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, The right of suspension entitles a contracting party to suspend the performance according to rules of law, contractual terms or as a result of force majeure. The same right may also be established as withholding the performance, according to the provisions of civil law in connection with contract of sale or other exchange contracts, until such time as the other party shows willingness to perform. Both rights are based on reciprocity of the contractual obligations and interconnection of the reciprocal obligations. The right of suspension of the performance has been recognized under the provision of the standard general conditions of contracting, as well as under some of Iranian multinational contracts. The suspension as a result of force majeure although is not expressly been envisaged under Iranian law of contracts, it is recognized by necessary implication of contract law rules. The right of withholding which is recognized under Iranian civil and commercial laws is mainly related to contracts with single performance, while the right of suspension is recognized in contracts that need to be performed during a gradual process. At the same time the legal standing of suspension was not clearly discussed under Islamic law literature but it had certainly been contemplated by Islamic law jurists in relevant situations. On the contrary the right of withholding has been expressly discussed. There are similarities between suspension provisions under FIDIC and the general contracting form. However, the differences are regarding the fact that under general conditions of contracting the right of suspension is mainly a unilateral right while under FIDIC form of the terms and conditions of exercising the right, Its duration, extension and damages arising out of suspension are contractually provided for. Consequently except for the difference in terms of contracts with one time performance or gradual performance, the legal nature of withholding and suspension is the same and one may apply the reasons and legal basis of withholding to suspension, admitting the fact that suspension is an independent legal concept.

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In the present study an attempt has been made to use a non-parametric method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for assessing source-wise and operation-wise the Technical Efficiency (TE) and Return-to-Scale (RTS) for paddy production in four zones of the state of Punjab, India. The results were then compared to corresponding ones already obtained from a parametric method (Cobb-Douglas production function). The data from farmers growing rice in four zones including labor-h, machine-h, power source, horse power and hours used, kind of machinery used, physical inputs such as seed, fertilizers and pesticides (as inputs) and the yield (as output) were transformed into energy terms (MJ ha-1). The results revealed that farmers in zone 2 with a source-wise TE of 0.91, have consumed energy from more efficient sources, followed by zone 4 (0.90) and then zones 3 and 5 (0.85). No significant correlation could be established between the parametric and non-parametric TE for source-wise energy inputs. According to the DEA results, it was observed that 55.6% and 64.1% of inefficient farmers had an increasing RTS for operation-wise and source-wise energy inputs, respectively. However, a constant RTS had been reported by the parametric frontier function.

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Legal translation study is a contemporary and innovative topic in the field of  translation studies. Analysis of the procedure of selecting and applying a legal equivalent in the target language is one of the issues in this area. Legal translation study answers this question with the Geneva jurilinguistics approach. The question posed in the present study are what are the rules of Geneva theory of jurilinguistics and to what extent are these rules implemented in the translation of Iranian legal concepts into French legal language? What is the solution of Geneva jurilinguistic theory for a legal translator and how should he choose equivalents? We first begin with a descriptive study of the theory of Geneva jurilinguistics from the point of view of Jean-Claude Gémar (principal theorist); Then, we will conduct a case study on  the applicability of the solutions presented in this theory in translating Iranian legal concepts into French legal language.The corpus which was analyzed in this paper is the seventh book of the second volume of Iranian Civil Code on marriage and divorce. The main rule of this theory is the necessity of using a functional equivalent.The main purpose of this study is to evaluate ,through a case study, how the functional equivalent of Iranian legal concepts is selected in the French legal language (target language), according to the rules set out in the Geneva theory of jurilinguistics. We want to examine the degree to which the chosen equivalents in French reflect the function and legal effect of the concept in question in Iranian law, and in other words, to what extent the function changes when the concept is transferred; What is the reason for this functional change; What factors influence this change; To what extent is the study of comparative law effective in educating the translator of the factors causing these changes, and whether the transfer and translation of the Iranian legal concept into french language (and french legal system) can be achieved without functional change.

