optimal Pareto of non-dominated solutions. Each optimal Pareto of the model consists of diet plans that each patient can choose the proper food based on the taste, availability and cost.
Conclusion: Mathematical modeling of diet planning and study of its optimal solutions can be considered as a decision support tool for the professionals to design the most proper diet plans.

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The goal of this research is investigation of simple verbs root in Persian Language which coronal nasal [n] is their coda. We are going to see, which kind of constraints are acted on the nasal [n] in final cluster of C₀VC₁C₂ as the first member. In other words, in simple verbs root that [n] is coda, after adding past affix, which kind of constraints are acted on final cluster? To this end, among 397 simple verbs root, without repeat and without causative affix, 22 monosyllabic, bi syllabic and tri syllabic verbs root that their final syllable was CVn+d were investigated. The resulted constraints are: 1) the clusters which their C₁ is [n] never formed with one of the cores of [u, i]; in other words, high vowels cannot be the core of a syllable by final cluster [nd]. 2) Nasal [n] doesn’t change at the end of monosyllabic roots by mid and low cores; in other words, [-high] vowels can be the core of a syllable by final cluster [nd]. 3) Blocking rule prevents producing of the existing similar outputs in a language. 4) The sonority sequencing principle (SSP) is considered in all past stem forms of verbs.

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Introduction: In every language, there are some constructions where two constituents are put together to form a lexical item. These constructions are called binomials. In this term, “ nomi” ( which means “name”) can refer to names, adjectives, verbs, adverbs and conjunctions. These constructions can be just the repetition of the same word, like “davan davan”, or can be reduplication, like “ketab metab” which has a phonological motivation. They can be onomatopoeia, like “tick-tack” or can be of a kind where there is a just a semantic motivation, like “jang and solh”. But terminologically, binomials refer to the sequence of two words pertaining to the same form-class, and ordinarily connected by some kind of lexical link. One point in binomials relates to the order of constituents and which factors or constraints determine their order. In this regard, there is a model called Constraints’ Model (2014). The model has some constraints which determines the order of constituents in binomials.
 Purpose:  The paper aims to investigate Persian binomials based on Constraints’ Model.
Study questions: In this regard, the study questions are:
1-To how extent the order of constituents in Persian binomials can be determined based on semantic-pragmatic constraints, non-metrical-phonological constraints, metrical-phonological constraints, and frequency and alphabetic order constraints which are mentioned in Constraints’ Model?
2- To how extent Constraints’ Model can be a criterion to determine the order of constituents in Persian binomials?
3-For those Persian binomials whose orders can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model, what constraints can be defined?
Methodology: The research is done using Constraints’ Model. The data were extracted from twenty Persian novel, the newspapers “Hamshahri” and “Iran” in a one year period, Persian dictionary and web. From the corpus, 1957 binomials were extracted, many of which were ignored because they were in the groups “repetition” and “reduplication”. Finally there were 593 reversible and irreversible binomials. To do the research, all these 593 binomials were divided into two groups “reversible” and “irreversible”. To determine the (ir) -reversibility of Persian binomials, Persian Language Data Base (Bijankhan Corpus) was used, so following Mollin’s method (2013), the binomials appearing just in one order were considered irreversible and the ones appearing in both orders were considered reversible. For reversible binomials, it was attempted to find their preferred order. To find the preferred order of reversible binomials, the researcher referred to the frequency in Persian Language Data Base and web and the frequency number of both order were found. If the frequency occurrence of one order was significantly higher than the other order, that order was considered as the preferred order, but if the frequency occurrence of two different orders in one binomial wasn’t different significantly, that binomial was removed from research, because there wasn’t any preferred order which can be determined by Constraints’ Model. Then the irreversible binomials and reversible binomials with a preferred order were analyzed using Constraints’ Model.
Analysis: Analysis of research data, considering the occurrence order of binomials in Persian Language Data Base (Bijankhan Corpus) and web showed that among 593 binomials, 534 ones were irreversible and 59 ones were reversible. The 534 irreversible binomials were analyzed using Constraints’ Model.
Conclusion: Data analysis showed that among 534 irreversible binomials, Constraints’ Model can determine the order of 520 binomials (97/3), but in research corpus, there were 11 binomials (2/7) whose order can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model. The analysis results for reversible binomials showed that among 45 reversible binomials (with a preferred order), Constraints’ Model can determine the order of 44 binomials (97/7), but there were one reversible binomial (2/3) which couldn’t be explained Constraints’ Model.
To answer the first question of the research, we can say that Constraints’ Model has determined the order of 97/4 of binomials (both irreversible binomials and reversible binomials with a preferred order) in Persian. So it is concluded that Constraints’ Model is suitable to determine the order of constituents in Persian binomials.
But for those Persian binomials whose order can’t be determined using Constraints’ Model, some constraints were proposed which are: dominance principle, initial sonority of second syllable principle, unstressed vowel length principle, analogy principle, importance principle, coda’s initial sonority principle,

