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Background: In this study, we investigated the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus agr groups to detect the predominant type according to the source of isolation and assessed the possible relationship between agr groups, types of infection and susceptible or resistance to methicillin. Materials and Methods: DNA of 194 S. aureus isolates were extracted by lysozyme-phenol chloroform method that included 85clinical samples, 58 samples were isolated from nose of health care workers and 51 were obtained from food products in Gorgan, North of Iran. PCR-based assays were used for the identification of agr specificity group and mecA gene. Results: The majority of isolates belonged to agr group I (43.3%), followed by agr group III (28.87%), agr group II (22.68%), agr group IV (5.15%) and 40.7% of strains were MRSA. In our study, the majority of S. aureus isolates recovered from health care workers and food products were agr group I and isolates recovered from patients were agr group III, these differences were statistically significant (P-value <0.05). There was no statistical difference between the agr groups, infection type and susceptibility or resistance to methicillin. However, agr group III was the predominant group in MRSA strains. Conclusion: Theagr group I was predominant among isolates of health care workers and food products specimens in Gorgan, North of Iran, while agr group III was predominant in MRSA strains and the isolates from patients. Investigation of the possible role of agr group III in S.aureus infections in the further studies is recommended.

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Measuring topography and flatness of nontransparent rough surfaces using a laser interferometer topography measuring (Zygo) machine is impossible. Due to high accuracy and short measuring time, capacitor probe is a good candidate for measuring topography and flatness of a rough surface. Measuring by a capacitor probe is an average area measuring method and it is suitable for measurment of machinment processes such as ion or blast figure correction, computer control polishing (CCP) and magnetorheological finishing (MRF) methods. The idea of a rough surface which directly can be used for corrective figuring is generated by measuring flatness and waviness of it through a capacitive probe. Among the area averaging methods, the surface capacitance method can be used to elaborate the idea of corrective figuring of a rough surface. Measuring flatness of a rough surface whose roughness (Ra) is in the range of out of flatness is another technical property of the presented method. Keywords: Surface Metrology, Capacitance Measurement, Figure Correcting, Precision Machining.

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At the present time that our country is passing through a critical period, the role of the administrative, industrial and educational organizations is inevitable in the economic operation and development of the country. But the fact whether all of them have been successful in making an effort to obtain the given aims is really questionable, because some of them seem to have performed a lot better than the others. Viewing the success of some of these organizations, we can find out about some common and key factors which have played important roles in their efficient performance. An important factor is the existing powerful and overruling culture in which these organizations operate. Certainly, getting to know such factors and supporting them would be a useful step in leading these organizations to achieve their ideal goals successfully. In this Article, first a theoretical analysis of culture and organizational culture is presented, then labor productivity and finally the existing theories concerning the relationship between organizational culture and labor productivity are explained. Also, in this investigation, using variance test analysis, the rank of Management Colleges of such academic institutions like Higher Education Confederate of Ghom, Tehran University, Allameh - Tabatabaei University and Shahid Beheshti University have been determined on the basis of the impact of organizational culture on the rate of productivity. By applying the correlation coefficient of Spearman, the relation of organizational culture with productivity of colleges has been analyzed with regard to the criteria explained for productivity. Finally, using Friedman’s test the criteria and characteristics of organizational culture have been ranked.

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Risk and failure in the supply chain can have a significant and negative effect on the short-term and long-term performance of the participants in the chain. Therefore, this research has an innovative look for a mathematical model for analyzing the interactive risks of the supply chain system using Bayesian belief networks. The study is descriptive in terms of purpose and has descriptive nature. The research community is classified into the two categories of academic experts and operational experts. In this research, information on the drug supply chain of the Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad was obtained and analyzed using the bayesian belief network modeling process. The findings of this study show that Bayesian belief networks are much better than traditional risk analysis methods, because it can analyze basic risk analysis, including risk ranking and scenario analysis, and other essentials. BBN can also display different uncertainties in the language of probabilities with an appropriate visual form and provide more comprehensive view of the supply chain conditions and its risks

