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The true understanding of a word requires using the different semantic methods so that through them, the exact description of that word can be found. One of these methods is sense relations such as semantic opposition. The purpose of this article is to study semantic opposition in Quran. For this work, 106 opposite word pairs have been extracted and gathered from different sources especially “Tafsire Noor” by Mostafa Khorram-del with their frequency and verses in which they have used and then have been analyzed according to six types of semantic oppositions agreed by linguists. For the reason of the limited size of the article, mentioning all these word pairs was refrained and several instances have been mentioned for every type of semantic opposition. Studying and analyzing data indicates that the six types of semantic opposition, that is gradable, complementary, symmetrical, directional, lexical, and semantic contrast are found in Quran and gradable, complementary, symmetrical, lexical, semantic contrast, and directional ones have the most and least frequency respectively. In some cases, there is overlap among these oppositions. The use of semantic opposition can be effective in the true translation of Quran words. The issue of most of these oppositions is human and his moral and educational affairs.

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The  present  research  aims  at  investigating  the  linguistic  relationship  between  Gorani, Hawrami, and  Kurdish  in  reply  to  Chaman  Ara (1390) and  Bamshadi  et  al (1393, 1394, 1395, 1396). To  this  end, authorities’  views  in  this  field, linguistic, literary  evidence, and  the  author’s  observations  and  linguistic  intuition  have  been  used. The  study  of  all  the  cases  indicates  that  Gorani  and  Hawrami  are  two  signifiers  with  a  single  linguistic  signified, separate  and  distinct  from  Kurdish: Gorani  or  Hawrami  is  not  a  Kurdish  variety, but  a  separate  language  belonging  to  the  northwestern  branch  of  Iranian  languages  and  possessing  its  own  dialects, despite  the  public  image. The  cause  of  considering  Gorani/ Hawrami  a  Kurdish  variety  has  been  only  the  speakersʼ  residence  of  these  two  varieties  in  a  specific  geographical  area, their  fusion, and  the  linguistic  similarities  between  the  varieties, especially  lexical  and  morphological, resulting  from  the  influence  of  Gorani/ Hawrami  on  Kurdish  that  has  been  the  official, literary, and  court  language  of  the  so-called  Kurdistan  until  the  second  part  of  the  19^th  century.The  development  of   Kurdish  nationalist  movements  in  recent  decades  based  on  the  notion  of  "nation- state"  and  "one  nation-one  language" in  consequence  of  it, has  also  aggravated  the  situation  leading  to  linguistic  assimilation  of  most  Gorans/ Hawrams  and  preventing  them  from  their  linguistic  self-awareness
 
 
Keywords: Iranian linguistics, Gorani, Hawrami, Kurdish.
Table
Some  words  related  to  very  common  and  general  elements  in  Gorani (Hawrami), Assimilated  Gorani/ Hawrami (Kalhori), Kalhori, Fayli, Laki, Lori, and  Sorani  Kurdish:

