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Over the past decades, empirical studies regarding the application of data-driven learning (DDL) and its’ role in second and foreign language learning have increased. At the same time, several studies have investigated the association between working memory (WM) and different aspects of L2 and found that WM plays a significant role in the language performance of L2 learners, as SLA processes rely on cognitive resources. Nevertheless, the findings of such research are inconclusive. The role of WM in the relationship between DDL and second/foreign language learning is also a neglected area. Drawing on data from 84 Iranian female EFL learners, aged between 20 to 24, on three different measures of WM capacity (digit span, number-letter, and flanker), the findings of the present study showed that first, DDL was a significant predictor of English academic lecture comprehension. Second, regardless of which WM measure to use, WM was not a significant predictor of English academic lecture comprehension; and the interaction effect between DDL and WM was not a significant predictor of the students’ English academic lecture comprehension. That is, WM did not moderate the effect of DDL on the students’ comprehension of English academic lectures. Altogether, the results suggested that learning L2 at high levels of English academic lecture comprehension was mostly contingent upon automatic processing. The findings of this study may have implications for research and practice in second/foreign language teaching and learning, and more specifically in the application of DDL for L2 learners. 

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Emphasis on providing students with authentic and comprehensive educational experiences has been recommended in many educational systems as a necessity for motor, social and psychological growth. Despite the focus of recent studies on preparing physical education teachers to enter the profession, little attention has been paid to beginning teachers and how these teachers can promote rich physical education experiences. Therefore, this study seeks to understand how a beginning physical education teacher can implement the collaborative learning model and share responsibility for teaching-learning processes with students. The participants included 77 physical education teachers with little experience and novices of the first secondary school in Razavi Khorasan (Qochan, Taibad, Mashhad), whose opinions were obtained using a researcher-made questionnaire. One-sample t-test and regression were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that the indicators of cooperative learning, being active in the class, teachers' experience, recognized talent, interaction with other students and following the manager's and teacher's decisions have a significant effect on students' skills.
 

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In this paper, for control Voltage of two chamber Microbial fuel cell, two-type PI controller and MPC controller are used. For this purpose, two compartments of the model presented by Esfandyari  et al. [1, 2] have been used to model the microbial fuel cell. Then, based on this model, a classic PI controller based on the internal model and a MPC controller was designed and implemented. Based on the designed controllers, it was adjusted by adjusting the flow rate of the substrate to changes usually introduced in turbulence, such as the concentration of input to the substrate, or the effect of the uncertainty in the parameters of the process model, such as r_max and K_s. The results show that the MPC controller has a better performance compared to the classic PI controller.
 

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Research subject:
Zinc is one of the most dangerous organic components in industrial wastewaters, which pollutes the environment as a result of human activities and various industrial operations. In the present study, the adsorbent prepared from Gracilaria Corticata algae was used for the first time to recover and remove heavy metal zinc and equilibrium study of the process were done.
Research approach:
In the current work, the effect of important parameters such as initial pH of solution, adsorbent dosage and contact time were investigated on the adsorption efficiency of the process. Additionally, Langmuir and Freundlich two-parameter adsorption isotherm models were used to model the equilibrium of zinc adsorption.
Main results:
The results showed that according to the calculated correlation coefficient, Freundlich isotherm was better than the Langmuir in fitting the experimental data. The highest point-to-point correlation coefficient for adsorbent percentage was achieved at 3 g/ml adsorbent dosage with contact time of min 360 and pH=7 and the lowest one was at 4 g/ml adsorbent dose with contact time of min PH=360 and 7. However, the highest adsorption rate was observed for the adsorbent dosage of 4 g/ml with contact time of 420 min at pH=9 and the lowest adsorption percentage was achieved at the adsorbent dosage of 2 g/ml with contact time of 300 min and pH=5. The maximum and minimum adsorption percentages were 76.88 mg/g and 49.25 mg/g, respectively

