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The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. is one of the important arthropod pathogens that can play an important role in the regulation of mite populations in agricultural ecosystems. In this study, the combined effect of a native isolate of fungus B. bassiana (EUT105) and ether-extract of plant, Ginkgo biloba was evaluated against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. At first, effect of three concentrations 5, 10 and 20% of G. biloba was evaluated on B. bassiana conidial germination and mycelial growth. Then, potential synergism between B. bassiana and G. biloba was investigated in order to incorporate both in the control of this pest. Only the 20% concentration of plant extract had significantly inhibitive effect on germination and mycelial growth. The mortality of adult female T. urticae increased significantly when B. bassiana was applied with 5 and 10% concentrations of G. biloba extract. Hence, there is a synergistic effect between this native B. bassiana and ether-extract of G. biloba in controlling the two-spotted spider mite.

 

 

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Comparative literature is a branch of literature that considers the literary relation and influences of the countries. Scholar of comparative literature sits between two or more branches and records the literary-cultural transfers. This article is an attempt to study the cultural and story similarities between two the literary works; an Iranian and a French. "Leili o Majnoun", Nezami’s literary work and "Cyrano de Bergerac", Rostand’s piece have commons aspects about the content and the personality of their heroes; platonic love is the most important element in these literary works. Among the other similarities, we can represent the reality of their stories and the common literary structure. In spite of the similarities, we should consider the differences of the heroes in their manner of love-affair. An innocent love is another common point between these masterpieces, which finished with the death of heroes, Majnoun and Cyrano. In this article, we try to expand these similarities and the differences with a comparative consideration in order to conquer a new horizon.    

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The aphid species, Cinara pini (Linnaeus, 1758) reported in our previous work as a new aphid on pinus trees for Iran, was described using the classic method and through analysis of COI gene sequence. In the next step, we addressed the efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus, Lecanicillium longisporum (Zimm.) Zare and Gams strain LRC 190, on the aphid. The fungus was administered to the second instar nymphs and adults using topical application procedure. The results indicated that the entomopathogen caused 90% mortality in adults over seven days at a concentration of 10⁸ spores/ml, while the same control level was achieved for nymphs by 8 × 10⁷ spores/ml. The LC₅₀ values were obtained as 1.2 × 10⁶ and 6.9 × 10⁵ spores/ml for adults and nymphs, respectively. The present study suggests that the entomopathogenic fungus, L. longisporum could be considered as a potential candidate in biocontrol programs of C. pini. This is the first report on the pathogenicity of L. longisporum on C. pini.

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Entomopathogenic fungi produce a variety of degrading enzymes, including proteases, chitinases and lipases, to facilitate their entry through the massive barriers of insect cuticle. Isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi vary considerably in their proteolytic activity and virulence. The proteolytic activity of different isolates has been hypothesized to reflect their virulence toward the host. In this study, we evaluated the virulence and proteolytic activity of 17 Beauveria bassiana sensu lato isolates collected from different geographical regions in Iran. The selective medium D0C2 was used for isolating B. bassiana from soil samples. Casein substrate was used for protease assay. Total mortalities caused by different B. bassiana isolates through the dipping method, ranged from 25 to 60% with the highest and lowest rates for isolates BA and MITE, respectively. Our results revealed a wide variation in both proteolytic activity and virulence among the studied isolates. Additionally, we found a strong positive correlation between the proteolytic activity on Casein substrate and virulence of the isolates against the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium. This finding will facilitate the screening and selection process of virulent fungal isolates as efficient agents for use in biological control programs of insect pests.  

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Effects of three nutritional levels of beet root molasses, cheese permeate, wheat bran extract, rice bran extract and Sabouraud^,s Dextrose Broth (SDB) were evaluated for blastospore production by two isolates of Beauveria bassiana sensu lato. at an interval of 24 h for seven days. Depending on the isolate, maximum blastospore production was obtained in 12% rice bran extract and 20% cheese permeates on the 7^th day. Both isolates produced the fewest blastospores in 4% cheese permeate. Virulence of blastospores, produced in liquid media containing beet root molasses, permeate, wheat bran extract and SDB (as control), on third instar larvae of brown tail moth Euproctis chrysorrhoea indicated that there were no significant differences among these nutritional media for either one of the isolates. Considering blastospore quantity and quality in terms of virulence and local accessibility, cheese permeate was found to be the best medium for mass production of B. bassiana blastospores.  

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This study examines the history of animal domestication, nomadic tribes’ development, and factors influencing them in Central Zagros according to the archaeological and anthropological studies of Neolithic to Islamic eras. Besides, the migrational tribes of western Zagros, specially the tribes of Kermanshah, Eslam - Abad, Shirvan-Chardavol, Aivan, and other tribes of the southern parts of Ilam province, which reside there in hot seasons, are introduced. Through thousands of years, these connections and peaceful coexistence coexistence have led to cultural exchange in the Central Zagros region. Tribe ways, migration roads, and architecture of their homes are also investigated.  

