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In order to investigate the Effect of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on yield, and some morphological sunflower cultivars, experimental farm in 2009 in the College of Agriculture University researcher Ardebili A split plot factorial design based on a randomized complete block with three replicates was carried out. Nitrogen treatments included (zero, 75 and 150 kg per ha) assigned to main plots and levels of plant density (8, 10 and 12 plants per square meter) and two varieties were Urofelor and Armavirsky in sub plot. Head and stem diameter, plant height, number of kernel per disk, number of leaves at the final of harvesting and grain yield measured. Sunflower cultivars was significant difference on the stem diameter, plant height and number of kernel per disk but different levels of nitrogen and plant density were significant difference on the for all traits measured. The highest grain yield was obtained, 262 gr /m2 in 150 kg N/ha× Armavirsky. Increasing plant density by increasing the number of heads per unit area, will affect performance. Considering the excellence level of 80 thousand plant density and fertilizer level of 150 kg ha compared to other treatments in terms of grain yield, the amounts of nitrogen and planting density to achieve adequate performance in the test area and similar areas is advisable.

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Comparative literature pays attention to the study of literature confluence literature in various languages and its complex relationship in the past and present as well as its historical relationships in term of effectiveness in the field of arts, literary schools, intellectual current issues and people. From this respect, comparing eastern oriented works with western ones as two opposite poles enjoys a particular importance. The present paper proposes the hypothesis that the play King Lear, a work of Shakespeare, is rooted in Iranian legends. After showing the possible relationship of King Lear with East, We has tried to compare the story of King Lear with several Iranian stories and myths such as Fereydoun myth, Indian GOl Bekavoli, devine story of Zatol Sour cast, story of tried, drunk Mirza and the story of king and his three daughters. By decreasing the King Lear to nine fundamental stories and comparing with them western samples, it was made clear that more than ninety percent of the King Lear stories are similar to the Iranian ones. Researches like this in the field of literature studies in modern Iran are not unprecedented. So as far as the authors know, no independent research on Shakespeare’s King Lear based on the above - mentioned hypothesis has so far been carried out.

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This study aimed to classify sport managers according to communication skills on cultural intelligence, managerial skills. A descriptive study was conducted through a survey. The study population consisted of Isfahan’s Sport Managers. In this research 600, sport managers as a Statistical society were considered. 207 as the statistical sample was selected from Statistical society. Measuring instruments consisted of demographic questions, Barton G. The reliability of communication skills, cultural intelligence questionnaire, and classifying sport managers questioner was. Statistical methods included analysis of both descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS and LISREL, and structural equation modeling was performed to assess the relationships between variables. The results show that the communication skills and cultural intelligence and class of sport managers, there is a significant relationship, the output shows the application of structural equation model is appropriate. Hence the required proper planning to improve their communication skills and cultural intelligence organizations for sports managers in these organizations is effective. Because of the significant aims of the athletic directors, managers tend to imitate and ambassadors. Therefore, the authorities have the right people in the suitable management strategy because it seems intuitive managers and analysts can better brighter prospects for the exercise of the imagination.

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Aim: This research has tried to study the relationship of loneliness, perceived social support, thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness with suicide among Iranian university students.
Methods: The participants of the study included a pool of 315 Iranian university students who were randomly chosen from the students studying in 2015-2016. The study design was correlational and cross-sectional. Data were collected through using four instruments: Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ), Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA), and Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ). In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation and step-wise regression were conducted.
Findings: The findings revealed that while the males scored higher in both factors of thwarted belongingness and burdensomeness, the females possessed greater amount of loneliness and higher rate of perceived social support as compared to their male counterparts. Moreover, although no significant difference was found between marital status and suicide, single people showed more burdensomeness whereas married people felt higher amount of loneliness as well as higher perceived social support.
Conclusion: Finally, based on the results, we can conclude that interpersonal psychological theory of suicide is moderately helpful in predicting and explaining suicidal behaviors in students.

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SARAY" is part of the intangible heritage of the Azerbaijani people rooted in the culture, mentality and attitude of the people. So, it has been represented in oral literature, music, stories and poetry. In this study, the intangible cultural heritage is considered a cultural property, which pave the way to represent will, resistance and individual arguments of actual community activists to pass the crisis social and cultural contexts. The conceptual representation belongs to notion of Plato emerging in the idea and practice of recent intellectuals in the field of spiritual heritage which is now the main academic subject. This study was conducted qualitatively and has a descriptive and phenomenological research methodology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the permanent character of spiritual values or their representation in the urban life of the inhabitants of Ardebil by studying the spiritual heritage of Saray in the modern life of women in Ardabil. Intangible cultural heritage contains the historical, cultural, spiritual, scientific, and aesthetic values of current era, and can contribute to the growth and mobility of shared values and representations of values in everyday life. On the other hand, it refers to the existence of the culture of resistance and ethics of the region, and today it can be represented in the renewal of moral values, the commitment to the family for the present generations and future.