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The purpose of this study is to investigate those phonological processes, speakers of Persian language and some of Iranian dialects use in order to observe the sonority sequencing principle (SSP) and the syllable contact law (SCL). Among the questions we would like answer the following questions: 1. what phonological processes are used by the speakers of Persian language and some types of Iranian languages in order to observe the sonority sequencing principle and the syllable contact law and 2. What effect does the syllable number of the word have on the application of phonological processes?. Based on the mentioned questions, these hypotheses can be made: 1. the speakers of language use the phonological processes of compensatory lengthening, metathesis, insertion, deletion and substitution in order to observe the sonority sequencing principle and the syllable contact law 2. The syllable number of the simple words does not have any effect on the application of phonological processes.
However, in order to do this research, data of Persian language are collected from the spoken language of the speakers. Then, their phonological forms are compared with Moshiri’s dictionary (2008). Data of Kordi Hurami dialect are gathered through interview with the speakers and data of Lafuri, Torbat Heidariye and Sabzevari dialects are extracted from Kambuziya (2006).
Out of 1125 gathered simple words that do not conform to the SSP and the SCL, the phonological processes of 'compensatory lengthening', 'metathesis', 'insertion', 'deletion' and 'substitution of a phonological unit with another phonological unit' are applied to 357 words by language speakers. In sum, the frequency analysis of data shows that:
The deletion of the glottal consonants / ʔ / and  / h / is more frequent in the two syllable words. In other words, this process occurs in 66/19 percent of disyllabic words, 23/94 percent of tri syllabic words and 9/85 percent of one syllable words. Furthermore, the constraint hierarchy for the phonological process of deletion of the glottal consonants and the compensatory lengthening of a vowel can be illustrated as: SON-SEQ>> No cluster-glottal, MAX-μ >> MAX-IO.
The phonological process of metathesis is more frequent in the disyllabic words. This process occurs in 65/74 percent of two syllable words, 25 percent of monosyllabic words and 9/25 percent of three syllable words. In addition, the constraint hierarchy for the application of metathesis can be shown as: SON-SEQ>> LINEARITY and  SCL>> LINEARITY.
The process of insertion is more frequent in the disyllabicwords. This process occurs in 96/87 percent of disyllabic words and in 3/12 percent of monosyllabic words. The constraint hierarchy of this process can be indicated as: SON-SEQ>> DEP-IO.
An investigation of the extracted Persian simple words shows that the sonority sequencing principle is not observed in 24 words with the structure of /CVC1C2 / . In these cases, the process of deletion is not applied. When the speakers use these monosyllabic simple words in combination with other linguistic elements, the deletion of the final consonant occurs. However, the constraint hierarchy of this process can be illustrated as: SON-SEQ>> MAX-IO.
The process of substitution occurs in some words of kordi Hurami dialect. In other words, when the sonority sequencing principle is not observed in the initial consonant cluster, the second member of the cluster which is less sonorant than the first member is substituted with another consonant which is more sonorant than the first member. The constraint hierarchy of this phonological process can be shown as: SON-SEQ>> *STOP/#C >> IDENT (manner).
Thus, it can be argued that these processes are applied to mono, di and tri syllabic words among which the frequency of disyllabic words is more than that of one and tri syllabic words.