گورانی (هَورامی)	گورانی/هورامی همگون­شده[1](کلهری)	کلهری	فیلی	لکی	لری[2]	کردی سورانی	معادل فارسی
tɑta	bɑwək	bɑwɡ	bawəɡ	bɑwa	bow/bowa	bɑwk	پدر
ʔaɹɑ	dɑɫək/dɑ	dɑɫəɡ	dɑɫəɡ	dɑ	dej/dɑɑ	dɑjk	مادر
knɑʧe	düat	düat	düat	det	doar/doχtər	kəʧ	دختر
sjɑw	sja	Sja	sja	sə	se/se	ɍaʃ	سیاه
ʧarma	ʧarməɡ	ʧarməɡ	sefed/ʧarməɡ	ʧarmə	sefi/ʔespe	spi/ʧarmu	سفید
jva	jak	Jak	jak	jak	ja/jek, je	jak	یک (عدد)
jare	se	se	se	se	se/se	se	سه (عدد)
ʧam	ʧaw	ʧaw	ʧam	ʧam	teja/teja	ʧɑw	چشم
har	χar	χar/ kar	χar	χar	χar/χar	kar	خر
lv(w)ɑj/ʃjaj	ʧin	ʧin	ʧɡəɡən	ʧin	ɍatan/ɍata	ʧun/ɍojʃtən	رفتن
java	ʤüa	ʤüa	ʤwa	ʤü	ʤo/ʤo	ʤo	جو
jahar	ʤəɡər	ʤəɡər/ʤarɡ	ʤəɡər/ʤarɡ	ʤeɡar	ʤeɡr/ʤəɡər	ʤɡar/ʤarɡ	جگر
wɑrɹ(d)aj	χwɑdən	χwɑrdən	χwɑrdən	howɑrdən	χardan/harda	χwɑrdən	خوردن
we	χwa	χwad	χwaj	weʤ(ʒ)	χod/χod	χo	خود
v(w)ɑ	wɑ	wɑ	wɑ	vɑ	bɑj/bɑd, bɑj	bɑ	باد
v(w)ɑrɑn	wɑrɑn	wɑrɑn	wɑrɑn	vɑro	bɑrun/bɑo	bɑrɑn	باران
v(w)arv(w)a	wafər	wafər	wafər	vjar	barf/barf	bafər	برف
wtaj	χaftən	χaftən	χaftən	vətən	χosajan/hofteja	χawtən	خوابیدن
mɑzi	pəʃt	mɑzəɡ	pəʃt	pəʃt	pas/poʃt, kət	pəʃt	پشت (بدن)
v(w)rataj	frutən	fratən	fruʃən	fərutən	ferotan/froχta	froʃtən	فروختن
harmɑna	kɑr	kɑr	kɑr	kɑr	kɑr/kɑr	kɑr	کار
jɑɡe	ʤe	ʤe	ʤi	ʤɑ	ʤɑ/ʤɑ, lez	ʤeɡa	جا
jɑna	mɑɫ	mɑɫ	mɑɫ/χɑnəɡ	mɑɫ	huna/χowna	mɑɫ	خانه
ʔɑmɑj	hɑtən	hɑtən	hɑtən	hɑtən	ʔumajan/ʔomɑja	hɑtən	آمدن
jɑv(w)ɑj	ɍasin	ɍasin	ɍasin	ɍasin	rasijan/ɍasəsa	ɡaj(i)ʃtən	رسیدن
kjɑnɑj/kjɑs(t)aj	kəl kərdən	kəl kərdən	kəl kərdən	henɑrdən	ferestɑjan/frəsnɑja	nɑrdən	فرستادن
mərɹɑj/mədrɑj	wsɑn	wsɑn	wsɑn	husɑjn	vejsɑjan/ʔisɑja	vesɑn	ایستادن
ma(e)ɍjɑj	ʃkɑnən	ʃkɑnən	ʃəkjɑn	ʃekonən	ʔeʃkasan/ʔeʃkanaja	ʃkɑn	شکستن
karɡa	mɑmər	mɑmər	mərg/mərx/mɑmər	merχ	morq/morʁ	mɑmər/mriʃk	مرغ
dəm	kir	ker	kir/taʒak	kər	kir/kir	ker	آلت تناسلی مرد
wɫa	konɑ	konɑ	konɑ	konɑ	sema/silɑ	kon	سوراخ
lamma	zək	zəɡ	zəɡ	lam	kom/ɡəja	s(z)ək	شکم
tuta	saɡ/ɡamɑɫ	ɡamɑɫ	saɡ/ɡamɑɫ	saɡ	saɡ/sej	saɡ	سگ
daɡɑ	ʔɑwɑji	djaka	djaka	dəhɑt	deh/ʔɑbɑdi	ʔɑwɑi/ɡond	روستا
maj	kɑwəɍ	kɑwəɍ	kɑwəɍ	pas	miʃ/ɡusfa	paz/maɍ	گوسفند
ʧamʧa	ʧəmʧa	qɑʃəq	qɑʃəq	kɑʃeχ	qɑʃoq/qɑʃoq	kawʧək	قاشق
smari	kaj	Ke	ke	keja	ka/kah	kɑ	کاه
pɑɫɑ	kawʃ	kawʃ	kawʃ/piɫɑ	kəɫɑʃ	kafʃ/kawʃ	kawʃ	کفش
ʧani	darzi	darzi	darzen	darzen	sizan/siza	darzi	سوزن
haʃʃa	χərs	χərs	χərs/hərʧ/qərʧ	χers	χers/χərs	wərʧ	خرس
hezi	düaka	düka	dwaka	düna	diɡ/duʃ	dweka	دیروز
pere	dəsu	dəsu	dəsu	dusü	pasabɑ/dosu	dubajɑni	پس فردا
zɑroɫa	mnɑɫ	mnɑɫ	zɑɍu	owjl	baʧa/baʧa	mnɑɫ	بچه
ɡʤi	ʃawi	ʃaw	kərwɑs	kərɑs	ʤuma/pirhan	krɑs	پیراهن
wɑmi	bɑjam	bɑɑm	bɑjam	bɑjm	bɑjom/bɑjm	bɑdɑm	بادام
veʒan	ʤɑʤək	ʤɑʤəɡ	ʤɑʤəɡ	ʤɑʤək	saqez/breʒa	ʤɑʤka/bneʃt	سقز
halʧi	qɑrʧək	qɑrʧək	χarʧəɡ	χɑrʧ	qɑrʧ/qɑrʧ	qɑrʧək	قارچ (خوراکی)
tavani	koʧək	koʧək	sɑn/bard/koʧək	koʧək	bard/bard	bard	سنگ
haɫiza	maʃka	maʃka	kona	maʃka	maʃk/maʃk	maʃka	مشک
ʒaraʒi	kaw	Kaw	kaw	köjɡ	kabk/kabk	kaw	کبک
ʤa	la	la/wa	da/ʒa	e	va/da	la	از (حرف اضافه)
sotaj/soʧnɑj	sozjɑn/ sozɑnən	səzjɑn/ szɑnən	sozjɑn/ suzanən	sotən/ sozonən	sotan, sotan/ soχta, suzənja	sutɑn/ sutɑndən	سوختن/ سوزاندن

