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Religious pluralism is a suitable successor for two approaches including religious exclusivism and inclusivism. More compatibility of religious pluralism with the modern world’s requirements is led to more welcoming to it. This approach, however, is unacceptable based on its foundations, principles and especially results. Some significant reasons that it can’t be acceptable are as follows: 1. It causes people to neglect other religions’ facts; 2. It does not pay attention to some vital differences within religious traditions; 3. Welcome to religious pluralism is led to vain the question and asking for religious truth and human beings' salvation; 4. Accepting it is caused by epistemic relativism and meaningless of seeking for religious truth; 5. Attaching it led to vain divine revelation and the philosophy of Prophethood; 6. Believing in religious pluralism is caused to destroy differences between intellectual and imitative religiosity; 7. Debasement religiosity and religious creeds are as welcoming to religious pluralism; 8. Accepting it leads to violation in divine attributes and insult to divine dignity of God; 9. Welcome to religious pluralism is caused by religious immorality, and 10. Destroying the religious identity of believers. Now, considering unacceptable results of religious pluralism, and some problems of religious exclusivism and inclusivism, I suggest the Gradual Approach to religious truth and salvation, in the sense that these divine graces have been distributed gradually and hierarchically and longitudinally in all religions, although the final salvation is depended on human being’s struggling and effort.

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The monotheistic tradition, especially in Abrahamic religions, emphasizes the belief in an omnipotent, omniscient, purely benevolent, just and wise God. Such a view is threatened by various forms of evil-beliefs, and if logical and convincing answers cannot be given to it, it is a serious threat to the tradition of monotheism. In this article, it is shown that due to the presence of the infinite God's activity on one side of the equation of the problem of evil, the most logical solution is to use the total of possible answers in a combined and unified way, because the combination of the existing ways brings closer to the answer and is more convincing in this context. Therefore, while paying attention to the differences between the metaphysical, natural and moral evils from each other, combining answers such as the relativity of evil, evil as a necessity of human free will, seeing evil as a punishment for human sins, evil as the cause of human spiritual excellence, and seeing the world of the hereafter and the importance of the eternal perspective are needed as the final manifestation of the evil philosophy.
 

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Aims: Foodborne infections caused by bacteria, including Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are one of the most common diseases among poultry and humans. The purpose of this study was the simultaneous and rapid detection of important microorganisms found in fecal samples of poultry and poultry workers.
Materials & Methods: A total of 144 fecal samples were taken from poultry and poultry farms workers. Fecal swabs were cultured on specific media, and biochemical tests were performed for further confirmation of bacterial isolates. Moreover, genomic DNA of fecal swabs was extracted for molecular identification of S. enteritidis, E. coli O157: H7, and S. flexneri species using multiplex-PCR technique.
Findings: According to the multiplex-PCR technique results, 16.7, 13.9, and 9.5% of the poultry samples were positive for the presence of S. enteritidis, E. coli O157: H7, and S. flexneri species, respectively; whereas culture method results showed the corresponding prevalence rates of 18.1, 15.2, and 12.5% for the above species. Moreover, regarding the samples collected from the poultry farms workers, multiplex PCR showed the prevalence rates of 6.9, 12.5, and 4.2% for S. enteritidis, E. coli O157: H7 , and S. flexneri species, respectively; whereas culture method showed the corresponding prevalence rates of 8.3, 13.9, and 13.9% for the above species.
Conclusion: In the current study, the sensitivity and specificity of multiplex-PCR in detecting S. enteritidis, E. coli O157: H7, and S. flexneri species were 74 and 100% for samples taken from the poultry farms workers, and 82.2 and 100% for samples taken from the poultry, respectively, suggesting the possibility of using a designed multiplex-PCR method for rapid detection of infectious agents in poultry farms.

 

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One of the challenges for Quran translators is finding the exact equivalent of words. Meanwhile, the matter of (Qorb) with high frequency has a wide range of applications in the Holy Quran. Due to the importance of accurate and correct translation of this word and its derivatives, the present study has tried to study the matter of (Qorb) and its semantic dimensions in the Holy Quran by descriptive-analytical method and by using lexical and historical sources in order to study and evaluate the equations of the matter of (Qorb) in four Translated by Fooladvand, Ayati, Elahi Ghomshei, Mousavi Hamedani. In the end, these results have been obtained that the semantic dimensions include temporal and spatial proximity, performing an action, in the sense of relative and family relationship, access, acquisition, plurality and abundance, sex, marriage, offering, status and formative closeness. Also, translators have not equated words such as Taqarrob, Moqarrab, Moqarraboon and Divine qorb, and in some cases of translation, there have been semantic overlaps. The error of using interpretive meaning instead of using equivalent meaning can also be seen in these translations.

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The issue of asymmetric effects of monetary shocks on the economy is among the new topics that have been studied by the New Keynesians. How to monetary shocks affect macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product (GDP), prices, private investment in terms of nominal and real sectors, and economic policy-making is of great importance. In this study, according to the New-Keynesian assumptions, the effects of asymmetry in monetary shocks are examined using dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model in Iran's economy during 1979-2012. The results indicate that positive and negative monetary shocks are endogenous and depend on inflationary regimes in the Iranian economy, so that the effects of positive and negative shocks on GDP and private investment in the low inflation regime are more than those of high inflation regime. In addition, the effects of positive and negative shocks on the general prices' level in the high inflation regime are higher than those of low inflation regime.

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Selection based on the traits affecting grain yield is used for its indirect improvement. The objective of the present study was to determine the quantity and mechanism of effects of agro-morphological and physiological traits on grain yield of bread wheat under terminal drought conditions. Thirty six advanced lines of wheat were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications during three sequential growing seasons 2010-2013 under rainfed conditions. Stepwise regression, path analysis, and canonical correlation analysis were conducted. All three components of yield had a significant positive effect on grain yield. The first canonical variable of predictive traits (U₁) and yield components (V₁) were studied. In general, selection for shorter vegetative stage and longer grain filling period is recommended to improve wheat grain yield per plant under rainfed conditions. Also, the desirable lines were those that had high amounts of biomass, average plant height and spike length, and low amount of canopy temperature. These types of lines are expected to produce higher numbers of grain per plant (not per spike) and 1000-grain weight, simultaneously, and thus higher grain yield per plant.
 

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The rationality of religious belief systems indicates longitudinal relationships, so that each benefit from pertained rationality based on ontological place within the web of religious knowledge. Therefore, it can be possible to consider three layers of religious beliefs i.e. fundamental, middle, and marginal. Here fundamental beliefs are the most rational, followed by middle and finally marginal. Concerning Islamic and Christian traditions, there can be two beliefs, believing in one God and the hereafter, that are considered fundamental ones. There are also middle beliefs between the two mainstream religions that are about divine attributes, the relationship between God and human beings, and so on so forth. Finally, the level of marginal beliefs of two are about the sacredness of places, times, events, things, persons, situations etc. This research wants to show that although all religious beliefs have been expanded and changed under the influence of epistemic and non-epistemic factors, t fundamental beliefs have been more stable, immutable, universal, and compatible. Middle beliefs of Islam and Christianity, are generally based on believers’ plural understandings of religious texts and under aforementioned factors. Thus, in order to study the rationality of religions and their traditions, it is necessary to pay closer attention to how and under what conditions (epistemic and non-epistemic) their web of beliefs are formed and shaped.