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This paper has been presented a new method for optimum design of multi-stage axial flow compressor blades considering overall performance and stage matching. This tool is made up of an optimization algorithm, a flow solver and a parametric geometry generation system. A two-dimensional streamline curvature code has been improved to evalute the compressor performance parameters and flow field. Design parameters consist of geometrical parameters and aerodynamic performance parameters include the minimum loss of blade and allowable range of incidence. The efficiency increment of a 10-stage compressor has been investigated to evaluate the proposed method. The geometry of three front stages of compressor is fixed, the geometry of three middle stages is optimized and four rear stages have been re-staggered. At the first, compressor is optimized by re-designing middle stages and second, it is optimized by re-designing middle stages and re-staggering rear stages. In best case, compressor efficiency has been improved by 1.18 in nominal speed and 1.83 percent in 95% of nominal speed.

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The aim of this study is to carry out an empirical study of constraint factors in recreational sporting activities. More specifically it tests the model of constraints (intra-personal, interpersonal, and structural), as proposed by Crawford et al. (1991), and its relationship with actual participation levels in specific recreational sports activities in Iran. Although there is a growing body of study in the USA, Canada, and United Kingdom into gender differences in leisure opportunities and behavior, Little is known about leisure activities in Iran. The maim purpose of this study is about the factors prohibiting female student at Khorasgan Azad Islamic University to participate in recreation sporting activities. This paper presents the findings of an exploratory investigation into factors influencing the recreational sporting activities. The data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire among three hundreds (300) female students who were participated in recreational sporting activities (102 individuals once or more per week, 129 individuals once or more per month, and 69 individuals once per year or more). Leisure constraints factors used in this study named as lack of time, lack of money, lack of facilities, transportation, social relations, lack of interest, unawareness, lack of skill and ability, and health and fitness problems. The findings showed that significant differences was found among constraint factors such as lack of time, lack of money, transportation, lack of interest, unawareness, lack of skill and ability, and health and fitness problems. These findings have theoretical and practical implications, which are discussed.

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Motion control of a planar nonholonomic system with four DoF is addressed in this paper. Three actuators are responsible for shape control of this system. Furthermore, assuming no external forces and zero angular momentum, imposes a nonholonomic constraint to the problem. First it is shown that although the simplified equations of motion for this system, could be converted to Heisenberg and chained-form systems, the conventional control methods for these systems, may not be applied to the considered problem. Then, using sliding modes and online path planning, two different closed-loop control laws are designed for bringing the system to and stabilizing around any desired equilibrium state started from any initial condition. Simulation results, show the efficiency of the proposed methods.

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Abstract-In this article, a new stabilizing mechanism for a two wheel robot is proposed. Such systems, due to inherent ‎instability, require dynamic stabilization. The conventional method for stabilizing these robots is moving the base back ‎and forth, to use its inertia effects. Therefore, such strategies drastically depend on the ground surface, besides the ‎robot is not able to reconfigure its manipulator to do any desired task. These limitations reduce the capability of the ‎robot to manipulate objects, and to perform accurate tasks. In order to omit these restrictions, in the developed ‎mechanism, a reaction wheel is used. The proposed mechanism exploits the inertia moment of reaction wheel to ‎stabilize motion of the robot. Therefore, since there is no interaction between the reaction wheel and the ground surface, ‎by using this mechanism there would be no concern about the surface that the robot moves on that. Also, manipulator ‎of the robot can track the given trajectories, without considering stability limitations. In order to show the performance ‎of proposed mechanism, a verified dynamics model of the robot is used and the control algorithm with various initial ‎conditions is simulated.‎

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In this paper, trajectory tracking control of a wheeled mobile robot is analyzed. Wheeled mobile robot is a nonlinear system. This system including three generalized coordinates (x,y,ϕ), and a nonholonomic constraint. First, system kinematic and dynamic equations are obtained. A non-model-based control algorithm using PD-action filtered errors has been used in order to control the wheeled mobile robot. Non-model-based controllers are always more appropriate than model-based algorithms due to independency from dynamic models, lower computational costs and also robustness to uncertainties. Asymptotic stability of the closed loop system for trajectory tracking control of wheeled mobile robot has been investigated using appropriate Lyapunov function and also Barbalat’s lemma method. Finally, in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach simulation and experimental results have been presented. Obtained results show that without requiring a priori knowledge of plant dynamics, and with reduced computational burden, the tracking performance of the presented algorithm is quite satisfactory. Therefore, the proposed control algorithm is well suited to most industrial applications where simple efficient algorithms are more appropriate than complicated theoretical ones with massive computational burden.

