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Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract

The efficient and systematic design of language education programs through deploying instructional strategies and techniques and with the knowledge of learners’ cognitive make-up and their environment helps develop increasingly effective and capable language learners. Effective instruction begins with effective educational design which involves a wide range of practices, the most important of which is informed and structured material development. In line with these, the present study was carried out to analyze exercises in Arabic textbooks for public junior high schools in Iran based on Nation and McAllister’s (2010) principles of format and presentation of learning materials and activities. The research employed a descriptive design using qualitative content analysis and to achieve more valid and reliable results, Shannon’s entropy for weighting codes and statistical tests of homogeneity of variance, univariate analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis were used. The population and the statistical sample of activities considered in the study were the same and included all the exercises in the selected Arabic textbooks for the 1401-1402 AH / 2022-2023 academic year. Content analysis was done following a researcher-made scheme based on the layers proposed in Nation and McAllister’s (2010) principles, i.e., meaning-oriented input, form-oriented input, meaning-oriented output, and form-oriented output.  The validity of the scheme was verified through expert opinion and its reliability was calculated using Pearson correlation. The results of the research showed that in these textbooks, there is no four-way balance in the activities and no harmony between the expected four types of activities on form, meaning, input, and output.

Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract

This study investigates the fundamental impact of naming on shaping the ideology of texts, particularly the Quran. It explores how naming, as a foundational linguistic process within the frameworks of Hodge and Kress (1996), Van Leeuwen (2008), and Leslie Jeffries (2010), plays a pivotal role in constructing meaning, establishing identity, and exerting power. The research also examines the naming component within the Quran and its contributions to explaining the underlying worldview of this text. To evaluate hypotheses, this research employs critical discourse analysis. It explores the approaches of Hodge, Kress, Van Leeuwen, and Jeffries regarding the naming component and applies these theories to the Quranic text. The goal is to elucidate the embedded worldview and the Quran's approach to naming. The findings reveal that in Hodge and Kress's view, the naming process is an ideological tool for promoting and solidifying specific beliefs. Conversely, Van Leeuwen perceives naming as an identity process and a means of interaction and meaning construction within social contexts. Jeffries, combining explicit (ideology) and implicit (literary language) elements, considers naming a tool for producing and reproducing ideological discourses. An examination of naming within the Quran indicates that beyond ideological, identity, and linguistic factors, other elements such as the relationship between theme and naming, the priority of content over naming, and the connection between action, process, and structure to naming also influence this process.
 

Volume 1, Issue 1 (9-2003)
Abstract

This article is an effort to recognize the devil of  “Az”_avarice- and its significance in Greek mythology and Zoroastrian texts as well as the worthy masterpiece of Ferdowsi_Shahnameh_ and the evil nature of this mighty and powerful devil the ways of fighting with whom have been discussed in some mythological and Zoroastrian sources.
The importance of Az’s presence in Shahnameh has been dealt with based on certain verses of Shahnameh . The author has tried his best to besides unveiling the avarice of a number of kings and heroes mentioned in Shahnameh, highlight the deceit of this treacherous evil. Those kings who successfully resisted the deceit of the devil and promoted justice, goodness and generosity have been introduced in the article as well.
In a nutshell, the article differentiates between avarice and greed and making the best of what life offers and other such issues.


Volume 1, Issue 1 (9-2003)
Abstract

The memory of death, which has always turned the happiness of many into misery and discomfort, has been a source of tranquility for the true mystics and Sufis. Being inspired by the Quranic culture and hadiths, which portray death of the faithful as pleasant and brilliant, mystics have always looked upon death through a mystical angle. In their view, man’s celestial soul has been detached from the divine Creator and has been deprived of enjoying His intimacy when he was exiled to this mortal world and was confined in the prison of body. Mystics have always considered themselves entrapped in two prisons: prison of body and prison of the material world. Therefore, all their attention and efforts were focused on ridding themselves of these two prisons.
Thus, for the true mystics, death is not disgusting and ghastly but lovely and exquisite. Contemplation on the mystics’ moods at the time of death and what they say about death reveal some quite wonderful points. A group of them got inspirations as regards the exact time of their departure on account of their extra-ordinary wisdom and foresight and have warmly embraced death. Another group put their love and enthusiasm for death to thought-provoking and strange sentences.
No doubt, Moalana stands on top of all these lovers of death and mystics as far as  thanatophilia is concerned. His collection of lyrics is full of poems in praise of the delicacy and gracefulness of death in a lovely and enthusiastic way.
 