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Aims: Many people with hypertension are unaware of their problem. As hypertension may have no warning signs and causes serious complications, designing effective interventions to sensitize the community towards its control is necessary. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of self-care educational programs for hypertension in rural areas.
Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 136 patients with hypertension from rural areas of Minodasht county were studied in 2019. Two-stage random cluster sampling was used to select participants. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire whose validity and reliability were assessed. The questionnaire consisted of demographic and related outcomes parts (adherence to diet and drug therapy, physical activity, adherence to control (measurement) of blood pressure, and feelings related to behavior). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and covariance by SPSS 19.
Findings: Based on the paired t-test, the mean of measured dimensions was significantly increased after providing the intervention (p<0.05). The covariance analysis was also statistically significant (p<0.05), after removing the pre-test effects of variables.
Conclusion: This study showed the positive effects of educational interventions on those who suffer from hypertension. Educational programs, as a core component of health promotion, can improve the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of trainees to maintain and adhere to promote their health.

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Louis Hjelmslev is a prominent figure in the history of Linguistics. As a linguist, his works and theory (usually referred to under the name of “Glossematics”) have largely contributed to the demand for a "theory of language". However, his studies have in fact extremely surpassed the boundaries of ordinary linguistics: by embarking on language, he has proposed an innovated immanent semiotic epistemology that, on the one hand, could lead to a holistic and general formal science, and on the other hand, could provide a gnoseology capable to be introduced as an alternative for other philosophical versions. His doctrine in linguistics did not receive an appropriate acceptance beyond the Circle of Copenhagen and many linguists abandoned his theory, considering it too sophisticated and too mathematical. But beyond linguistics, his ideas have been partially followed in a new scientific discipline called “semiotics” (especially in France). On the whole, Hjelmslev occupies an ambivalent position in the history of linguistic theories: he is an abandoned founder. How can we explain this situation? What are the sources of Hjelmslev’s approach? How can we describe its basic characteristics in relation to other linguistic approaches? What are his legacies? To what extent can we contribute to his doctrine today? What are the recent works on Hjelmslev’s theory? These are some basic questions we seek to answer in our dialogue with Christian Puech, historian of linguistic theories and retired professor at the University of Sorbonne-Nouvelle, and Semir Badir, specialist in the Hjelmslevian theory and professor of semantics, semiotics and epistemology of language at the University of Liege. In this dialogue, we realize that Hjelmslev’s approach to Saussure, unlike that of the Linguistic School of Prague, was not to dismiss master’s ideas but to deepen and radicalize them. Hjelmslev’s theoretical skeleton is relied on two conceptual pairs: form/substance and expression/content. Hjelmslev’s main question is not metaphysical, but epistemological: "what are the conditions for constructing knowledge about language?" In his theory, he seeks to build a calculus system, and in this respect he has an absolutely formalistic approach. Hjelmslev’s theory has three special features: its very unique power of abstraction, its reliance on immanent logic, and its simultaneous realism and irrealism. Contrary to popular belief, many structuralist theories, as well as French semiotics, are based on the views of Hjelmslev. In fact, his theory is both the theoretical basis of the semiotic project and the guarantee of its identity. Today, when semiotic theory needs to be revised, it is the re-reading of Hjelmslev that feeds on the newly proposed concepts of semiotics. However, we have very scattered and limited knowledge about this theory. Much work still remains to be done. In recent years, some researchers have seriously examined Hjelmslev's theory of language that we should wait to see how this return will affect our knowledge of language.
 

 

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Energy is aconsidered as one of the major inputs of production along with other inputs such as labor and capital that contribute to the production process. Moreover, most energy sources have fossil origin and are irreversible, so on the one hand, the basic features of the finitude of other energy inputs to production are distinct and the necessity of energy saving and the possibility of substituting them with the renewable forms are self-evident. Industrial energy demand analysis has always been one of the leading fields of research in economics. This issue is more critical in the case of developing countries, especially those with transitional experiences. In this paper, third generation of dynamic factor demand models for the Iranian manufacturing industries is estimated to analyze the speed of adjustment in factor demands. Using the quadratic functional form, this result was the elimination of energy subsidies in the short term which has a great impact on the industry to reduce energy demand. But, it is believed that in the long run, the intensity of this effect will be diminished. Furthermore, the results show that the speed of adjustment in capital stock of factory industry is very low.