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Ebrahim Ranjbar. PH.D
Abstract:
Shah-Nameh, a work enjoying wisdom and epic, belongs to an era which observed the richest cross-cultural events of the Eastern and Western cultures. In this work, wisdom, mythology, epic and history are so deeply intermingled within each other that an admirable masterpiece is created. Ferdowsi’s wisdom and insight can be realized through the stories in Shah-Nameh; added to the clear and frank advices conveyed at the end of stories. Some of these stories are related to Afrasiab’s wars. In Shah-Nameh Afrasiab virtually represents two potentially inherited evil forces in the nature of mankind; anger and lust.
Afrasiab has a bad and evil image in mythological and historical works. Whether for this reason, or whether because Ferdowsi has exaggerated his evilness and badness in portraying his character, in Shah-Nameh he is the most evil character who starts out the greatest war against Iran. This research intends to show how he is the representative of anger and lust. For this purpose Afrasiab’s image, in historical and mythological texts and also in Shah-Nameh, are compared and his words and manners and behaviors, which is associated with evilness and corruption in relation to his hostility against Iran, is surveyed in Shah-Nameh.
 

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The present paper was an attempt to inquire into the morpho-syntactic features of light verb construction in Azeri-Turkish/Persian intra-sentential code-switching, employing the matrix language frame model. The analysis of data obtained from the interactions between bilingual teachers (n = 4) and students (n = 100) and from the conversation of 8 other bilingual teachers in a primary school revealed that Persian finite verbs do not participate in Azeri-Turkish morpho-syntactic frame simply because such verbs are [+ thematic role assigner] and carry more syntactic baggage. Persian preverbal elements, however, appeared to combine with Turkish light verbs showing more resistance to the syntactic frame of Azeri-Turkish in causative structures. Activation of embedded language preverbal element at predicate-argument level not only indicates the matrix language being far from the sole source for the grammatical shaping but also falsifies the independence of syntax from lexicon.

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Scythians were one of the most important tribes who occupied many parts of the Central Asia, West Asia, North and South Caucasia, and Northwest of Iran in the first millennium BC. The most striking feature, of the Scythian culture was the magnificent funeral of the Princess. Horse is among the sacred animals that have a specialy veneration in different cultures; this honor in the Scythian nation’s culture has appeared as sacrifice of it for Scythian Princess. In Central Asia and North Caucasia, many tombs were found from the Scythians with numerous horses that all of them have been burked and buried insid or on the top of the Scythian magnifico graves. Scythians during their entry into Western Asia conquered parts of the north-west of Iran in the Median period at the first millennium BC. Recently, a unique Scythian interment was obtained in a cemetery in Meshgin Shahr city with a striking characteristic of horse burials, like the other Scythian interments. In the present paper, we will discuss the features of Scythian interments in Khoram Abad cemetery based on historical and archaeological sources and with regard to the overall characteristics of the Scythian burial ceremony.

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Ramin Moharami, Ph.D.
 
   
Abstract
The criticism and conveyance of the positive and negative points in mankind’s “will” through the mystical point of view of Rumi (Mowlavi), is the major topic of this article. Through the analysis of the verses which discuss mankind’s “will” in Massnavi, different dimensions of Rumi’s attitude about the “will” are clarified. Rumi consents with the belief of mankind’s will; a will that leads to a direct path and salvation in humans; yet he refuses a will which leads to rebel and obstacles the path of truth. Rumi also agrees with mystical fate which means men’s “will” should be sacrificed for God’s “will” alongside the “will” itself. He believes that God and his perfect creatures deserve to have “will” because will has made mankind the superior creature in God’s creation. After he proves mankind’s will, he complains about it as will has led to mankind’s suffer and finally divided the universe into two poles of the good and the evil, depriving mankind of God’s presence. In Rumi’s view, the trust that God gave human on the very first day was this will.
 
