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The attitude or behavior, which is not based on logical actions- and cause and effect relations, has irrational origins;  it happens due to a person's fear, threat, habits, and the unknown factors which he she believes to prevent the unbecoming events, called “superstition”. An increase in the literacy level and the popular culture in the society leads to a decrease in superstitious beliefs. It must be acknowledged that even modern people cannot reject superstitions, or get rid of them actually. This study has examined the causes of these prevalent beliefs and the way people apply them, via content analysis. Although the prevalence of superstition origins is established on irrational bases, people have applied them to gain benefit by impelling and propagating the folklore, preventing harm by inhibition, alleviation, turning the evil (scapegoat), and empathy.

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Linum album is an herbaceous and medicinal plant that has important lignan such as podophyllotoxin (PTOX). PTOX has antiviral and anticancer properties. Since the chemical synthesis of PTOX is an expensive process, production of PTOX using cell and cultures of linum species is a cost-effective alternative approach. Various strategies have been employed to increase the production of secondary metabolites in cell cultures. In this study, we have verified the effect of chitosan on cell growth, PTOX production in 1, 2, 3 and 5 days after treatment. Cells elicited with chitosan for 5 days yielded the highest amount of PTOX. To study mechanism of chitosan action, expression of phenylalanine ammonio-lyase (PAL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase (PLR) genes were investigated. The expression of genes were increased, reaching a peak at 3 day after treatment. Chitosan up-regulate the production of PTOX, by effecting on gene expression of PTOX biosynthesis pathway.

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One of the most promising strategies in cancer therapy is to induce apoptotic pathway. For this purpose, several constructed agonists of Death Receptor 5 (DR5) are in clinical development. Extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways of various cancer cells are primarily induced through the activation of the proapoptotic DR5. The extracellular domain of DR5 is comprised of several functional domains, among them the cysteine-rich domains (CRDs) play a critical role in TRAIL-DR5-mediated apoptosis. It has recently been shown that the binding of agonistic monoclonal antibody to another N-terminal domain of DR5 could mediate its activation and apoptosis induction. Variable domains derived from heavy chain antibodies (hcAb) called VHHs or nanobodies are robust, efficient and smallest antigen binding fragments. These unique features of VHHs make them potential therapeutic and diagnostic candidates. In the present study, using phage display technology, a library containing VHH genes was generated of an immunized camel with hapten-peptide 1ITQQDLAPQQRA12 and used to isolate the binders of this peptide. Through screening the phage library, three binders with high binding ability to desired epitope in the NTR region were obtained. Considering to the key role of this epitope in apoptosis inducing, these selected binders could be potential candidates to trigger apoptosis in various cancer cells.

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Abstract
Cohesion is a term used in the field of functional linguistics that analyzes the relationships between different constructive elements of that text in both text grammatical (structural and non-structural) and vocabulary levels. In discussing the cohesion of non-structural grammar, the four dimensions: references, relevance, substitution and elimination are considered as factors integrating text, each, among other cohesive factors, can lead to cohesion and integration of text. With regard to necessity of the principle of balance and equality in the process of translation, the reflection of each of mentioned factors in the translations, along with aligned progress with the original text, is very important. Since Nahj al-Balagha, as a coherent text, includes different cohesive kinds, it is expected that its final translations reflect these integrating elements in itself. This article, with a descriptive-analytic approach, deals with the studying and accommodating the non-structural components of grammatical cohesion in the first sermon of Nahj al-Balagha and its five selected translation. In this way, the level of translators' loyalty to the reflections of these cohesive elements was examined and finally, it was concluded that some of the translators, in the light of equivalent progress and having equality with the original text and additionally, through the selection of suitable subjects among many other elements, fully reflected the existing cohesion in the original text into their translations. There were some cases of translators who have neglected this principle; this neglect may be due to factors such as translator's style and language capacity of the destination text.