 
 
 

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The objective of this study was to measure the amount of heavy metals cadmium, lead and arsenic between the amounts of metals and the risk assessment in wheat, extracted flax from imported wheat and indigenous cultivars. Considering the wheat cultivar and the number of flour mill factories in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces. Wheat samples were harvested. Samples after flint transfer to flour mills and process of flour process for evaluation and determination of heavy metals in laboratory. Research Institute of Science and Technology Research Institute. The results of this study showed that the highest concentration of cadmium in wheat flour samples in 2017 and 2018 was related to the R sample. The highest concentration of lead in wheat flour samples is related to the R sample. The highest concentration of arsenic in wheat flour samples is related to the N sample. According to the results obtained in wheat samples, the mean values ​​of cadmium in B sample were the highest. The mean of lead values ​​in the W sample was the highest. The concentration of arsenic in A sample is also the highest. The results showed that S, M, N, K, R, D, and E samples were unsafe for adult samples in flour samples. Also, R sample flour for adults was unsafe for cadmium. The F, H and M specimens were safe in adults in terms of heavy metals. In samples of wheat, S, N, and H samples were unsafe for adults in terms of lead levels.
Keywords: Flour, Wheat, Heavy metals, Risk assessment
 
 

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Deforestation has been one of the most detrimental consequences of the prevalence of European anthropocentrism in North America. European settlers who immigrated to North America found themselves in a bountiful paradise with infinite untrammeled natural resources that could be utilized to make a fortune. Likewise, they inflicted irremediable damages on nature upon the onset of their settlement in this continent. Investigating Louis Owens’ Wolfsong from an ecocritical standpoint, this article seeks to highlight the massive deforestation conducted by the white Americans in the Northwest of the United States of America. As a qualitative, research-based study, this article commences with the theoretical framework and subsequently focuses on the representations of the critical concepts in Wolfsong. It shall be indicated that the perspective held by the White Americans towards nature drastically collides with that of the indigenes. More exactly, the argument of this research follows the distinction between the treatment of nature by the Euro-Americans and Native Americans in Wolfsong.