 

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Many plants of tropical and subtropical areas are severely damaged when exposed to chilling temperatures between 2 and 15°C. Arabidopsis thaliana is chilling tolerant and, therefore provides an alternative model plant system for the identification of chilling tolerance traits. To determine whether the expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase 2 (CSD2) would increase superoxide-scavenging capacity and thereby improve the survival rate of chilling sensitive (chs) mutants of Arabidopsis, four chs mutant (chs1-1, chs1-2, chs2-1 and chs2-2) and wild-type plants were grown under low (chilling at 13 °C and 4 °C) and normal growth (23 °C) temperatures. The expression of CSD2 was not detected during cold stress treatments, while the wild plants showed the expression of CSD2 under cold stress. The increase of antioxidant enzymes activities (POX and SOD) showed the role of these enzymes in the protection of the chs mutants under chilling treatment, also the increase in polyphenol oxidase activity shows the role of that in the emergence of chlorosis phenotype. The lack of expression of CSD2 gene in chs mutants grown at chilling temperature would support the hypothesis that the expression of these genes was affected due to mutation in CHS genes, when they are chilled.

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Abstract Adaptive literature is one of the areas of study that has recently attracted the attention of researchers. By comparative study of works, one can reach the emotions, emotions, thoughts, and common concerns among poets and writers all over the world. With the prevalence of translation and travel to Europe, the poetry of European poets has had a great impact on our contemporary poetry. Among these European poets are T. Salliot, Paul E. Lumber, Andrea Burton, Louis Aragon and others. Ahmad Shamloo has written Aida's poetry in his own time under the influence of Eliza's poetry in the Aragón Ayman. Therefore, this essay is based on the analytical-descriptive library resources to the influence of Shamloo of Aragon and the study of virtual images in describing the beloved in the poetry of both poets. The result is that Shamloo, in the composition of Aida in the mirror, considers the poetry of Elza in the mirror of Aragon and other French poets and uses his images and words and his thoughts, but his poetry from the boundaries of the house and the village to the alley , The city expands and more socially than Aragon.

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Dramatic and fictional literature has long been inextricably linked since language emerged as a means of communication; storytelling as a means of expressing life events and drama as a means of communicating with the world around us, have always met the most important human needs in relation to each other, and in the course of their lives, their tools and capabilities have been shared and expanded to the present. Today, the drama uses some of the features and capabilities of fiction literature and fiction literature for some drama. However, in this study we try to focus on some of the dramatic situation that Georges Poletti has identified in Thirty-Six cases to study works “Ivy” by Deledda and ²Christine and Kidd² by Hooshang Golshiri in a descriptive-analytic method to show how content subscriptions have created the dramatic capacity in two works. Accordingly, the findings of the study show that although the works of these two authors have been formed in two different schools with different coordinates, but they share the dramatic situation associated with a common theme of love and attention to human and emotional relationships. Due to Golshiri by focusing on individual dimension of relationships and deledda by focusing on the social context of the formation and development of the characters, have succeeded in creating dramatic situation in thier work

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This study examined the effect of metalinguistic feedback and revision on the accuracy of the regular and irregular simple past tense. To this end, 56 Azari-Turkish learners of English participated in a quasi-experimental study. The study lasted for 7 sessions. In session one, a proficiency test (KET) was administered to all learners. The learners in 4 classes were randomly assigned as a metalinguistic explanation (ME) group (N = 13), a metalinguistic explanation plus revision (R) group (N = 17), a revision group (N = 14), and a control group (N = 12). To get assurance as to the initial homogeneity of groups involved in terms of the dependent variable (i.e., past tense command), a pretest was administered. The feedback treatment was performed for 4 sessions. In each session all individuals were required to write a 150-word text in 20 min. All texts drafted in each session were returned to the same individuals with varying comments in line with the condition defined for each group. The texts produced by the control group were not manipulated. Finally, all learners took a post-test and completed an attitude questionnaire to assess their attitude towards the treatment. The results indicated that the metalinguistic explanation plus revision group outperformed the other groups significantly in the accurate use of the past tense. English teachers are advised to spare enough time to provide appropriate feedback along the writing tasks of Iranian learners of English.
 