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Research subject: Activated carbon is a porous absorbent with reasonable specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution for many applications such as adsorption. This material is obtained from various natural sources of carbon. Due to increasing demand for activated carbon, the economical precursors have been highly noticed. In the meanwhile, black liquor, industrial residue from Lignin Kraft process in paper factories, has high amount of carbon which can be used as an appropriate and cheap precursor for activated carbon production, and make high value added.
Research approach: In this study, at first, lignin was extracted from black liquor, prepared from Iran wood & paper industries-Chouka factory, under defined conditions and investigation of pH effect, and then, powdered carbon was synthesized from extracted lignin using chemical activation method by phosphoric acid chemical agent. To consider the effects of activation temperature parameter on activated carbon structure, including specific surface area, pore volume, and pore size distribution, three activation temperature of 400, 500 and 600 ^⁰C in impregnation ratio of 2 were investigated. To study the physical and morphological properties of sensitized absorbents, they were analyzed by BET, SEM, and FTIR methods.
Main results: The results confirmed that the highest amount of lignin with a similar structure to the degraded lignin was recovered at pH = 2. Investigation of the effect of activation temperature parameter suggested that the activation temperature of 500 ^°C can be a reasonable temperature for the synthesis of high specific surface area activated carbon and increasing the temperature above 500 ^°C is not effective. Among these sensitized adsorbents, the activated carbon sensitized in activation temperature of 500 ^⁰C showed the highest specific surface area and the pore volume of 1573.31 m²/g and 0.89 cm³/g respectively, which exhibits the high potential of this precursor as activated carbon adsorbent.

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Language is one of the main components of culture giving rise to the formation of communication and exchange of ideas. The folk language which has been used in Persian literary works considered as both one of the treasures of Persian literature and spiritual elements embedded in folk culture. It is an integral part of folk culture and literature, which includes beliefs, myths, parables, songs, etc. The use of folk or common language, is more evident in the literature of Constitutional period. The poetry of this period appears to be more of a demonstration for general approbation than for specific. Accordingly, the descriptive-analytical method has been used in this study to investigate the four elements of common language including lexicon, idioms, allusions and proverbs in the latest Persian lyrics namely "Zohreh and Manouchehr" composed by Iraj Mirza and "Iraj and Houbara" composed by Qasem Larbon. The findings suggest that although there is a similarity in prosody, form, content and linguistic features of these two rhymed systems, the common language usage seems to be less in "Iraj and Houbara" than "Zohreh and Manouchehr" due to the time in which the use of idioms , parables and boilerplate was inevitable.Language of poetry applied by Iraj Mirza has also been influenced by such language while it is more close to the standard language in the works of Larbon.

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Single or combined effects of medicinal plants, garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) powders on hepatosomatic index, body composition, digestive enzymes and resistance rate in Sobaity sea bream (Sparidentex hasta) fry were investigated for 8 weeks. Biomar diet (54% protein and 18% lipid) supplemented with 0 (control), 1% garlic, 1% ginger and 1% garlic + 1% ginger in a totally randomized design trial in triplicate. A total of 240 fingerlings of 3.80 ± 0.31 (g) average weight were randomly distributed in 12 tanks. Results showed that there were significant differences in hepatosomatic index among treatments (p>0.05). Significant difference was observed in body composition (p>0.05), as protein and lipid contents in the whole body increased in fish fed with garlic/ginger and ginger groups. Lipase enzyme activity increased significantly in garlic/ginger and ginger groups compared to control group. The highest amylase enzymes activity was observed in ginger group (p<0.05). There was significant difference in survival index to acidity (pH=2), alkalinity (pH=12) and thermal (40°C) stress. In the test of pH and thermal stress, maximum of survival time was obtained in garlic/ginger and ginger groups, respectively (p<0.05).  In general, the fish fed with garlic/ginger powder had the highest body composition, digestive enzymes and resistance to environmental stress.

