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Aluminum nano-films are one of the functional elements that have various applications in different fields such as strengthening cement base materials, improving the performance and efficiency of concrete, and enhancing the mechanical and volumetric properties of clay. In this study, the mechanical responses of aluminum nano-film are investigated under uniaxial tensile and compressive tests using the molecular dynamics (MD) method. The initial configuration of the nano-film is constructed based on a 3D aluminum core—alumina shell model that provides a suitable description of surface oxidation in the nano-film. This model is useful to determine the influence of surface oxidation on the mechanical behavior of nan-film. Because of the accuracy and competency, the inter-atomic interactions are evaluated using the EAM+CTI potential, which is a hybrid potential consisting of two components, i.e., EAM and CTI potential, such that it can also take into account the electrostatic interactions between the atoms. After establishing the initial configuration, the energy minimization process is performed on the nano-film, and then its temperature and pressure are adapted to the environmental conditions through the relaxation process. The MD analysis is accomplished by the open-source LAMMPS software, and the visualization of outputs is performed by the open-source OVITO software. The periodic boundary condition is imposed on the lateral sides of the nano-film to eliminate the free surface effect of the atomistic analysis. The tensile and compressive tests are applied to the nano-film in accordance with the experimental tests, and the stress—strain curves are determined. The concept of Virial stress is employed to calculate the stress of the atomic model, which is equivalent to the conventional Cauchy stress in classical mechanics. In order to diminish the dynamic effects, deformation is incrementally applied to the nano-film, such that at each increment, a small strain is gently imposed, then the nano-film is relaxed under the deformed conditions, and finally the stress and strains are evaluated. The numerical simulations are verified by comparing them with experimental data, which demonstrates the acceptable accuracy of the obtained numerical results. The influence of various parameters such as the thickness and the percentages of oxide layers are investigated on the mechanical response and stress-strain curve of aluminum nano-film under the uniaxial tests. It is demonstrated that the thickness of the oxide layer significantly impacts the mechanical behavior, such that the hardness and energy absorption capacity of the nano-film is increased considerably by increasing the percentage of the oxide layer thickness. However, increasing the total thickness of the nano-film leads to a decrease in the Young’s modulus and elastic limit of the specimen. It is because of the decrease in the percentage of oxide layer thickness by increasing the total thickness of the nano-film. Point defects are one of the important imperfections in the crystal structures of atomic configuration that have a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of materials. In order to investigate the influence of point defects, different percentages of voids are generated by randomly omitting some atoms in the nano-film domain. The generated specimens are analyzed under the uniaxial tests, and their mechanical characteristics are evaluated. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the hardness of the nano-film is significantly reduced by increasing the point defects.
 

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. Translation is one of the ways that provides trade between two languages, especially if the works selected by the translator are among the noble and precious works of that language. Marzbannameh of Saad al-Din Varavini is one of these valuable works that has a high literary status in Persian language, which was translated into Arabic by the Iranian-origin writer, Shahab al-Din Ahmad bin Abu Muhammad known as Ibn Arabshah in the 9th century. Both books have received influences from the other language in their language format, which indicates a deep connection between Persian and Arabic languages. The present research has been organized in a descriptive-analytical way with the aim of evaluating and explaining the effectiveness and mutual utilization of Waravini and Ibn Arabshah in Arabic and Persian language. The result of the research showed that Varavini has made Marzban-nameh as a technical work that has a rich literary language, decorated with Arabic evidence in terms of words and combinations, poems, verses and hadiths, and on the other hand, Ibn-Arabshah also in the process The translation has benefited from Persian language evidence such as borrowing Persian words, combinations and literal translation of proverbs. The element of culture, as an inseparable pillar of a language, has permeated Persian and Arabic languages and has become a part of that language, and all these elements show the deep and unbreakable connection between Persian and Arabic languages

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Given that language serves as a reflection of social concepts, and considering the significant roles of "hopelessness" and "hopefulness" within human society, this paper aims to investigate the rates of hopelessness and hopefulness, as well as their conceptualizations in the language of Persian stories from the 1970s to the 2010s. To achieve this aim, six bestselling story books from each decade have been selected as the corpus for this study. The rationale for choosing stories as the focus of this research lies in the dual role that they play: either as the reflection of social contexts or as constructs particular social environments. Both perspectives stress the critical importance of examining social concepts within these narratives. In the selected corpus, metaphors and linguistic constructions pertaining to hopelessness and hopefulness have been analyzed based on the framework established by Kövecses (2020) and the principles of Construction Grammar. The findings reveal that, upon comparing the token frequency of metaphors and linguistic constructions associated with hopelessness and hopefulness, there has been a sharp increase in the prevalence of hopelessness in Persian narratives over time; however, this trend has shown a slight decline in the 2000s. Furthermore, through an analysis of metaphorical mappings and construction schemas, it is evident that hopelessness in Persian stories is conceptualized through the notion of "inability", while hopefulness is articulated through concepts of "object" and "reliance on God".    
 