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Transfer of inheritance and accumulated savings to future generations as a factor affecting the income inequalities for the next generations and as a key variable in government expenses allocated to socio-economic services and social security has always been a controversial subject for research. In this study, using a panel data, in a structure based on traditional culture in Sistan and Baluchestan province, it is tried to determine how the households make decisions on inheritance and which social, economic and demographic factors have greater impact on such decisions in a dual urban life. For this purpose, firstly, the Altonji and Villanueva model or the "income-wealth derivative" was considered as a base framework. Then, with regard to the charitable behavior of the province households, some variables are set for the model. After that, the Data Panel for the years 2001-2006 with nearly 1600 tax cases are analyzed which are prepared through inheritance tax cases and personal visits. Then using the statistical software of STATA 9.1, data were analyzed. To determine the fixed and random effect, the Hausman test was also used. Finally, the results related to the scheme hypothesis are reviewed. Findings indicate a difference in behavior and some form of harmony respect to dual structures of each society. It means that, with improving the economic wellbeing in Zahedan city, inheritance increases, but in case of low-income societies, inheritance will decrease. In other words, Wagner theory, arguing per capita income growth from the perspective of citizens’ behavior within different structures and changes in income elasticity of goods for the households in terms of effects on the inheritance transfer model can be easily seen in different behavioral coefficients.

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To improve the behavior of building structures subjected to lateral loads, such as wind and earthquake excitations, tuned mass damper (TMD) has been used extensively theoretically and experimentally in previous researches. To increase the effectiveness of TMD mechanism, different methods have been proposed to determine the optimal values of TMD parameters including its mass, stiffness and damping. In using single TMD on the structures subjected to external vibrations, the mistuning of TMD, variation of TMD damping and changes in structural dynamic characteristics cause significant reduction in the effectiveness of TMD. Multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs) have been proposed to overcome the shortcomings of single TMD where each TMD has different dynamic characteristics. Based on the results of different researches, it has been concluded that the performance of MTMDs is less sensitive to uncertainty of structural dynamic parameters than that of a single TMD. In the previous researches, for designing MTMDs on the linear structures subjected to various external excitations, several methods have been proposed based on different kinds of design criteria. In most of the proposed methods, to simplify the design procedure of MTMDs, some limitations such as identical masses and damping ratios for TMDs or uniform distribution for the frequency or damping of TMDs have been considered. Also these methods require extensive numerical analysis. To generalize the design problem of MTMDs, in this paper, an effective method has been proposed for optimal design of MTMDs on the multi-degree-offreedom linear structures subjected to any desired excitation. In this method, an optimization problem is defined for designing the optimal MTMDs. The minimization of the maximum displacement of structure is considered as objective function and the parameters of TMDs are considered as variables. Since the design problem includes a large number of variables, hence, in this paper, it has been decided to use Genetic Algorithm (GA) for solving the optimization problem. To illustrate the procedure of the proposed method and also to assess the effectiveness of MTMDs in improving the seismic behavior of structures, a ten–storey linear shear building frame was subjected to white noise excitation and for different values of TMDs mass ratio and TMDs number, optimal MTMDs were designed for minimizing the maximum displacement of structure. To focus on the main objective of this paper and avoid the complexity of the problem, TMDs were located on the top floor in parallel configuration. The results of numerical simulations showed the capability of GA in solving complex MTMDsdesign problem with a large number of variables as well as the simplicity of the method under any desired external excitation. Also it was concluded that increasing of the mass ratio of TMDs could improve the effectiveness of MTMDs. To assess the performance of optimal MTMDs under other earthquakes, which are different in characteristics with design record, optimal structure-MTMDs was tested under near-fault and far-fault earthquakes and the results have been reported.

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The estimation of Tobin’s Q Investment function is the aim of the present paper. One of the most important challenges of investment for a firm is finance. In the real world, since there is no perfect capital market, the costs of financing through internal and external resources are not equal and friction problem occurs in investment decisions. In this paper, a dynamic investment model is estimated in context of Tobin’s Q theory. This model accounts for 3 identifiable financial frictions, i.e., convex costs of issuing equity, overhang from outstanding debt and collateral constraints. The model is estimated with reference to capital and financial markets in Iran based on Hennessy et al (2007) approach using panel data of 19 companies during 2000-2009. The GLS and GMM methods are used for estimating and comparing the models.