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Synthesis gas is a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide, which usually contains carbon dioxide as an additive. This gas is the raw material in the production of many basic materials of the petrochemical industry such as methanol. Various raw materials have been used to produce synthetic gas, including natural gas (methane), hydrocarbons, and coal. This gas is also very suitable as an intermediate material for the production of industrial products, and depending on the reaction conditions and catalysts used, different chemicals may be produced in large industrial units. Modeling a synthesis gas production reactor as the heart of an operating unit in the petrochemical industry is of particular importance. Simulation of refinery units is always associated with many problems due to the complexity of the process and the lack of proper kinetics. In recent years, software such as Span Plus has been used to simulate and study refinery processes, which in this regard have to some extent facilitated and achieved the appropriate. In this research, the synthesis gas production unit is simulated with two methods of steam reforming and partial oxidation method using Aspen Plus V8.4 software. By examining parameters such as conversion rate, hydrogen to CO ratio, reactor temperature and pressure during the production process and other variables, the simulation results show that after adjusting the reaction coefficients, parameters such as inlet feed temperature, reactor length and time Residues affect the production of desired products that the use of steam reforming in terms of production of synthetic gas has a higher efficiency than the partial oxidation system.

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Abstract
Research subject: Ethylene is a very important material in petrochemical industries, whose chief application is producing polymers such as polyethylene. The steam cracking of ethane or naphtha is commonly used to produce ethylene. A small amount of acetylene is produced in this process. The amount of acetylene in the product stream should not exceed 1 ppm, because it is harmful to polymerization catalysts in downstream units. The acetylene hydrogenation unit is designed for acetylene removal in industrial plants. In this unit, the removal of acetylene up to 1 ppm in the product stream and ethylene’s selectivity are of great importance.
Research approach: In this paper, the modeling and the dynamic simulation of acetylene hydrogenation reactors of Marun petrochemical complex with considering catalyst deactivation are presented. Then, here investigated is the effect of the operating conditions such as temperature, pressure and flow rate of the reactor feed on the amount of outlet acetylene as well as ethylene’s selectivity.
Main results: The simulation results show that in order to compensate for catalyst deactivation, it is necessary to gradually increase the reactor inlet temperature. With a linear increase in the inlet temperature of the reactors from 55 to 90 ˚C in a period of 720 operating days, the amount of outlet acetylene and ethylene’s selectivity are decreased. The reactions of acetylene to ethylene and ethylene to ethane are increased by increasing the inlet temperature of acetylene hydrogenation reactors. By increasing the feed flow rate from 50 to 100 kg/s, the amount of outlet acetylene and ethylene’s selectivity are increased. The residence time is decreased by increasing the feed flow rate and thus the conversion of acetylene to ethylene is decreased (increasing the outlet acetylene in the product). The amount of outlet acetylene and ethylene’s selectivity are decreased by decreasing the inlet pressure from 40 to 33 barg.