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Education and research are fundamental pillars of educational systems, including agricultural higher education institutions. However, an inadequate balance between these components can lead to a deviation from the primary goals of these institutions. This study aimed to conduct a pathological analysis of the equilibrium between education and research in the higher education system of agriculture in Iran. “Three-pronged pathology model” was utilized, comprising components of “context” (including knowledge, moral, individual-psychological, satisfaction, and the thematic nature), “behavior” (including planning, coordination, control, and monitoring), and “structure” (including demonstrative, diversity, consequence, and political). This quantitative study is applied in purpose, non-experimental in design, retrospective in timing, survey-based in data collection, and descriptive-causal comparative in data analysis. The data collection instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire, with face and content validity confirmed by experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was established using Cronbach's alpha for each variable (0.704 ≤ α ≤ 0.902). The statistical population comprised faculty members from agricultural departments of public universities in Iran (N=3335), with a sample of 307 selected. Results indicated a tendency among faculty members towards research activities. The greatest gap and imbalance between education and research were observed in the areas of context, followed by structure and behavior. This indicates that the existing context and structure push faculty members towards research activities for their sustainability and advancement in the agricultural higher education system. This poses a serious issue that must be addressed by policymakers and decision-makers.
 

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Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world and Phythophthora root and crown rot is a significant limiting factor for its planting. In the present study the antagonistic effect of 12 Trichoderma spp. in vitro and these Trichoderma spp. in combination with Bradyrhizobium japonicum in vivo on Phytophthora sojae and soybean growth were tested. In laboratory tests the effects of Trichoderma isolates were studied in dual culture, volatile compounds and culture filtrate metabolites. The most hyphal growth inhibitions were obtained using T. virens, T. orientals and T. brevicompactum in dual culture tests and T. atroviride in volatile compounds test. The effects of Trichoderma culture filtrates on P. sojae hyphal growth were studied at six concentrations in CMA medium and the results showed that culture filtrates of all species inhibited the hyphal growth and that different concentrations had different inhibitory effects. The most inhibition was obtained by T. virens and T. brevicampactom culture filtrates. The greenhouse tests were carried out as two experiments. In the first experiment the effects of coated seeds with Trichoderma isolates and B. japonicum, alone and in combinations, on control of P. sojae and in the second experiment the effect of these two biocontrol agents on soybean growth, alone and in combinations, were assayed. In the first experiment, germination percentage, damping-off, seedling vigour index (SVI) and disease severity were measured and results showed that T. brevicompactum as alone and in combinations, was the most effective species. In the second experiment, coated seeds with Trichoderma isolates and B. japonicum, as alone and in combinations, significantly promoted the growth of treated seeds and the most effective species were T. orientals, T. brevicompactum and T. spirale. Hence, results indicate that T. brevicompactum, as the second most common species after T. harzianum in Iran, was the most successful species applied individually and in combinations with B. japonicum to act as biocontrol agent for P. sojae and was also able to promote plant growth.

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The study of purports and themes-with many objection in west-is one of wide researches in the current comparisonal researches. Subjects are historical and cultural substances and important elements of the text, thus we can analyze it. Some of subjects and purports are ultranational and universal; study of these subject, can explain the history of thoughts and ideas of two or more nations at period of times and tell us where they come from. One of the universal subjects that is very important in Islamic culture and many of people argue about it, is that asceticism has different meanings, and literal and conceptual schools take different meanings from them. The meaning of asceticism has extered to literature too. Thus some of Poets are called ascetic. Sanaei Qaznavi and Abu Eshagh Elbiri are two representatives of asceticism Persian and Arabic literature. This research wants to present their point of views about asceticism and world to take the meaning of asceticism and its function, and to show that, although there are some similarities in these two rationalists, there are some differences between their thoughts.  

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Medicinal plants were used from past to present. Different small arthropods such as Acari were found on these plants. Therefore a study on the Acari fauna associated with some medicinal plants (Family: Asteraceae) in Hamedan region was carried out during 2008–2009. In this survey, 23 species belonging 18 genera from 15 different families of the subclass Acari were collected and identified. Two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) was determined as an abundant phytophagous mite species in this study.