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Abstract
Research subject: Low biodegradation rate of plastics, especially different grades of the polyethylene leads to many environmental problems. To reduce these effects, pro-oxidant added to the polyethylene to increase the photo-degradation and subsequently the bio-degradation rate of the polymer matrix. Besides the pro-oxidant, it seems that the photocatalysts can affect on the photo-degradation of the polyethylene and the subject of this study is to examine this idea.
Research approach: Photodegradable films of LDPE were prepared by melt blending of the polymer with cadmium selenide (CdSe) and trisilver phosphate (Ag₃PO₄) as photo-catalysts and manganese stearate as pro-oxidant. The samples were irradiated with visible and ultra-violet light. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and viscometry measurements were used to investigate the microstructure of the films.
Main results: FTIR spectra indicated to increment of the carbonyl index (CI) and vinyl index (VI) of the samples with photo-catalysts. In addition, SEM imaged confirmed higher and more homogeneous photo-degradation for these samples in comparison with other ones. Also, the dynamic-mechanical-thermal analysis showed that the polyethylene samples without the additives had higher modulus compared to other samples. However, the crystallinity of the samples with photo-catalysts increased due to nucleating agent effects of their particles. The viscosity of the samples containing the photo-catalysts and  pro-oxidants decreased significantly and the modeling results showed that this decrement  was due to the polymer chain degradation and reduction of their molecular weights. In general, the results showed that the combination of the photo-catalysts and the pro-oxidants had synergistic effect on the photo-degradation of the LDPE and accelerates its degradation process a lot more in comparison when only the pro-oxidant was used.

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In this paper, with the assumption of constant material properties, the nonlinear behavior of beams is studied using the finite element method. To this end, two approaches are represented: in the first approach, the beam is modeled by one dimensional elements of second order that is formulated according to continuum mechanics relationships based on the Lagrangian strategy, while in the second approach based on the Eulerian strategy the nonlinear behavior of the beam is investigated by making use of two dimensional elements. In both approaches, the second configuration, strains and stresses in the beam are obtained via the calculation of deformation gradient

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Hydraulic fracturing as a method for reservoir stimulation depends on the properties of the media that fracture propagates in it. Discontinuities in the media and their mechanical properties greatly affect the geometry and propagation of hydraulic fractures. In this research, the interaction between the hydraulic fractures with the media layers interface, fracture propagation pattern and termination in multi-layered media were investigated. The true tri-axial cell was utilized to conduct experimental tests on cube multi-layered samples with discontinuities. The tests were aimed to investigate propagation of fractures from soft to stiff, stiff to soft media and also the effect of elastic properties of rocks in hydraulic fracturing. Results showed that the condition of discontinuities (healed, open or filled) and elastic properties of the layers influences the geometry and propagation pattern of hydraulic fractures. In the block with the bounded interfaces, the fracture propagates and interacts with the interfaces, then penetrates in the adjacent layers. However, for the block with unbounded interfaces the fracture propagates from the borehole up to the interface, then after filling the interface with the fluid the new fracture will propagate in the adjacent blocks. In sample where the interface was filled, the fracture propagation was terminated and then the fluid started to leak off in the interface. The results also show when the fracture reaches the interface, the pressure increased immediately and more pressure is needed for fracture propagation across the interface. In comparison between the length and width of fractures in soft and stiff layers, the study displays that the fracture width and its penetration length in soft layers are greater than those in stiff layers.

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Abstract- The aim of this paper is to develop a numerical procedure for simulating underwater explosion phenomena with a simplified mathematical and two fluid model. The two fluid Kapila five equation model is selected as the governing equations and the ideal gas and Stiffened gas equations of state (SG-EOS) are used to obtain pressure in the gas bubble and the surrounding water zone, respectively. The modified Schmidt EOS is used to simulate the cavitation regions with low pressure. A Godunov numerical method and HLLC Reiman solver is extended for Kapila two fluid model. The numerical results of the present method and comparing them with available experimental results, verify that the proposed method has good capablity of predicting complex physics involved in a spherical underwater explosion and its interaction with free surface. The method also shows a very good performance with no spurious oscillation in cavitation zone simulation in two-dimensional problems

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In the paper, a three-axis power transmission system is modeled mathematically and simulated by software. In mathematically method, a system consisting of three flexible shafts with different rotation axis which connected through two universal joints is investigated via a three degree-of-freedom model. The stability is analyzed by means of a monodromy matrix technique. This is verified by comparing the results with dynamic analytical software AdamsView simulation and the results of the previous research. Then, the effects of rotational velocity, non-aligned angles, shaft's properties (stiffness and damping) on the stability are investigated. Finally, the stability charts constructed on various parameters is presented. It is observed that decreasing shaft stiffness and universal joint angle due to more stability, while decreasing shaft damping has the opposite effect.