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Abstract
One areas of study in popular culture and literature concerns the beliefs of the tribes. The Turkmen are one of the Iranian tribes that have different beliefs. The common Turkmen beliefs stem from their thoughts, beliefs, ideals, feelings, emotions, and lifestyle. Since some popular beliefs and ideas are instructive and worth pondering, this study tries to introduce some of the different Turkmen tribes, and some of the common popular beliefs among the two Turkmen peoples (Goklan and Yumut), which are reflected in Nader Ebrahimi's novel Fire, without Smoke. This study employed a library-based and analytic-descriptive method. The results show that the popular beliefs of the two tribes could be grouped into 4 categories: 1. Philosophical and mythological beliefs, 2. Beliefs about life and its stages, 3. Medical beliefs and general treatment, and 4. Calendric and meteorological. Some of these beliefs are rooted in religious teachings. Some are derived from Iranian culture, which are found not only among Turkmen but also among other ethnic groups. Some others are due to the Turkmen way of life and are specific to the culture of this people, while still others are baseless and unrealistic beliefs that stem from superstitions.
Research background
There are several studies conducted on the novel Fire, without smoke. Azizi Nik (2003) found that the two tribes of Yamut and Goklan had conflicts with each other due to their superficial customs, and even in some cases, these differences and conflicts led to wars between them. Rezvanian and Nouri (2009) indicate that the narrator of this novel insists on taking each character home. Therefore, he leaves nothing to the mind of the audience.
Sadeghi et al. (2016) conducted an intertextual analysis of the novel concluding that the staging of the novel involved intertextual communication and linguistic effects in the selection of ancient words and grammatical, rhetorical features, and the tactical effects such as the speed of initiation as well as the intervention of the narrator.
In relation to the poetic language of the novel, Taheri and Askari (2017) showed that Ebrahimi adorned his novel’s superstructure with de-familiarizations and illustrations in order to immortalize the poetic and romantic revolutionary content of his novel in the reader's mind.
A more critical study is that of Miri et al. (2015), borrowing Fairclough and Michael Short's models to analyze the power relations in the novel. They have concluded that the way the two central characters of the novel deal with others in the dialogues is directly proportional along with many ups and downs as well as their life span. Galan's dialogues with those around him are limited to certain people, and over time, this circle gets narrower so much as with his death, his coercive domination ends. Alleni, on the other hand, not only engages in dialogue with all people, particularly women, but also forces them to be at the center of the dialogue. Therefore, as far as the authors of the present study are concerned, no particular research has been conducted on the popular beliefs of the two mentioned tribes in this novel.
Research aims and questions
The purpose of this study is to examine the common beliefs among the two tribes "Goklan" and "Yamut" which are reflected in the novel Fire, without Smoke, in order to understand the lifestyle, ideas, views, and thoughts of these two Turkmen tribes and get acquainted with their sociocultural manifestations.
To this aim, the following questions were raised:
1. What popular beliefs of the two Turkmen tribes "Goklan" and "Yamut" are reflected in the novel Fire, without Smoke?
2. Where do the beliefs of these two tribes stem from?
Results and discussion
The popular culture is a common phenomenon and is deeply rooted in people. It covers all the superstructure aspects of society such as: customs and traditions, rituals and mourning, celebrations, beliefs, knowledge, and do's and don'ts (Bakhtiari, 2003, p. 24). One of the manifestations of popular culture is the beliefs of tribes which lead to the creation of particular attitudes. Since these beliefs originate from a sole human spirit, there are sometimes common beliefs shared among different ethnic groups (Hedayat, 2000, p. 23). In the novel Fire, without Smoke, Nader Ebrahimi has written about the history, culture, and folklore of the Turkmen under various pretexts:  "In this novel, he speaks better than any Turkmen about their beliefs and combines the delineation of the infinity of nature with the sufferings and joys of the Turkmen" (Mir Abedini, 1998, p. 538). This study, however, examined the popular beliefs that are common among the two tribes "Goklan" and "Yamut" and are reflected in the novel. For a thorough scrutiny of these beliefs, they were classified into sub-categories such as: philosophical and mythological beliefs, beliefs related to life and its stages, medical beliefs and popular remedies, and chronology and popular meteorology. Given that Nader Ebrahimi lived among the Turkmen people for an extended period of time, the popular culture of the Turkmen was fully known to him. He used many of their ideas in his novel as he heard them all from the Turkmen elderly and had no involvement in them whatsoever. In addition to advancing the novel, these types of allusions help to make the events of the story more realistic for the contemporary readers.
The Turkmen people have popular beliefs on various issues of life due to their ancient culture and special way of life. Influenced by the age in which they lived, the two Turkmen tribes of Yamut and Goklan have embedded a number of popular beliefs into their lives that need to be explored in the context of popular culture, because these beliefs represent the thoughts and attitudes of these two tribes about the universe and also express their social lifestyle. Some beliefs of these two tribes are reflected in the novel Fire, without Smoke and are considered as the themes of this novel. In the present study, through analyzing different parts of the mentioned novel, we attempted to sketch out the reflection of popular beliefs among the tribes "Yamut" and "Goklan" in this novel. The result of this study shows the course of these popular beliefs in the depths of thoughts, feelings, initiatives, odd events as well as wonders in the life of Turkmen tribes. Some of these beliefs, such as marriage, having a daughter for a child, jinxing, music, and reddening of the sky are rooted in the religious and Islamic teachings. Some of them, such as human sins, belief in destiny, shedding innocent blood, and treating heartache are rooted in Iranian culture. Some others, such as the belief in horoscope, the simultaneous use of two new things that make the owner sad, the act of carrying gold which leads to the women's happiness, and the healing the sacred tree gives all stem from superstition.
Some beliefs such as Turkmens being made out of iron, horses’ loyalty to their owners, infant mortality, and mourning and burial of the dead are also common among these people, which are derived from their lifestyle. The formation of these types of beliefs are the result of spiritual and psychological forces. The two tribes have acquired them from their social environment.