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Friction stir welding as a joining process in solid state welding various alloys widely used metal, particularly aluminum alloys. Although the low heat generated during the process does not melt the base metal, but the thermal cycle applied to the sample, which reduces the mechanical properties of the junction. Recently, this method of welding process is used in the cooling methods. In this study the microstructure and mechanical properties of 5050 aluminum alloy weld in two conditions: with friction stir welding in the air and on underwater friction stir welding was studied. The results of underwater friction stir welding were compared with samples of friction stir welding in the air. Results showed that the structure of the underwater welding was 36% more finely than welded structures in air and its tensile strength was improved about 6%. Also, the SZ zone in underwater friction stir welding has a higher hardness than friction stir welding in air.

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In the economic literature, inflation is one of the most important factors influencing income inequality. Since Iran as a developing country has frequently been facing with high and volatile inflation rates, the study of the effect of inflation on income inequality is of considerable importance. Despite the importance of the issue, the few studies that have dealt with this subject have not derived same result, so the effect of inflation on income inequality remains paradoxical. However, the economic studies in recent decades confirm the nonlinear relationship between inflation and income inequality. Inspired by these studies, we investigate the nonlinear effect of inflation on income inequality during 1971-2006. Likewise, we examine the Granger causality relationship between inflation and income inequality by using “Toda & Yamamoto” and “Error correction” procedures during 1971-2007.

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Verjuice is a popular fruit juice mainly consumed as salad dressing. However, there is very little information regarding its characteristics. The objective of the present study was to determine verjuice and its concentrate physicochemical properties during storage at 4 °C. Firstly, verjuice characteristics such as pH, acidity, specific weight, density, total soluble solids, total solid, reducing sugar content, ash, rare minerals, vitamin C , phenolic content and antioxidant activity were evaluated. In the next phase variation of acidity, pH, total solid and colour parameter (L, a, b) and total phenolic content of pasteurized concentrate verjuice during 6 months storage at 4 °C were assessed. Findings revealed that not only verjuice has a high acidity value but also it is a good source of bioactives such as vitamin C, antioxidant and phenolics components. Storing the concentrate at 4 °C resulted in reduced acidity, phenolic content, parameter L and b but increased value of parameter a, and total solid.

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Omega 3 fatty acids are large group of polyunsaturated fatty acids with long carbon chain length. These fatty acids don’t produce in human body and should be provide by nutrients. The most important omega3 fatty acids are Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid that have beneficial effects on the human health. DHA is important in treatment of disease such as cancer, Alzheimer, heart attacks, arteritis romatoid, anxiety, inflammation and malignant diseases. In this research, the aims were to find suitable carbon and nitrogen sources to increase production of omega 3 fatty acid by native strain of schizochytrium. Also quantitative and qualitative effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources were determined on growth of strain production of omega 3 fatty acids rich in DHA. The results showed that the best carbon sources are glucose and glycerol and the best nitrogen source is yeast extract. Glucose increased production of biomass and glycerol increased production of omega 3 fatty acids. Finally, biomass, oil and DHA were produced 0.76, 0.5 and 0.48 g/L by schizochytrium strain in selective medium, respectively. The results showed novel native strain of Schizochytrium has potential for production of omega 3 fatty acids.

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The near dry EDM process uses a mixture of a liquid and a gas as dielectric medium. In this study, near dry EDM process at three levels of discharge energy and with two brass and copper electrode was studied to investigate the effects of tool material on machining performance. Also, the Taguchi method of design of experiments technique was employed to study the effects of nonelectrical parameters such as tool rotational speed, liquid flow rate, gas pressure and also discharge energy on material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear ratio (TWR) and surface roughness (SR) and also the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to find the most important factors effecting MRR, TWR and SR. The results showed that copper electrode has higher MRR and lower TWR as compared to brass electrode. Also the analysis of main effect plots obtained by Taguchi method indicated that MRR and SR is enhanced by increasing water flow rate and discharge energy and also increasing gas pressure leads to lower TWR. The ANOVA results showed that discharge energy is the most important factor influencing MRR, TWR and SR.