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Dispersion type of layered clay plated in aqueous media creates different structures and affects the final properties of its suspension. On the other hand, the presence of different electrolytes in some industrial applications affects the stability of clay suspensions. Considering the application of clay nanoparticles in various industries and the importance of this subject, in this research, the effect of preparation method, nanoparticle concentration, type and ionic strength of electrolytic medium and time elapsed on the stability behavior of laponite nanoparticles suspensions were studied. The results showed that preparing of the suspensions indirectly, results in more stable samples. It was observed that with increasing of sodium chloride concentration, the repulsion between the clay plates decreased and the phase separation and instability of the suspensions increased at higher NaCl concentrations. Furthermore, it was seen that in all electrolyte media, gel-like structure develop with increasing of nanoparticle concentration. In presence of bi-valance CaCl2 salt, most of suspensions were unstable and have two phases and increasing of this salt concentration had not significant effect on their stability. In electrolyte media containing mono- and bi- valance salts (studied in this research), concentration of calcium cation determines the type of stability behavior of laponite nanoparticles suspensions.

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The main purpose of this research is experimental and theoretical study on demulsifying components effect on demulsification rate of water-in-oil emulsions. In other words, some surfactants is considered and their function as a demulsifier in breaking crude oil emulsions has been investigated by bottle test. To develop a theoretical model to take into account the effect of demulsifier agent on demulsification rate of water-in-oil emulsion. Considering similarity between gas adsorption, and agent adsorption on the water-oil interface, a Langmuir isotherm based model is developed to correlate interfacial tension of water and oil phases to demulsifier concentration. Based on the proposed correlation, the collision frequency function in population balance equation is modified to account the effect of demulsifier agent on water droplets coalescence. The proposed model consists of some adjustable parameters that need to be fitted with experimental data. Therefore, a group of surface-active compounds are supplied and their demulsification capability is investigated through bottle test method. The experimental demulsification results are compared with population balance simulation results and it is apperared that the developed model could appropriately reproduce experimental data at different agent concentrations.

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Soil affected by salt (NaCl) is a major problem worldwide and in areas with potential agriculture; lands in many countries are not enough to support crop production. The development of salt tolerant cultivars would be enhanced by better understanding of the genetic control of tolerance to salt stress. A new cereal, tritipyrum, a range of amphiploids between Triticum spp. and Thinopyrum spp. offers such a new chance. Those with the 6x construction (2n=6x=42, AABBEbEb) derived from Triticum durum (2n=4x=28, AABB) and Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, EbEb) are of the potential to become a new high salt tolerant cereal crop. Tritipyrum is prone to problems similar to those exhibited by early triticales, e.g. chromosome instability and low fertility, which in that crop were eventually overcome by breeding. Other problems could be overcome through substitution of Eb genome chromosomes by D genome ones, and the feasibility of this has been assessed in the progenies of (6x tritipyrum) x (6x wheat) hybrids with the aid of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The cytological, morphological and agronomic studies of existing tritipyrum lines, including the effect of vernalization, were carried out, too. A novel multiple- pistil/seed characteristic of one original tritipyrum line has also been investigated and its genetic basis established. The results have shown that, first creation of substituted lines is feasible, and thus it could be a route for the elimination of undesirable traits. Second, improvement should be possible via selection for chromosomally stable lines, with increased fertility and yield. Third, it may also be possible to exploit the perennial habit and multi-tillering traits in a dual-purpose forage/grain crop. Fourth, the multiple-pistil/seed trait may be controlled by two recessive genes. Fifth, there is a high probability of having established the seven possible monosomic additions of Th. bessarabicum to T.durum for the first time.

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It was not just the uneducated human in ancient times who believed in an invisible magic powers in the world, and people have always believed in “ANIMISM” and “FITSH”. From many long time ago, people used to think that some objects, animals, and sky and stars have these invisible magic powers.  Because of his little amount of knowledge, he had no chance of understanding the scientific rules that run the world. So he began to believe       in the influence of these invisible magic powers over his daily life in order to make reason for bad events of his life or even to prevent them. He had to adjust every little things of his life to these believes. In Iranian religion before Islam, like other ancient religions, many superstitions looked legal and rightful, and also believing in the influence of sky and stars on days and years;  in astrology, and in prediction  was very usual.  In this research, different kinds of prediction  according to the middle Persian texts will be studied: prediction based  on inspiration, influence of sky and stars on days and years, the things that should be done and not should be done on specific days, soothsaying texts based on numbers in a Zoroastrian Omen Manuscript, including: the  number omen with numbers1-5, the omen of JAMASP E HAKIM, and omen of ANAAMOL.