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Mystically language is one of the most important tools for expressing the mystical meanings. The language which the contemporary arab poets have well benefited from it. Abdol- Suboor is one of those poets who has met with the great heritage of Iranian Sufism. According to the poet, Attar’s and Rumi's works constitute part of his poetry. His ode “Remembrance of suffi bishr al hafi”, has been affected by the (Manteq at-tayr) of Attār, which is the story of allegorical and symbolic move toward self-perfection. He uses the mask method in this ode, so that, the ode is in motion, in an existential space towards the “pantheism” and “perfect man” and, finally, the form remains open without being finished. This research has used the method of comparative literature. By reviewing the similarities of the two works, it indicates that the ode “Remembrance of suffi Bishr al Hafi” has used the story theme of travel truth in the Attār's (Manteq at-tayr)

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One of the most important predator-prey interactions is functional response which its type and parameters are affected by different factors including host plant characteristics. In this research, the influence of leaf surface on functional response and prey consumption rate of third instar larvae of the Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) (Diptera: Syrphidae) to third instar nymphs of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were studied on sweet pepper and cucumber leaves. The results demonstrated that leaf surface of host plants; different prey densities and their interaction had significant effects on the numbers of prey killed by a predator. Logistic regression indicated type Ш functional response on both host plant leaves. The values of b constant were 0.00231 and 0.00351h^-1 while handling time (T_h) estimates were 0.14 h and 0.095 h on cucumber and sweet pepper leaves respectively. Moreover, plant leaves and different prey densities had significant effect on the prey consumption rate and voracity of predator. The maximum voracity values reached were 180.73 ± 7.71 and 282.25 ± 11.71 nymphs on cucumber and sweet pepper leaves respectively. These results emphasize on the importance of physical traits of host plant surface on the performance and searching efficiency of natural enemies that should be considered for optimizing their application in aphid biological control.  

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The cypress family, Cupressaceae, has a global dispersion. Currently, endophytic microorganisms from plants are being investigated for their diversity and bioactivities. Here, we aimed at exploration and characterization of cultivable endophytic fungi from foliar tissues of Cupressaceae, i.e. Cupressus arizonica, C. sempervirens var. cereiformis, C. sempervirens var. fastigiata, Juniperus excelsa, Juniperus sp. and Thuja orientalis. Asymptomatic fresh foliar tissues, collected from mature healthy plants, were sterilized and the inner layers were plated on culture media at 26-28 °C for 2-12 weeks, until fungal colonies emerged and were purified. Endophytic Penicillia i.e. Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum, P. commune, P. echinulatum, P. expansum and P. viridicatum were the dominant fungi recovered. Results indicated that both host plant and geographical location of sampling affected the biodiversity and bioactivity of endophytic Penicillia. Results also indicated that those endophytic Penicillia had significant bioactivities. According to our results, both intra-and extra-cellular secondary metabolites from all isolated Penicillia had significant cytotoxic and antifungal effects against the model fungus Pyricularia oryzae and cypress fungal phytopathogens Diplodia seriata, Phaeobotryon cupressi and Spencermartinsia viticola. Further studies indicated the significant antimicrobial bioactivities of superior Penicillia against model bacteria. Altogether, this study highlights, for the first time, the biodiversity of endophytic Penicillia from Cupressaceae plants and documents their significance for agrochemical/drug discovery and for plant disease biocontrol.  

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The present checklist is a compilation of the eupodoid mites of Iran using published records and original data from recent researches. It contains 19 species belonging to 13 genera and five families. Family Cocceupodidae Jesionowska, 2010 (because of moving the genera to a new family) and two species i.e. Foveacheles (Foveacheles) cegetensis Zacharda, 1983 and Linopodes antennaepes Banks, 1894 are new records for Iranian mite fauna. In addition to some corrections to specific identities which have been previously reported in Iranian literature, we report here the known geographical distribution and habitats in Iran and distribution in the world as well.

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Antoine Berman is one of the source text oriented theorists in translation. He interprets the inhomogenous cases between translation and the original text as the text deformation system and founds this system based on “deforming tendencies” theory. As a translator and a theoretician, he pays a particular attention to the source language text and he believes that the translator should be bound and loyal to the source text, both from content and form points of view. In the present study, it has been tried to survey Nahj al-Balagha translation by Shahidi based on four text deformation signifiers from Antoine Berman’s point of view which include rationalization, clarification, explication, and decoration. The study findings indicate that the translation by Shahidi can be regarded as a source-oriented one which has been less subjected to text-defrormation factors and it seems that being source-oriented is necessary in religious contexts which are not of various and different readings and Shahidi has been considerate of the Imam’s (peace be upon him) literary speech besides transferring the concepts accurately and correctly, and his translation is also duly bound from this perspective.