All in all, Nader Ebrahimi is clearly influenced by the popular culture of these tribes in reflecting and scrutinizing the beliefs of their ideologies. He has fairly been successful in this area, due to the fact that he has narrated the beliefs of the Turkmen people through reports and quotations given by the characters wherever necessary. This has led to the creation of a true story that, besides its content and spiritual impact, makes enjoyment for the readers.

References

Azizi Nik, N. (2003). The story of a novel in the smokeless fire by Nader Ebrahimi. Fiction, 43, 43 - 47.

Bakhtiari, M. R. (2003). Folklore of folk literature. Adiban.

Hedayat, S. (2000). Folk culture of the Iranian people. Cheshmeh.

Mir Abedini, H. (1998). One hundred years of Iranian fiction (Vol. 1 & 2). Cheshmeh.

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Shyness is considered to be one of the inhibiting factors paralyzing the students during language conversation courses. Overcoming such an obstacle demands much effort and attention from both the teacher and the student. So far, many practices have been proposed as remediation and some proved to be successful; however, this research has tried to present a student-centered model which its main concern is group work and in-group progress. Therefore, a number of 51 French language students who had passed the French conversation course were asked to respond to a questionnaire including both Stanford’s Shyness and Willingness to Communicate tests (WTC). The students were studied in two groups one as the experimental group, the other as the control group without pretest and by using a posttest only design. The experimental group received our Student-Centered model. Subsequently the collected data was analyzed by t-test. The results indicate that teaching communication skills to students could help them improve their classroom efficiency.
 

 

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Choosing the element in a work is directly related to the reader. This study aimed to investigate the themes of the tales of Sankhast from the suburban areas of northern Khorasan in order to figure out how tale tellers used the related theme to achieve their objectives. The findings showed that the tale tellers sometimes expressed the themes in their work and in other times represented them through moral lesson to not only have more impact on the reader but also improve the level of the folk tales from the normal clichés. In general, the method of selecting themes in the tales were discussed, but there were occasions in which the themes were prior to the tale. The themes in the Tati tales of Sankhast showed that most of them were selected based on the hearings, lifestyles, mentalities, and people's opinions. Also, despite the fact that these tales tried to create heroes, attraction, curiosity, and entertainment for the general public, but in fact their fundamental mentality and social aspects were advertising humanity, equality, brotherhood, and social justice.

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Aims Floristic surveys are important methods to find the new herb species and protect natural ecosystems. Since there is no report about floristic survey in Akhardaghe region, the aims of this research were to determine floristic list, life forms, chorological analysis, protected status and endemic of plants species in the Akhardaghe watershed in Bojnourd.
Materials & Methods The plant specimens of the study region were collected during active growth periods in 2016 to 2020. Determining the life form was done by Raunchier category, Endemic, rare and endangered species of Iran was determined based on Red data book of Iran and chorology of species is according to vegetative regions classified by Zohary and Takhtajan.
Findings In the floristic survey, a total number of 346 plant species were belong to 234 genera and 63 families. The most important families were Asteraceae with 54 species and Lamiaceae with 36 species. In terms of life forms, the highest percentage for both hemicritophytes and therophytes (61%) were found.
Based on chorology, there were a high ratio of Irano-Turanian elements (55%). In addition, 37 endemic species were determined. According to the IUCN, 53 threatened plant species in this area.
Conclusion                                                    
The finding of the current floristic research revealed that the vascular plant flora in the area is rich in species and contains numerous endemic, rare and medicinal plants species. However, most of the plants species are severely threatened by human overutilization. Therefore, conservation and protection management policies have to be applied to the Akhardaghe watershed vegetation.