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- In this study, the shrinkage behavior of knitted fabrics during drying is studied .To this end, a model is presented to predict the knitted fabric length changes during the drying process. In order to model the shrinkage behavior, a 1DOF model consisting of a mass, a linear spring and a linear dashpot was used. Considering that the fabric is wet, mass is time dependent and Three-order Straight Forward Expansion method is used to solve nonlinear equations of motion. The results of the model were compared with the experimental results of five samples with different courses density. The results show that the proposed model is capable to predict the length changes of the center of the mass during the process of drying and after that. Error rate is about ten percent for the samples with less Loop length. But by increasing the length of the loop, error rates increases.

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Inspired by the muscle arrangement of the octopus and skeleton of the snakes, a wire-driven serpentine robot arm has been simulated and constructed in this article. The robot links which are connected via flexible beam act as the snake backbone. Instead of using motors at each joint, four sets of wire are employed as octopus muscles to drive the robot arm. For the spatial inverse kinematics, after determining the generalized coordinates of the system, governing algebraic equations of the system including constraint equations of the joints and cables and favorable movements have been determined. For displacement analysis, these equations have been solved using the Newton-Raphson method. Using this method robot workspace has also been determined. For the inverse dynamics of the robot, cables tension force has been considered as external forces. Using Embedding technique with specified constraint matrix, mass matrix and acceleration vectors that are determined from inverse kinematics, cables tension force and torque of motors are specified. To validate the snake robot model, a prototype has been built and programmed for some circular and arcuate routs. Travelled pass by end effector have been obtained. Comparing the results with the desired path, accuracy of the designed robot has been investigated.

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Electro hydraulic servo systems (EHSS) are widely used in all aspects of industry, due to their ability to handle large torque loads and quick response. According to the wide range of use, the desired control objectives for EHSS are: velocity, force/torque and position control. Existing approaches for control of electro hydraulic servo systems are in the presence of external noises, internal friction and non-linearity in the model behavior which is considered as uncertainty parameters. In this paper fuzzy intelligent controller by using parallel distributed compensator (PDC) method based on Takagi-Sugeno is used. The controller is designed for a high level performance (velocity control) which could reach the main control goals. The concluding results of this approach best fit the other researches data.

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A new 3-D nonlinear model of chatter vibration in turning process is presented in this paper. Workpiece and cutting tool are modeled as rotational shaft and cantilever beam, respectively which are excited by cutting forces. Equations of motion of workpiece are derived using Hamilton’s principal. Also, Timoshenko beam theory is used to simulate tool’s vibration. Then π-Buckingham theory is used to extract dimensionless equations of motion for transverse and torsional vibrations of workpiece and transverse and longitudinal vibrations of cutting tool. Using the mode summation method, a numerical solution is presented for this nonlinear problem. Effect of cutting parameters such as longitudinal cutting position, cutting width, cutting depth and radius of workpiece for machining with and without tailstock are investigated. Using these results turning velocity intervals for stable and unstable cuts are determined. Simulation results show that using tailstock in turning process for machining near the end of the workpiece increases process stability. Also in the case of using tailstock, machining near the end of the workpiece is more stable than the machining in the middle region of the workpiece.