Volume 1, Issue 2 (6-2013)
Abstract

Re-vegetation of bare soil is believed to increase, or at least maintain the organic matter levels of soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the soil characteristics changes, nutrient pool sizes and their availability under mid canopy, and canopy gap positions of saltbush in an area re-vegetated with Atriplex lentiformis. Some of the physical and chemical soil characteristics (the particle size distribution, soil bulk density, EC, pH, Na, K, organic C, N, P, C/N ratio and C/P ratio) were measured in two different soil depths at both planted shrublands and control area. The results from samples analysis showed that the soil of the control area is significantly different from the Atriplex shrublands area. Maximum of K and Na proportion were measured in 0 to 20 cm under mid canopy in the planted sites. K and Na in different soil layer showed a significant difference between ungrazed area, grazing area and control area (P

Volume 1, Issue 2 (12-2003)
Abstract

This article deals with the structural analysis of the following complicated verse from Hafiz Divan:
       عبوس‌ زهد به‌ وجه‌ خمار ننشیند   مرید خرقه‌ دردی‌کشان‌ خوشخویم‌
The present article, with utilizing all previous attempts in explaining the above-mentioned verse, provides the following total meaning for   that verse  :
A grim of abstemiousness does not give up his ill humour, with the payment of a little wine , so I'm not devoted to the gown of asceticism,but to the gown of good-humoured dregs.
 

Volume 1, Issue 3 (3-2004)
Abstract

One of the important features of Hafez verses is their very solid structure and deliberate geometry.
In this structure words and constituants are selected so skillfully and are sitting with each others so deliberately that don’t accept modification and rarely comes forward that don't be injured from repair and change for better and displacement.
In this essay we discussed the structure, language structure and artistic structure and then tried to reveal the above mentioned particular feature of Hafez poems, by using and considering a number of samples and models of Hafez poems.
 

Volume 3, Issue 1 (Winter 2023)
Abstract

Surveying the problem of emanation in Farabi's view, has some difficulties like that does for Farabi this problem is a fundamental problem in metaphysics or a secondary one? In this issue we are confronted with two main difficulties: one is that some scholars doubted to two Farabi's works that he discussed there the problem of emanation, mean Fosus Al-hekam and Ouoon Al-masael. They cannot say that these two books certainly are Farabi's books. But the more difficult problem is that Farabi's views on the problem of emanation are different in his works. It seem that some of Farabi's books are basically written in the Aristotelian context and some of his books are from his personally views. In addition, there is another difficulty: Farabi discussed the problem of emanation in some of his books that are not basically metaphysical but are psychological. In the present article, we try to survey these difficulties in Farabi's works.
 

Volume 3, Issue 3 (9-2015)
Abstract

Aim: Sexual function is influenced by different individual and environmental factors. Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) can lead to serious conditions for women and their family. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors for FSD, in Kashan, Iran.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a convenience sample of 200 women refering to educational gynecology clinics and meeting the inclusion criteria was selected in Kashan, Iran, 2014. Three anonymous self-administered questionnaires were completed by the participants: Demographic, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Chi-square, T-test, Mann Whitney's and Pearson's correlation coefficients were performed for the determination of factors associated with FSD. A score less than 28 out of a possible score of 36 suggests the presence of FSD based on FSFI.
Findings: Of total participants, 119 (59.5%) had FSD. Thirty-nine percent reported desire disorders, 37% arousal disorders, 28.5% lubricant disorders, 24%5 orgasmic disorders, 19.5% pain disorders, and 22.5% satisfaction disorders. Sexual dysfunction was more common in depressed, anxious and stressed and low educated women with older age and longer duration of marriage.
Conclusion: Sexual dysfunction is common among women and some demographic and emotional problems likely contribute to the experience of sexual dysfunction. This finding may have implications on the clinical evaluation of sexual function and identifying the effect of demographic and psychological factors on FSD in women.

Volume 3, Issue 9 (3-2006)
Abstract

 
Hosein pour.A.,Ph.D
Mosavi. S.S.
 
Abstract:
 
Even though Foroogh and Sepehri have dealt with similar issues such as agony, death, life, nature, love, childhood, loneliness and the like ones, they have done so with different perspectives in their poetry. There are fundamental structural and conceptual differences between their works. The terrifying loneliness of Foroogh is definitely different from the mystic loneliness of Sepehri, for example. Sepehri's poetry is lively and happy with no signs of pessimism or hopelessness. The two poets have also viewed childhood differently. In sum, based on the differences in the basic intellectual and ideological frameworks, one can conclude that the two poets have not been under the influence of one another.
 
 

Volume 3, Issue 9 (3-2006)
Abstract

 

 
Rouhani, R., PH.D.
 