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Women have long been the subject of much philosophical, political, social, cultural and literary discussions in various cultures and civilizations. This issue has been studied many times from different perspectives, especially in the field of classical and official Iranian literature. Folk songs and chansons as an important part of folklore and one of the important aspects of popular culture has many contradictory and sometimes thought-provoking themes that have not been seriously addressed so far. The present article intends to retrieve, explain and sociologically analyze the roles of women in these poems in a descriptive-analytical manner and through the analysis of the content of these chansons in the geographical area of   Shahroud city.
Accordingly, it was found that the position of women in such eulogies are in the role of lover, wife, and mother.  From a sociological point of view, although sometimes the female element sits in the "other inferior" row, it is generally a manifestation of cooperation and assistance as well as a symbol of generationalism.  From a literary point of view, women have received high reflections and roles such as the subject of the pain of shame and distance, the symbol of piety and loyalty, the symbol of love, and finally the unattainable beloved

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Sparks of transformation in Persian and Russian literature centered on Nima Yoshij and Alexander Pushkin. Fascinated and loving poets, who firstly love their individuality and secondly love the society in which they live. Poets who cannot bear the suffering of the oppressed people and sit quietly, are looking for a way to sympathize with the people and awaken the mass of the people, Both poets spent a period of their lives in exile because of their liberating thoughts, they are still in exile in love with their homeland and the nature of their land, Sometimes they despair, but they don't let despair stop them from continuing on their way, They try again and find a way to express what needs to be expressed. With their constant presence in their poetry, Nima and Pushkin eliminate the distance between the poem and the poet, bring the poem closer to their time, and actually become one with their own poetry, Nima combines reality with nature, and Pushkin combines reality with history, and they express what needs to be expressed with a new language.
 

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Folk culture is a mysterious world, the analysis of which can open up different horizons. In the following study, focusing on cultural and common practice of people in the northern Khorasan, the ritual of Yovar was analyzed among Tat, Turk, Turkeman, and Kermanj people through interview with candidates concerning cultural issues of the area. Besides describing this ritual, the similarities and differences between the practice, function, and consequence of this exercise. The findings indicated that the Yovar ritual in the past was practiced similarly among groups of this region in terms of gathering the agricultural crops, housing, sheep’s ripping, weaving, among others. Some consequences of this practice is cooperation and solidarity among the people of this area, common understanding, and the expression of happiness and kindness.
 

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Locus of Control (LOC) is a psychological construct that deals with people's perception of the extent to which they are in control of what happens to them and it has been proved to play a crucial role in one’s success or failure in various aspects of life. Although LOC is by no means a stable construct, the current body of research had a linear one-shot cause-effect perspective towards it. Hence, framed within a Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST), this case study tries to revisit Iranian university students' LOC through the application of Dynamic Ensemble (DE). To this end, five students from Bojnord university who were attending their General English (GE) course participated in this study. The data collection was done through semi-structured interviews, task-motometers, students' journals, and participant classroom observations during seven classroom sessions. The collected data were qualitatively content analyzed by the application of MaxQDA software. Having analyzed the collected data, several macro-systemic, micro-systemic, and contextual factors were identified as being influential on the students' internality or externality of LOC. Considering the fact that many scholars believe internal LOC is the healthier attribute, this study focuses on the factors which can help teachers lead their students to become internalizers.
 