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Wrestling has been popular since ancient times and it has been associated with many aspects of Iranian culture. In this regard, wrestling has been a physical ritual, and today it is performed at the national, indigenous, and local levels. This study focuses on the myths behind this ritual movement. It is aimed to explain the myths that have been the reason for the meaning, continuity, and the value of this movement as a ritual in Iranian folk culture throughout history via the analytical method. In ancient culture, a person who fought with the destructive forces of nature became the heroic archetype who created livelihood and security in a society and was respected by the people. This challenge with the antagonist also entered the arena of the enemies of Iran, and wrestling was a symbol of the action of the heroes who fought a duel to protect his land and its values; but what was suggested in Iranian culture was that these heroes, whose actions establish the security and order of the society, first, must clear their background as an antagonist, and voluntarily go into the battle with shadows. In Iranian society, this became a value and moral foundation for the heroic archetype and remained in the collective subconscious of the Iranian society, and in the festivals of folk culture where wrestling is held, all these values are projected on the wrestler character. This forms the kind of social identity and cohesion through which viewers receive love and self-fulfillment.
Introduction
Research background
A few research projects been done on wrestling in folk culture. However, in these studies, types of wrestling in folk culture have been studied on a case. In the culture of every city and village, a type of native and local wrestling is common, and most studies have focused on one of these types such as Chokheh wrestling or Gilehmardi wrestling. Qasem Mehrabi et al. (2014) have dealt with the interaction of spectators and wrestlers of Chokheh, and Rahmati and Abbaszadeh (2016) have paid attention to the ability of Gilehmardi wrestling in the development of social participation. Since wrestling has a long history in Iranian culture, it is necessary to conduct research on the values and social beliefs that have led to the continuation of this national, indigenous, and local sport.
Aims, questions, and assumptions
The aim of the present research is to describe the mythology that has caused the continuity, meaning, and value of wrestling in Iranian society throughout history. Therefore, three theories could be indicated in this regard: Jung's archetypal, Campbell's mono-myth, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs to describe these myths through a qualitative descriptive-analytical method. The main question of this study is: what myths are behind this ritual movement activity? Wrestling is probably a movement activity that was intertwined with rituals and represented many myths through ritual performances.
 
 
Discussion
Archaeological evidence with the motif of wrestling and Persian mythology in the cultural context of ancient Iranian society shows that wrestling is a physical activity in a ritual that represents the heroism of prehistoric times that killed monsters to provide security for human life (Campbell, 2005). The monster is a symbol of some destructive natural forces that destroys the security and livelihood of people. The protagonist's combat with natural destructive forces, such as wild animals, becomes a physical habitus in the Iranian culture and takes on a ritual aspect. This ritual physical activity combines with other aspects of Iranian culture so that it is a show for the legitimacy of the king as a provider of security for the people and the wrestling is performed in the celebration of nature revitalization in the spring (Kaptain, 2013). Thus, the wrestling is a symbol of the battle of two opposing forces, one good, and the other evil. It is the ideology of the culture of ancient Iran that the force of good always triumphs over evil by choosing the right manner for battle (Rezai Rad, 2010). Folk literature also tells the story of wrestlers who wrestle with fair behavior, avoiding any inappropriate behavior. Thus, the wrestler is a symbol of the heroic archetype who removes individual and collective needs and has moral principles. The moral foundation of the Iranian hero archetype is Mithraism, at the top of which is the struggle against the inner shadow. The religion of Mithraism is a form of mysticism that teaches its followers the moral and social principles to make the world a better place (Cumont, 1966). According to these teachings of mysticism, the wrestler is also the protector of the social values.
Conclusion
Wrestling is a physical activity that is intertwined with the dimensions of Iranian culture. Iranian myths and beliefs give meaning to this physical activity and its integration with other cultural aspects. The wrestling is not only reminiscent of the hero archetypal actions of the prehistoric time but with its functions, it satisfies the psychological needs of the wrestler and the people. Hence, people project the character and moral qualities of ancient heroes on the wrestler. The inner shadow is the most important opponent of the wrestling, and by overcoming it, he can show the right manner in his behavior through wrestling.
 
References
Rahmati, M. M., & Abbaszadeh, M. (2016). Capability of rural sport; local development & social participation: a case study of Gilehmardi wrestling. Journal of Community Development, 7(1), 59-78.
Campbell, J. (2006). The hero of a thousand faces (translated into Farsi Shadi Khosrow Panah). Mashhad: GolAftab.
Cumont, F. (1966). The Mysteries of Mithra. Routledge.
Kaptan, D. (2014). Achaemenid history XII. The Daskyleion Bullae: seal images from the western Achaemenid empire (translated into Farsi Morteza. Saghebfar). Tehran: Toos.

Rezaei Rad, M. (2011). Fundamentals of political thought in Mazdaean wisdom (in Farsi). Tehran: TarheNou.