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Concrete properties are dependent on many parameters such as ingredients, production and technology, construction methods and curing conditions that have made concrete as a complex and unpredictable material. But these are virtually ignorable against its precious advantageous and precise studies on above parameters may help us to produce concretes with our desirable properties. Ingredients are of those important parameters that play an essential role. Therefore it is seriously important to have enough knowledge about ingredients, their combined effects and interactions and also effects of their properties on concrete properties. Pozzolan materials can help us to achieve desirable characteristics of concrete and develop its mechanical and physical parameters, hence they are used widely. Improvement of mechanical parameters, permeability reduction, and durability increase are among their fabulous benefits of application. They are deemed as essential ingredients of high durable and strength concretes. Pozzolan weighted ratio is major parameters which develop a homogenous and united medium and improve the physical and mechanical parameters of concrete. The effects of pozzolan on physical and mechanical properties of concrete, moreover it’s specifications, depend on the parameters of other ingredients, such as type of aggregates, particle size distribution of aggregates, fineness modulus of fine aggregates, water-cement ratio, cement type and ect. Then study of combined effects of pozzolan specifications and parameters of other ingredients is inevitable for achieving to a concrete with ideal parameters. As we know, microsilica is the most popular pozzolan material which is used widely and it’s parameters and other ingredients parameters (such as type of aggregates, particle size distribution of aggregates, fineness modulus of fine aggregates, water-cement ratio, cement type and ect) have combined effects on the variation of concrete physical and mechanical parameters. So, in this study we selected microsilica as a pozzolan to determine the combined effects of its weighted ratio content, fineness modulus of fine aggregates and water-cement ratio on physical and mechanical properties of concrete. In this study, the combined effects of microsilica weighted ratio content, fineness modulus and water-cement ratio on physical and mechanical properties of concrete were investigated. For determination the effects of microsilica weighted ratio content on concrete parameters in different water-cement ratios and particle size distributions, 5 different microsilica weighted ratio contents, 3 water-cement ratios and 3 particle size distributions, were selected and totally 45 mix designs were prepared and subjected to slump test and compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity tests. Obtained results show a direct relationship between microsilica weighted ratio content and physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Increase in microsilica content from 0% to 10 % in all water-cement ratios and fineness modulus, leads to slump decrease and mechanical parameters increase, while from 10 % to 20 % of microsilica content, mechanical properties fall down, but the reduction trend of slump continues. Also it can be seen that the effect of different weighted of microsilica, on physical and mechanical properties of concrete, reduces by increasing in water-cement ratio and intensifies with increment of fineness modulus of fine aggregates.

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This paper presents an elastic parametric analysis for the purpose of investigating the limit angular speed, displacement and stresses in rotating disks made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) based on Tresca yield criterion. The material properties obey the power law in radial direction. The Poisson’s ratio due to slight variations in engineering materials is assumed constant. For different values of inhomogeneity constant, limit angular speed, displacement and stresses in radial direction are plotted and for the commencement of the plastic flow, different states are investigated. state1: onset of plastic flow at the inner radius, state2: onset of plastic flow at the outer radius, state3: onset of plastic flow as the simultaneously at both radii and state4: onset of plastic flow between the inner and outer radii. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, so far, in the papers which have been dealing with the investigation of onset yield analysis, the density and yield stress has been assumed constant; however, in this paper by assuming varying density and yield stress in rotating disks made of functionally graded materials and comparing results obtained by fixing these parameters, it has been observed that taking the density as a constant value is wrong and varying it has significant effects on the stresses.

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In this paper, the effect of the reaction wheel dynamics as controller actuator in multi axis attitude maneuver of a 3D nonlinear flexible spacecraft is considered. In modeling of the actuator dynamic, friction, inertia and electrical subsystems are considered. The nonlinear robust control approach is composed of dynamic inversion and µ-synthesis schemes. To overcome the non-minimum phase characteristics, the controllers are designed by utilizing the modified output re-definition approach. In the design of controllers actuator saturation is considered. It is assumed that only three reaction wheels in three directions on the hub are used. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controllers, an extensive number of simulations on a nonlinear model of the spacecraft are performed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared in terms of nominal performance, robustness to uncertainties, vibration suppression of panel, sensitivity to measurement noise, environment disturbance and nonlinearity in large maneuvers. In the disturbance modeling all terms such as constant, sinusoidal and impulse are considered. Simulation results show the effects of actuator dynamics and confirm the ability of the proposed controller in tracking the attitude trajectory while damping the panel vibration.

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In this article, using finite element method the effects of the preload on the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the noncircular two lobe aerodynamic journal bearing have been investigated. Assuming that the rotor is solid, the governing Rynolds equations for both the gas lubricant and rotor equation of motion in static and dynamic conditions have been derived and performance of the noncircular aerodynamic journal bearing in different conditions has been evaluated. Rung Kutta method has been used to solve the time dependent equations of motions of noncircular aerodynamic journal bearing and its gas lubricant. Using the numerical results, to investigate the motion of the center of the rotor in dynamic conditions, the graphs of frequency response, power spectrum, dynamic trajectory, Poincare map and bifurcation diagram have been plotted. The results show periodic, quasi periodic and chaotic rotor behavior for different bearing preload. It is concluded that appropriate selection of rotor parameters like its preload and suitable design and fabrication of rotor and its bearing can prevent any undesirable perturbed motions of the shaft and both the collision and wear of the rotor and bearing.