1. Introduction
Locus of Control (LOC) is a psychological construct, which refers to peoples’ beliefs about the control they have over the situations and experiences affecting their lives (Rotter, 1966). Rotter (1966) introduced a model for LOC with two dimensions namely, internal and external LOC. He asserted internalizers ascribe the reasons for their success or failure to some internal factors such as their own attempts, abilities, activities, and behaviors. In contrast, externalizers think that some external factors like fate, powerful others, and chance or luck, that is out of their control, affect their fate and achievements.
LOC is a multidimensional psychological construct and it has a dynamic nature, which means that it changes over different situations (Ghonsooly & Elahi Shirvan, 2011). This dynamicity underscores the nonlinearity of changes, which means there are almost no predictable cause-effect relations in the systems behavior (Larsen-Freeman, 2016; Waninge et al., 2014).  Thus, in order to get a better and deeper understanding of LOC in interaction with its surrounding environment, this study focuses on the contextual and intra/interpersonal factors which can help a student improve their state of internal LOC.
Research question
How can the underlying variables of  students’ LOC in a course of General English be defined in light of Complex Dynamic System Theory (CDST) through the application of Dynamic Ensemble ?
Dynamic ensemble
Hiver and Al-Hoorie (2016) applied the underlying tenets of CDST in a research study to propose the dynamic ensemble, which is a list of complexity considerations that tries to make CDST easily applicable in the field of applied linguistic research.
2. Methodology
The purpose of this study was to delve deep into the procedural, individual and contextual factors; therefore, in order to allow for the intensive concentration and observation in part of the researchers a limit of five Iranian university students who were attending their GE course (two males and three females) was decided. One of the main aims of this study is to provide evidence for the dynamic nature of LOC . Thus, deviant or extreme case sampling strategy (Dornyei, 2007) was employed in order to select our participants from the highest and lowest scoring students on a specific version of the Internal Control Index (Duttweiler, 1984) which was translated into Persian and validated for the Iranian context by Ghonsooly and Elahi (2010).
On the basis of the main purpose and the qualitative nature of this study, different types of data collection  including interviews, observation, journals, and task-motometers were applied by the researchers to ensure the data collection is done thoroughly and every environmental aspects of the participants were taken into account.
 
3. Results
The findings of this study revealed the dynamic and multidimensional nature of LOC which means it changes over and over under the influence of different situations and circumstances and in relation with some other factors. This finding is in accordance with what Larsen-Freeman (2016) asserted in her seminal paper about non-linearity and complexity of students’ behavior in classroom studies. In fact, analyzing the collected data indicated that during the process of language learning, the students experienced fluctuations in their LOC and these fluctuations occur even during a single class under the influence of different intra/interpersonal or environmental factors which is in line with what Waninge et al. (2014) introduced as the dynamic nature of psychological constructs. The dynamic nature of students’ LOC underscores the nonergodicity of human’s behavior (Lowie &Verspoor, 2019). Application of dynamic ensemble revealed the fact that the student’s LOC was under the influence of many factors.
At the micro-structural considerations level, learner’s beliefs and motivations, their positive and negative attitudes, and the students’ learning expectations affected the students’ internality and externality of LOC. It was recognized that the motivational factors and students’ positive attitudes toward the effectiveness of learning English reinforced students’ internal LOC. Learning English seemed to play an important role in helping the students reach their future goals such as traveling abroad or being accepted in higher level of educational degrees. These sorts of motivating factors helped the students try more and be more self-reliant and it helped them believe today’s struggles would positively affect their future.
In addition, the students’ beliefs about the teacher’s responsibility were among the factors which in most cases led them towards being externalizers. The source of this effect was in the teaching expectations that the students had but they received little or no answer to these expectations on the part of their teacher. The students’ increased knowledge was another motivating factor which helped the students to rely on themselves and consequently become internalizers. This finding is in accordance with what Peek (2016) highlights about the positive effects of students’ knowledge and learning skills on their internal LOC.
At the micro-structural considerations level, cognitive, linguistic, and affective factors influenced the students’ LOC differently. It was indicated that the students with rich background knowledge were more internalizers. However, in some occasions the knowledgeable students preferred to be silent to immune themselves from their classmates’ laughter and judgements.  Furthermore, topical interest in some of the tasks was another reason for making the students internalizer. Also, speaking in front of the others, being laughed at, and negative judgment by teachers as well as classmates were among the affective factors making students’ more externalizers.
 We also found that curriculum design and course assessment were sometimes planned in a way that hurt students’ full concentration on the process of learning (e.g., being tired due to  participation in hard practical classes just before attending their English language classes) and led them towards being externalizers.
 