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Structural analysis of classic narrative works preapare the way to investigate the components of a story within the language. Mehr and Mah has a complete plot and another capabilities in order to analyze. In lyrical system of so called collection poetic and emotional function of language is dominated on other roles. The relationship between language and narrative and decelerating species can be so interpreted. When the narrator of the story focuses on himself, the (+) emotive function of language is more salient , and when he or she  describes the actions, actors and other phenomena (+) the literary function of language shows itself, because in this extent generally more figures _due to an style of old story_ are used. Descriptions of natural phenomena, the appearance of characters and even the details of some lyric acts like hunting, night wedding, banquet and… reduce narrative acceleration. In this part, the poetic function is apparent. Mental complaints, whispering to himself, speaking with the language inspired by the elements of nature and … because of specific texture that mainly associated with vocative particles has a direct relationship with emotive function of lyric language. Emotional discourse is central to narration and decreases the mechanism of narrative actions. Another achievements of this research using emotional pattern of discourse is to show  the  hopes of event  the hope,  and confidence for Joined beloved.

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Hunting different animals was one of the first strategies that human beings adopted to obtain food. This way they could secure their lives through hunting in small groups. Little by little they became so skilled that they could hunt huge animals, too. Hunting involves such skills as tracing, following, and killing the prey. Therefore, it has devoted an important part of anthropological and ethno-archaeological research to itself. On the other hand, due to its nature as a means of living, hunting depended on natural resources on which the human had no control. This factor had a direct influence on the population of human groups. Following the developments in technologies and domestication of wild animals, which were affected by hunting, hunting lost its importance to a great extent. Even though all the aspects of hunting had been specialized, it could no longer continue as an independent means of living. Studying various methods of hunting within Kalhor Tribe in Aivan township, the kinds of animals hunted and the purposes for which they were hunted, the strategies in the region to protect and sustain natural resources, and also the tools and devices people of this region used for hunting, nowadays and some decades ago, provide us with valuable information on the system of hunting from Paleolithic era to recent times.  

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In order to investigate the concept and function of the Iranian market, which is one of the important and influential elements in Iranian cities and has many social, economic, political, physical and cultural functions, it is possible to examine it in the framework of text analysis approaches such as linguistics and semiotics. The context of the Iranian market has implicational features; in other words, the context itself and its constructive factors all have the ability of meaning association. Now, given that the purpose of this research is to implement a conceptual model for proper reading and to examine the effective components in creating concept in the Iranian market like a context and as a shear of the city with a layered semiotic framework, its layers must be Identified and objective representation of the code network must be specified in a communicative action. Therefore, after explaining the basic concepts and outlining the theoretical necessities in the field of architectural semiotics, the layers involved in this reading will be identified and will be subjected to a precise analysis of the layered semiotic approach. The semiotics methodology of the foundation theory helps the researcher, in the form of an analytical method, identify the layers of Iranian market and examine the factors affecting the proper reading and decoding of it by identifying the signs and codes presented in the Iranian architecture, while investigating the signs and changing the types of them. The results of the current research showed that the market is a context in which various layers are slipping over each other and the monopolistic and separatist relations of the building elements have become overlapping and penetrating relations. The physical, functional, environmental, temporal, and semantic layers have been combined and unified and created a systematic whole in the name of Bazaar. In fact, the sets of the companion layers and the systems involved in this building are mutually supportive, and the coherence and creativity and proper reading of the Iranian market is possible due to the combination of the physical, functional, semantic, environmental and temporal layers; in such a way that the reading of this epitaxial semiotic complex relies on the audience's sense of movement within the physical and ultra-physical codes of the Iranian market.
 

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In the present study, the cuticle-degrading enzymes production potential of five native Beauveria bassiana (TV, OZ, UN, DV and DE) isolates was investigated in the presence of cuticles from Eurygaster integriceps, Ephestia kuehniella and Zophobas morio. Furthermore, histopathology of infected insects by B. bassiana was studied. The level of cuticle degrading enzymes was the highest and lowest for TV (as the most virulent isolate) and DE (as the weakest isolate), respectively. E. integriceps nymphs as the most sensitive host produced the highest level of cuticle degrading enzymes (Pr2, exochitinase, and lipase) while Z. morio as the most resistant host, produced the lowest level of hydrolytic enzymes. According to histopathological study, the fungal isolate could not penetrate into Z. morio cuticle, as no mycelia or hyphae were observed in its tissues after inoculation, while fungal bodies were detected in microscopic slides of the other two insects. Overall, the chemical and topographical structure of insect cuticle had a substantial effect on the virulence of entomopathogenic fungus. Production of enzymes including proteases (especially Pr2), chitinase (N-acetyl-glucosaminidase), and lipases was positively related to virulence of fungus isolates. It can be concluded that not only the hydrolytic activity of B. bassiana isolates, but also host cuticle composition determine the pathogenesis and virulence cascade in fungus-insect interactions.