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So far, three aphid species including Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763, Brachycaudus cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) and Paczoskia meridionalis Holman, 1981 are reported on Echinops in Iran. In this study, two more aphid species were collected on Echinops in Iran: Myzus persicae(Sulzer, 1776) and Turanoleucon jashenkoiKadyrbekov, 2002.The little-known aphid genus Turanoleucon and the species T. jashenkoiare reported here for the first time from Iran. The biometric data of apterous and alate viviparous females of Iranian population of T. jashenkoiare given from specimens collected from Fars province, Iran. The morphological differences between Iranian population and the original description of the species, i.e. Kazakhstan population, are discussed. An identification key to the apterous viviparous female aphids living on Echinops in Iran is provided.

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The Ichneumonidae fauna of Kerman province, Iran, was surveyed in April 2013 to June 2014. In total, 35 species belonging to 22 genera and eight subfamilies were collected and identified, of which Cryptus armator Fabricius, 1804; Enizemum schwarzi Diller, 1987 and Barichneumon gaullei Berthoumieu, 1903 are new records for thefauna of Iran. An updated list of Ichneumonid species for Kerman province is presented. These data can be useful for biological control programs.

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Braconidae (Hymenoptera) communities at high altitudes in alfalfa fields of Kerman province (Iran) were analyzed. The communities were sampled by sweep netting in 2014 and 2015. Samples were taken from three altitudinal transects: 1900–2300 m, 2400–2700 m and 2800–3100 m. A total of 1773 braconid specimens belonging to seven subfamilies were collected. Alpha, beta and gamma diversities were analyzed. The samples from 1900–2300 m and from2400–2700 m showed similar diversity, but from 2800-3100 m had the highest number of specimens and differed considerably in diversity.

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A checklist of Iranian Cryptinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) for all species recorded of Iran is given. The list is based on detailed studies of all available published data and some new collected samples. Until now 123 species in 42 genera belonging to 3 tribes of this subfamily have been known from Iran. Cryptinae is the most species-rich subfamilies of Ichneumonidae, and has a worldwide distribution. Two genera, Goryphus Holmgren, 1868 and Thaumatogelis Schwarz, 1995 were recorded for the first time for the Iranian fauna. Many parts of the country are still studied insufficiently or even not studied at all, so we suppose that the total species richness in Iran is essentially higher.

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The article is a study of the structure of "Zal and Roodabeh" (in Ferdowsi's Shahname). To do so, it presents a description of the story at first and then of its structure. It continues to seek for these features in the texts of "Zal and Roodabeh" by presenting some proves while analyzing these elements of structure and determining the appropriateness of them. The conclusion is that the text is narrated – dramatized in which the story elements are used for promoting the story. A design including cause relations of it from the beginning to the end and strengthen it. 

 

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Talebian.Y.­,PH.D
Eslamit. M
 
Abstract
 
Rank is a piece of music of the poem and has high Importance in completing music Rhyme and Rhythm and most of its roles and functions are generally ignored.
 
This article tries to evaluate the definitions of the rank and explained some of them and then selects the definition which is comprehensive, simple, complete and extensive in research. Since the rank is successfully used only in Persian language and the frequency is much more significant in the most beautiful and musical kind of Persian lyrics like the lyrics of Hafez, we examine its musical and implicating role while considering lyrics of Hafez.
 
All statistics of verbal substantive multitude pronominal adjective & speech kind of rank will be presented as well.
 
 

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The fauna of the braconid subfamilies Euphorinae, Homolobinae, Macrocentrinae and Rogadinae were studied in Kerman province. Specimens were collected using Malaise traps and sweeping net during 2013–2014. A total of 14 species and eight genera were collected and identified. Among the collected material, Aleiodes (Chelonorhogas) ruficornis (Herrich-Schaffer, 1838) is a new record for the fauna of Iran. All species are new for the fauna of Kerman province.

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A survey was conducted on the fauna of the hover flies in Northern Iran in 2011. Among the collected and identified material, the genus Temnostoma Le Peletier & Serville, 1828represented by a single species, T. vespiforme (Linnaeus, 1758) is newly detected in Iran. Diagnostic characters and geographical distribution of the newly recorded species is briefly discussed.      