 

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Aims: This study aimed to develop and validate a model for predicting productivity in university administrative staff.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 614 participants completed a survey that included the Job Stress Questionnaire, Job Security Scale, Role Clarity Scale, Distributive Justice Subscale, Procedural Justice Subscale, Job Content Subscale, Physical Health Questionnaire, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and Stanford Presenteeism Scale. To validate the proposed model, structural equation modeling was conducted using SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 software.
Findings: Distributive justice, job content, and procedural justice had the greatest direct impact on employee productivity. Additionally, workload, colleague support, management support, role clarity, and procedural justice were found to have significant positive relationships with mental health. Workload, management support, and job content also showed significant positive relationships with physical health, and both mental health and physical health positively predicted presenteeism. The findings revealed a mediating pathway in the relationship between mental health, physical health, and productivity. The data further suggested that mental health has a substantial impact on physical health. Moreover, mental health was found to mediate the relationship between job stressors and presenteeism through its effect on physical health.
Conclusion: Psychosocial factors, including distributive justice, job content, and procedural justice, have the greatest impact on employee productivity.

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This meta-analysis study aimed to explore the effectiveness of Strategy-Based Teaching (SBT) in ELT (English Language Teaching). A total of 18 original studies (2000–2020), with 1834 participants of diverse learning and teaching contexts, conformed with the inclusion/ exclusion criteria, were employed to be analyzed in this study. To provide a comprehensive picture of the possible moderating factors, we included 21 moderators under three moderating sets. The impact of methodological criteria, such as eligibility revisions and substitution of alternative ranges of values for arbitrary or unclear decisions, was examined using sensitivity analyses. The findings revealed an overall significant, positive and medium effect of SBT on English learners’ outcomes for both fixed (g = 0.65) and random (g = 62) models. Moreover, meta-regression analysis results of moderating factors showed that the place, type, and design of the study had no significant predicting effect on SBT. It has been documented that the results of moderator analysis of language skills and components were also not significant. However, the results for moderating effect of language measurement instruments were found to be significant. Studies that employed standardized tests for language learning measurement revealed significantly higher mean effect size in comparison with those that used teachers’ assessments. Overall, SBT was found to be positively effective within a variety of teaching and learning contexts in ELT.

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This study investigated rhetorical functions and their associated linguistic realizations in English review article abstracts. The analysis was based on a corpus of 100 English review article abstracts from linguistics and applied linguistics disciplines and followed a corpus-driven discourse analytic top-down approach. MAXQDA and WordSmith were used to code the moves and analyze their associated sub-corpora, respectively. The results of calculating range and frequency distributions showed that English conceptual review article abstracts use a rhetorical structure, different from that of research paper abstracts. This rhetorical organization is realized through a different set of moves, namely 1) establishing the territory or area of study, 2) identifying the problem, 3) introducing the present research, 4) organizing the paper, and 5) concluding or reflecting. Moreover, each move was realized through a distinct set of sub-moves. In terms of range, the moves dealing with purpose and structure were the most widely present moves; in terms of frequency distribution, the move dealing with structure was the most frequent. Furthermore, the highly frequent use of plural self-mentions indicates that in review article abstracts the emphasis is on research as a group activity inclusive of the researcher(s) and objects of study. In addition, the presence of ‘establishing the territory’, together with ‘identifying the problem’ can be seen as an attempt to sell the research. Finally, the prevalent use of the five moves showed that most review article abstracts are indicative-informative in function