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Pollen grains as well as whole plants of four olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars were screened for NaCl salinity stress. Different vegetative and physiological indexes of the cultivars were analyzed. Leaf and root Na/K ratio as well as stomatal resistance of plants exposed to salinity proved to be appropriate indexes of whole plant response to salt stress. Whereas, in vitro pollen germination percentage served as a reliable index of pollen tolerance to salinity, pollen tube growth did not. A close correlation between pollen (gametophyte) and whole plant (sporophyte) responses to salinity was observed. These parallel responses imply that selection exerted at the gametophytic level could overcome breeding problems encountered at sporophytic level when dealing with adult olive plants.

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There is a great resolution calling for smart grids in recent years. Introduction of new technologies, that make the network flexible and controllable, is a main part of smart grid concept and a key factor to its success. Transmission network as a part of system network has drawn less attention. Transmission switching as a transmission service can release us from load shedding and remove the constraints’ violations.
In addition to removing the congestion and decreasing the system cost, transmission switching may damage generating units due to transient states in instance of reconfiguration. Therefore, in optimal transmission switching, the system security, practical limitations and possible damages should be considered.
Considering dynamic constraints in proposed model avoid the occurrence of transient instability when opening the line in transmission switching action.
A network reduction method based on modified Jacobean AC Newton-Raphson technique power flow considering switchable line in technique is used for speeding up the calculation, efficiency and simplicity.
An approach for selecting the best lines in switching operation in the network is proposed. Based upon this approach, the lines with the highest effect on cost reduction are considered as the candidate switchable line.
To investigate the efficiency of the proposed strategy IEEE 57 bus test system is studied.
 
 

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The present study investigates the surface energy of metallic nanoplates as the most basic thermodynamic concept of nanostructures using one of the most efficient available computational tools in the field of nanoscience i.e. the molecular dynamics simulations. Whenever physicochemical properties of nanostructures are discussed, the surface energy is one of the key parameters. This parameter has the utmost importance at nanoscale since at this scale the surface to volume ratio is very large and thus there is a significant difference between nanoscale properties and the engineering scale properties. In this study, the surface energy of gold and silver metallic nanoplates using molecular dynamics simulations are investigated and shown to be dependent on size. The surface energy of metallic nanoplates with different thicknesses were calculated and it was shown that for very thin metallic nanoplates with sufficiently small thickness in the order of a few nanometers, the surface energy is dependent on the thickness of nanoplate and the surface energy decreases by reducing the thickness of the nanoplate. By analyzing the excess energy of different layers in very thin nanoplates, it was found that this size-dependent behavior is due to the reduction of excess surface free energy density in surface layers and its increase in the inner layers that overall reduces the surface energy of nanoplate.

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 Oxidation of fats and oils leads to the production of harmful substances that endanger the health of the consumer. In the present study, the antioxidant activity of mountain watermelon fruit extract was investigated. Extraction was performed by ultrasonic extraction with the help of solvent (ethanol). In this study, the extraction process was performed by ultrasound technology with 3 levels of 20 tests, by the response level method. The results of statistical analysis were reported in optimal conditions, time of 18.62 minutes, sound intensity of 84.56 khz and temperature of 49.52 ° C and extraction efficiency of 34.456 8456%. Under these optimal conditions, the amount of phenolic compounds and free radical scavenging power of the extracts at concentrations (100, 200, 200, 400, 800 ppm) were measured by Folin and DPPH tests, and then the extract was concentrated at concentrations (100, 200, 400, 800, 800 ppm). Samples of soybean oil without added antioxidants and parameters of peroxide index, thiobarbiotic acid index (TBA) were compared with samples of soybean oil containing 200 ppm synthetic antioxidants (BHT) and control sample. The results showed that with increasing the concentration of mountain watermelon extract in soybean oil from 800 to 100 ppm, the index of peroxide, thiobarbiotic acid index (TBA) decreases and the concentration of 800 ppm of the extract due to higher levels of antioxidant compounds is more effective in inhibiting free radicals.
 

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 Given the importance of the historical context in the Iranian city of Mashhad and acts of sabotage, identifying, preserving, recording, and maintaining its historic facades is important. This study aims to investigate the ornamentations of Paein Khiaban’s historic facades of the Qajar period (1304-1174) (which have been inscribed as Iran’s cultural heritage). The methodology of this study is based on descriptive-analytical, exploratory, library studies, and field research. The results show that all buildings are two-story and ornamentations often seen on the upper part of the facade. In terms of ornamentation, in most of the façades, the moarragh mosaic tile or combination of tiles and bricks were used. Furthermore, some opening inscriptions are decorated with moarragh mosaic tile, too. All of these facades are made of brick and the dominant colours of the facade’ ornamentations are brown, yellow, Ultramarine and turquoise blue, lateritious and sometimes pink and white.