Abstract:
    
The sacred book of Mathnavi Ma’navi, due to its numerous inclusions in God’s word as well as those of prophets and also hermeneutics interpretations (ta’wil) and explanations of those words for common and elites people, has turned into a collection of pure and exceptional knowledge. These ta’wils and interpretations, having mainly moral-mystical aspects, have given Mathnavi Spiritual style and made it like the mystics’ interpretive books such as Hakayek Al-Tafsir, Kashf Al-Asrar, latayef, Al-Esharat. Nevertheless. However, Molana is considered as those condemned Ta’wil and its adherents as far as Mathnavi is concerned and perhaps his opposition with Ta’wil at first sight seems to be more outstanding and remarkable and at the same time stranger. The writer of this essay has tried to clarify different types of Ta’wil via classifying them from Molavi’s view point into unacceptable and acceptable ones in order to explain this issue and solve this paradoxical point while considering some of the general points upon ta’wil in Mathnavi and explained some lexical definitions and expressions of lexical and interpretive works. To sum it up, taking these points in mind, it is proved the correctness and incorrectness as well as its goodness and badness are relative as far as Molavi’s view see it and it depends on the type of ta’wil, the person who does ta’wil and his/her goals and aims with for ta’wil of the text.
 
 

Volume 4, Issue 2 (No.2 (Tome 14), (Articles in Persian) 2013)
Abstract

Ebne Khaldon has discussed about one of the most important linguistic subjects, that is “the ability of language”. He emphasizes on linguistic creativity as an opportunity to achieve the meaning of linguistic competence and says that lingual talent is related to human’s natural ability. On the one hand, he expresses that non-Arabic people profit from Arabic language because the first language takes precedence over their second language, and on the other side, remembers some famous persons like “Siboie” “Pharsi” and “Zomokhshari”; although they are Iranians, but their life between Arabic families made them to achieve Arabic language queen depth. Ebne Khaldon believes that there is an inseparable relationship between language and society and that the sovereignty language is ideology language that governs the society, so he is going to survey linguistic changes in terms of “time” and “place”. The results of this study showed that Ebne Khaldon thoughts are modern and that he is the originator of “linguistic competence”, not “Chamsy”.        

Volume 4, Issue 2 (12-2016)
Abstract

ultra Rational, logical and mystical nature of gnostic facts and meanings from one side and limitation of language function area from other side, caused poets and mystics to use deviated language and expression. Simile which is one of the most important and  frequent  of semantic deviation in mystical poems, has been used  by  mystics  for  creating  poetic images and  expressing their own  thoughts. In this study authors criticized and discussed the deviated similes   in Ibn Alfarez and molavi’s   complete works with analytical method. This study shows that frequent use of compact similes is more than spread similes in their poems (both poets), because this method results in length in mental challenge and hesitation.  Sometime the relation between the simile parties in their poems is so far that   deviation observed more. They caused   meaning to be understood later by using so many similes. Through this, they make   their   words prominent   and leads to more literary pleasure of readers. although Ibn Alfarez purpose was to explain exalted concepts and holy command for reader’s mind, and was interested in application of perceptible simile to rational simile, but Molavi uses rational simile more than Ibn Alfarez. Perceptible to perceptible simile are very frequent In Molavi’s poems because of his mystical   and spiritual taste. Also frequency of spread similes in his poems is more than Ibn Alfarez.  

Volume 4, Issue 4 (No.4 (Tome 16), (Articles in Persian) 2013)
Abstract

The multidisciplinary analysis of relationship between language and law has been in the spotlight for many linguists in the last two decades. Forensic Linguistics attempts to describe and, where possible, explain the features that distinguish the language used in legal settings from the everyday language. Furthermore, discourse analysis is capable of application in a wide variety of settings and contexts. The purpose of this paper is to outline the theory and practice of forensic discourse analysis as a tool for interpretation and analysis of legal context with a particular focus on legal pragmatics in Persian legal events to enable both researchers in legal system and forensic linguists to pass the level of theory and barge into the practice of discourse analysis in Persian legal system. In this regard, we focused on the Legal Speech Acts based on the theory of Searle J. (1969). A collection of 20 files issued in legal context were analyzed and the results and applications will be discussed.      

Volume 4, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract

The occurrence of dust storms and their sources in the southern and central parts of Iran during the period of 2002 to 2009 was investigated. For this purpose, the meteorological and synoptic data, data from the middle and upper atmosphere, and wind flow tracking model were used. Dust storms and NDDI were traced using satellite imagery from Fasa, Shiraz, and Bushehr stations. Analysis of the ground data indicated that one of the strongest storms occurred in 2008 and the most intense dusty day was June 10, 2008. The results of tracing wind flow in the fiercest dusty day using HYSPLIT model indicated that dust masses originated from the western parts of Iraq and eastern Syria and transported by the northwest winds in the region. The results indicated that west winds are caused by the presence of the low pressure air mass in the center of Iran and the high pressure air mass in the northeast of Africa. It is concluded that terrestrial measurements, weather patterns, tracing wind flow model and NDDI index have suitable capability to detect the movement of dust storms.