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Sandwich structures have low weight and high stiffness. Sandwich panels with open and prismatic cores are a kind of these structures that have special properties. These panels are named based on the number of corrugations (n) of the core. In this paper weight optimization of these panels is carried out by Gravitational Search Algorithm based on yielding and buckling constraints. This algorithm is a heuristic algorithm that is based upon the Newtonian gravity force and the laws of motion. For optimization of the weight, core and surface thickness and panel height are assumed as design variables. The results show that for a specific panel, the design variables and the weight of panel are increased by increasing the load. Also the core and surface thickness are decreased and the weight and panel height are increased by increasing core corrugate number at a specific loading. The panels with n=1 and n=2 have the minimum weight and highest structural efficiency. By comparing the results with some previous studies, it is shown that the Gravitational Search Algorithm is a useful tool in achieving lower weight in these panels and has a good convergence rate.

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Hybrid layered manufacturing is one of the key methods among rapid manufacturing techniques in which a layer of molten metal is deposited on the substrate and desired geometry is completed by stacking the layers. Inexpensiveness, high rates of deposition and great applicability are some of the characteristics of hybrid layered manufacturing. Welding and face milling are the two steps of the process. In welding phase, metal is built up by weld lines to cover a given surface and in milling phase weld beads are truncated to achieve a flat and integrated layer. The focus in this article is to optimize two contradictory objectives, namely reduction in machining volume and increase in deposition rate. Thus, the first task is to formulate the bead model considering the metal build-up effect. Then, the situation needed for achieving quasi-flat layers in welding phase is studied and the unified model is extracted. Moreover, GA is used to find optimum values for the proposed model based on heat and process constraints. Finally the model is verified and conclusions are drawn. This article presents a new criterion by defining the heat constraint for the multi-objective function. Results show that for the 0.8 mm wire ER70S6, optimum values are 8.6 m/min for wire speed and 0.6 m/min for torch speed that yield a deposition rate of 4224 mm3/min without violating heat constraint.

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This paper provides an Optimality-Theoretic account of dissimilation in standard Persian as well as some other accents and dialects of Persian. As such, this work starts by introducing Optimality Theory (henceforth OT) and its basic concepts and then it investigates dissimilation in this framework. It argues for the superiority of OT over derivational approaches regarding a case in which both dissimilation and assimilation, with no clear feeding order, are involved.

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In today competitive environment, increasing supply chain efficiency has considerable importance in success of firms. Various factors limit this increase, which are referred as supply chain complexities. Identification of these complexities and dealing with them is essential. This paper attempts to introduce and apply an efficient and effective method for dealing with complexity of supply chain. This method is based on systemic principles of theory of constraints. This research shows how a manager can use logical tools of theory of constraints thinking processes (TOC TP) to identify and deal with root causes of supply chain complexity. This approach was implemented partially in a paper manufacturing firm in Iran. Data were gathered by questionnaires and interviews and analyzed interactively with supply chain managers and experts of the firm in order to get valid results. In this case, three first steps of TOC TP i.e. drawing intermediate objective (IO) map, current reality tree (CRT) and conflict remove diagram (CRD) are performed. The results show that these logical diagrams are useful tools to identify supply chain complexity drivers and determine root causes of them.

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Psychological capital is a new concept that has been discussed in the third millennium and entered in the field of management since 2006 Due to its unique role in organizational wealth-generation, it has become in the core attention of scholars and intellectuals research in the field of behavior, human resource management and human capital. So the main goal of this paper is designing a model to improve psychological capital in Iranianpublic organizations with identifying the role of human resource functions. This research has employed quantitative approach and followed correlation method. The populations for this study were employees of public organizations; the rational for selection of them was classification system in the governmental budget. Accordingly, they were classified into the three categories of general, social and economic. On the other hand, due to the wide dispersion and large organizations across the country, public organizations of Tehran province were chosen as key clusters. The research method is descriptive correlation study, and the data were collected using standard questionnaires. The data were analyzed by using structural equations and multiple regressions. The research findings showed that HR functions have significant positive relation with the psychological capital; however when organizational justice is placed as the intervening variable between them, the correlation coefficient is increased. The results also indicated that HRM functions have the greatest effect on Psycap by organizational justice. At last, fitness test of the model demonstrated that it is suitable for Iranian public organizations.