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Abstract

Research Subject: Sulfide removal from sour water is essential, before reuse or release of sour water into the environment. Regarding the high costs of traditional methods, biological removal can be used as a reliable alternative.
Research Approach: Biological sulfide removal from sour water was investigated in a batch reactor using Thiobacillus sp. as a dominant species of a mixed culture. A conceptual model was developed to describe the process of H₂S removal from sour water in the batch reactor. The model considers H₂S and O₂ transfer between liquid and gas phases, biological oxidation of H₂S to sulfate and elemental sulfur, and chemical oxidation of H₂S to thiosulfate in the liquid phase. The governing equations were derived using the principles of mass conservation and biochemical reactions. Several batch runs were performed to obtain experimental data on the variation of sulfide, sulfate, thiosulfate, and oxygen concentrations in the system as a function of time, and an algorithm was devised to use the method of Particle Swarm Optimization together with the numerical solution of the model equations to estimate biokinetic parameters. Additional batch runs under different conditions were performed to verify the accuracy of the model. These results indicated reasonable accuracy of the model to predict the performance of a batch reactor for the removal of H₂S from sour water. The novelty of this model is considering different pathways for sulfide oxidation which includes product selectivity.
Main Results: The maxim specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR=OUR/X) is one of the most important parameters in the evaluation of the biological activity of the microorganisms. The calculated value for this parameter was almost constant (16 mg DO g^-1 VSS min^-1) during all sulfide oxidation tests indicating that the maximum specific oxidation capacity of the biomass is independent of substrate and biomass concentration. Results exhibited bacteria prefer to partially oxidized sulfide to elemental sulfur, however this preference is a function of dissolved oxygen and substrate availability.

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An updated checklist of 129 species in 62 genera belonging to 10 subfamilies of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) known from Iran is presented. One genus, Trychnosoma Graham, 1957 and three species, Systasis ephedrae Dzhanokmen, 1982; Trychnosoma punctipleura Thomson, 1878 and Spalangia rugulosa Förster, 1850 are newly recorded for the fauna of Iran. Hosts and distributional data in Iran are also presented.

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An updated list of the sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) from Iran is provided. The list inculdes 178 species of sawflies belonging to 60 genera and 9 families. Family Tenthredinidae is the most species-rich group (131 species) followed by Argidae (18 species), Cephidae (9 species), Megalodontesidae (7 species), Cimbicidae (4 species), Pamphiliidae (3 species), Orussidae, Siricidae and Xiphydriidae (each with 2 species). Also genus Tenthredo is the most species-rich genus with 23 species followed by Macrophya (Tenthredinidae) with 17 species and Arge (Argidae) with 12 species. General distribution, synonyms and hosts associated with larvae for all recorded species are provided.

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The genus Exoprosopa Macqurt, 1840 (Diptera: Bombyliidae: Anthracinae) was studied in the north central Iran. Four species of the genus Exoprosopa were identified of which E. minos (Meigen,1804) and E. grandis (Pallas, 1818) were previously recorded from northern parts of Iran ( or north of Iran ) and two species namely E. efflatounbeyi Paramonov, 1928and E. altaica Paramonov, 1925 are newly recorded from Iran. A key to the species in north central Iran is provided. Morphological diagnostic characters and geographical distribution of the collected species are briefly discussed.    

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The present paper provides information about the Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species captured in Kerman province (Iran). A total of 14 species belonging to eight genera were collected and identified, of which three species are reported for the first time from Iran: Dinotrema (Prosapha) speculum (Haliday, 1838), Idiasta (Idiasta) dichrocera Konigsmann, 1960 and Protodacnus atristis (Nees, 1834). Diagnostic characters of the newly recorded species is presented.

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We present a list of 25 Chrysididae species mainly captured at high altitudeson mountains of the Kerman province, Iran. Thenumerous records evidences the rich biodiversity present at high altitudes in Iranian mountainsup to an elevation of about 3000 m.The largest richness was observed in the 2100-2300m range. Elampus kashmirensis Nurse, 1902, Holopyga chrysonota appliata Linsenmaier, 1959, Chrysis quadrispina Buysson, 1887 and Chrysis sacrata Buysson, 1898 are new records for Iranian fauna.