Volume 4, Issue 17 (12-2007)
Abstract


                                                                          
R. Shajari . PH.D.
 
Abstract   
Mowlana in his famous and unique work, Mathnavi, has mentioned different varieties and kinds of wisdom. He has sometimes praised wisdom and sometimes dispraised it. The present paper discusses and expresses different wisdoms in Mathnavi. It also describes the different functions of each type of wisdom along with the feature it enjoys. Then it investigates the reasons for the paise and dispraise of wisdom. Unlike many other experts, the writer of this article believes that the minor wisdom is not essentially dispraised in Mathnavi, despite all its negative consequences. Actually it is part of the major wisdom or at least it holds a share. The minor wisdom, though has a high spiritual trace, is sometimes affected by satanic and worldly desires due to its limitations and some of its characteristics. As a result it loses its connection with the major wisdom. Moreover, people differ in the degree of wisdom they posses. In other words, Mowlana rejects the idea of equality offering some reasons; even though some rhetoricans believe in such equation.
God at times bestows wisdom to animals to prove his power and miraculous strength.
 
 

Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2017)
Abstract

There have always been similarities in literature of different nations. These similarities have sometimes been due to chance, imitation, or plagiarism. In fact, Arabic and Persian literature are so interwoven that they have caused such similarities. The present study aimed to examine two approximately identical reports of two odes: one Arabic ode by Mansour Nemerri (2nd Century) and one Persian ode by Roudaki (3rd century). According to these reports, Harun al-Rashid and Amir-Nasr Samani were influenced and encouraged by these odes to the extent that they returned home quickly. The Persian ode is known as “Bouye Jouye Moulian” in Persian literature, and the Arabic ode is named “Yade Baghdad” by the author of the present study. In doing so, the two odes were analyzed based on both form and content. In addition, we explored the possible influence of one narrator on the other narrator. Furthermore, the factors which contributed to the influence and encouragement of the two Amirs by the two odes were discussed. Considering the literary critics’ negative view of Arouzi Samarghandi and his trustworthiness, it could be concluded that he has copied the story of Roudaki and Amir Nasre Samani from the story of Harun al-Rashid and Mansour Nemerri.

Volume 5, Issue 1 (Winter 2025)
Abstract

One of the challenges of contemporary theology is natural evil. We will argue that since humans often play no role in the emergence of natural evils, one instance of natural evil is the issue of salvation and the well-being of those individuals who either lived long before the emergence of religions or have been deprived of encountering God's message. Therefore, the question of the possibility or impossibility of the salvation of such individuals can be included among theological discussions, especially in Christian theology, as well as in the realm of the philosophy of religion. This issue is also related to pluralistic and exclusivist approaches in Christian theology. However, based on Thomistic theology, although God manifested His message at a specific time and place in Christ, we will find that God has never deprived humans of encountering His saving message by having a correct understanding of God and His attributes.
 

Volume 5, Issue 2 (6-2017)
Abstract

Background: A design storm is a theoretical storm event based on rainfall intensities associated with frequency of occurrence and having a set duration. Estimating design storm via rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves is important for hydrological planning of urban areas.
Material and Methods: The impact of changes in rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves on flood properties in an urban area of Zanjan city was investigated, using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). For the IDF curve generation, Sherman and Ghahreman-Abkhezr methods were compared.
Results: According to results, the estimated rainfall depth and, consequently the peak runoff rate for different return periods had decreased in the recent years, except for 2-year return period. Decrease in peak runoff rate was 30, 39, 41 and 42 percent for 5-10-20 and 50-year return periods, respectively. Based on the results, for peak runoff evaluated in 50-year return period using Sherman and Ghahreman-Abkhezr hyetograph, percent of flood that occurred before the peak runoff were 27 and 22 percent, respectively.
Discussion and Conclusion: Design rainfall hyetograph showed that Sherman method gave larger rainfall intensity compared to Ghahreman-Abkhezr method. Estimated peak and total runoff volume follow trend of rainfall intensity. As Ghahreman-Abkhezr method use longer and newer rainfall data for creating IDF curves, we can conclude that climate change cause change in rainfall characteristics. The runoff modeling show that main urban drainage system had enough transfer capacity against the flood condition, but survey information indicated several inundations in some flat areas, curbs and gutters. Inappropriate design and obstruction of the runoff paths via urban garbage and sediments are some parameters that could lead to such local inundation.

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