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Brassica napus is an important oilseed crop and the yield loss due to fungal disease stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a serious problem in cultivation of this crop. The pathogenesis-related (PR) protein, glucanase, hydrolyzes a major cell wall component, glucan, of the pathogenic fungi and acts as a plant defense barrier. In this study, a β-1,3-glucanase (bgn13.1) gene was isolated from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma virens-10 (showing the high β-glucanase activity) and cloned in pUC19 cloning vector. The cloned fragment was confirmed by molecular analysis and showed to contain two short introns, 52 and 57 bp and an open reading frame coding 761 amino acids. The bgn13.1 gene was over-expressed under the CaMV35S promoter in B. napus, R line Hyola 308. Transformation of cotyledonary petioles was achieved by pBIKH1 containing bgn13.1 gene via Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404. The insertion of transgene was verified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genomic DNA Southern dot blotting in T0 generation. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the transgenic canola plants were able to transcribe the β-1,3 glucanase gene. Also, we used transgenic over-expression approach in order to investigate antifungal activity of expressed Bgn13.1 on S. sclerotiorum. The heterologous expressed Bgn13.1 of line # 7 and line # 10 compared with other lines showed stronger inhibition against hyphal growth of S. sclerotiorum with

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If a language makes use of a case marker to indicate the role of the object in a sentence, that marker is called “object case marker”. In some languages, only a subset of objects is marked with a case marker, which is called “differential object marking” (DOM). Definiteness and animacy of the object are among the factors for an object to be accompanied with a case marker. This article studies the effect of definiteness and animacy on the use of the object marker in Mâzandarâni, a modern North-Western Iranian language of the Southern Caspian subgroup. Studying DOM in a Mâzandarâni corpus, 148 noun-phrases as direct object of the verb were recognized, and animacy and definiteness were the influential factors on the use of object marker with an object in this corpus.

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The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Col.: Chrysomelidae) is an important pest of potato worldwide and study of its glucosidases is an important step to develop appropriate pest control strategies. In this study, some biochemical aspects of β-glucosidase in the Colorado potato beetle were determined. The results showed that β-glucosidase activity in the midgut of adults was 6.68 Umg^-1. Maximum activity of midgut β-glucosidase occurred at pH 4 to pH 5.5; however, the enzyme is active at pH 3 to pH 7 more than 50% of its relative activity. The enzyme was stable at pH 3 to pH 8 for 2 and 8 hours incubation time. According to the results, optimal temperature for the enzyme activity was 50 °Cand its stability significantly was reduced at 50 °C during 1 to 8 days incubation time. The enzyme activity decreased with the addition of different concentrations of MgCl₂, urea, Tris and CaCl₂. Enzyme activity was highly decreased at low concentrations of SDS (1 mM).

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The laelapid mite, Gaeolaelapsaculeifer (Canestrini) is widespread in soil habitats and feeds on different small arthropods, fungi and nematodes. The development and fecundity of G. aculeifer feeding on Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze & Robin) as prey was studied at eight different constant temperatures which include: 16, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30 and 32.5 ºC, with relative humidity of 60 ± 5%, and a 16:8 h (Light: Dark) photoperiod. The results showed that the development time of immature stages were 30.80 ± 0.68, 30.57 ± 0.42 days at 16 °C; 8.66 ± 0.09, 8.20 ± 0.18 days at 30 °C and 9.86 ± 0.19, 9.77 ± 0.22 days at 32.5 °C for females and males, respectively. The pre-oviposition period considerably varied from 7.60 ± 3.02 days at 16 °C to 0.81 ± 0.09 days at 30 °C and then increased to 2.07 ± 0.25 days at 32.5 °C. The oviposition period decreased with increasing temperature from 36.93 ± 2.66 days at 20 °C to 17.67 ± 1.90days at 32.5 °C. The average life span of females was 102.40 ± 8.08 days at 16 °C and 37.21 ± 1.98 days at 32.5 °C. The mean daily oviposition per female increased from 0.49 ± 0.14 at 16 °C to 3.76 ± 0.13 at 30 °C and decreased to 1.88 ± 0.15 at 32.5 °C.