1. Introduction
Legal translation study is a contemporary and innovative topic in the translation studies. Analysis of the procedure of choosing and applying a legal equivalent in the target language is one of the issues in this area. Legal translation study answers this question with the Geneva jurilinguistics approach. The aim of this article is to assess the utility of the theory of jurilinguistics of Geneva through a case study of the translation of some of Iranian legal concepts in to French. The question posed in the present study are what are the rules of Geneva theory of jurilinguistics and to what extent are these rules implemented in the translation of Iranian legal concepts into French legal language? What is the solution of Geneva jurilinguistic theory for a legal translator and how he should choose the equivalents? One of the important issues in legal translation is the lack of correspondence between the linguistic equivalent and the legal equivalent. The translator is looking for a linguistic equivalent (appealing to the linguistic form) and the lawyer is looking for a legal equivalent (appealing to the legal concept). To answer these questions, first, we will study the Geneva jurilinguistics which was introduced by contemporary legal linguists Jean-Claude Gémar. Then we will examine the applicability of the solutions presented in this theory in the translation of Iranian legal concepts in to French.
The main rule of this theory is the necessity of using a functional equivalent. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate, through a case study, how the functional equivalent of Iranian legal concepts is chosen in the French legal language (target language), according to the rules set out in the Geneva theory of jurilinguistics. We want to examine the degree to which the chosen equivalents in French reflect the function and legal effect of the concept in question in Iranian law, and in other words, to what extent the function changes when the concept is transferred; What is the reason for this functional change; What factors influence this change; To what extent is the study of comparative law effective in educating the translator of the factors causing these changes; and whether the transfer and translation of the Iranian legal concept into French language (and French legal system) can be achieved without functional change. The theory that forms the basis of our research is the Geneva jurilinguistics Theory, which is derived from the "product-oriented" research of communication linguistic theory. Geneva's theory of jurilinguistics is an interdisciplinary approach to the field of law, language, and translation. It studies the role of "functional equivalents" in legal translation. The purpose of this theory is to persuade legal translators to choose functional equivalents that conform to the culture and legal system of the target language.
 
2. Literature Review
In the field of jurilinguistics (or legal linguistics), legal terminology, and legal translation  especially in French legal language, Jean-Claude Gémar, a Prof. emeritus at the Department of Linguistics and Translation of University of Montréal and Prof. "honoraire",  at University of  Geneva is the most prominent theorist. Jean-Claude is a "traductologue" and a jurilinguist doing research in Language and Law, legal translation, terminology and comparative law.  He is one of the members of Geneva Jurilinguistics Circle. Here some of his works can be named: Books such as "The Language of the Law and Translation : Essays on Jurilinguistics"(1982); "Jurilinguistique Comparée Langage Du Droit" (2012); "Traduire Ou L'art d'interpreter "(2000) and Articles such as "Traduire le droit ou le double langage de Thémis"(2009); "De la traduction (juridique) à la jurilinguistique. Fonctions proactives du traductologue"(2005);"La jurilinguistique: entre langues et droits "(2005). Claude Bocquet is another member of the Geneva juriLinguistics Circle, a French scholar who has written books and articles on legal translation, the most famous of which is "La traduction juridique. Fondement et method (2008). Also in the field of legal terminology in Iran, the greatest terminologist and scholar is Dr. Mohammad Jafar Jafari Langroudi, who is known for compiling legal encyclopedias and terminologies. In the present study, we have referred to his books entitled "Legal Terminology"(1999; 1378) and "Almabsut in legal terminology" (2007; 1386) in order to show how to choose the functional equivalent for the Iranian legal concepts.
 
3. Methodology
In this research we apply descriptive and case study methods. We first begin with a descriptive study of the theory of Geneva jurilinguistics from the point of view of Jean-Claude Gémar (principal theorist). We describe the characteristics of the theory studied. We conduct descriptive research using case study method. We will case study the applicability of the rules presented in this theory in translating Iranian legal concepts into French legal language. Case study here leads to a hypothesis and widen a further scope of studying the theory of Geneva jurilinguistics. Through the case study we analyze a defined problem consisting in a real situation and uses real information as methodological tool. The corpus which was analyzed in this paper is the seventh book of the second volume of Iranian Civil Code on marriage and divorce (Family Law). Here, for example, we have chosen some legal concepts related to family law from the book of Iranian civil law, then compared them with their equivalents in French law to assess whether these equivalents are functional equivalents at all, and if so, to what extent they are functional equivalents: perfect or relative.To determine the functional equivalence, we studied the historical, religious, and cultural background of the legal concept in question in Iranian and French law. We even came across equivalents that were previously functional but have lost their functionality due to the abrogation of the law and have become zero functional equivalents.
 
 
4. Results
The first result of this study is that due to the fundamental and substantial differences and the high degree of differentiation between the Islamic legal system of Iran and the French legal system, especially in the area of family law, choosing the perfect equivalent is rare. Most of the functional equivalents that have been chosen are relative equivalents. Sometimes equivalents that are chosen have no function in the French (target) legal system. The jurilinguistics of Geneva also acknowledges that the higher the degree of affinity and kinship between the language and the legal system of the source and the target text, the greater the possibility of perfect equivalence. Therefore, knowing the degree of such linguistic and legal affinities will be effective in evaluating the legal translation. Sometimes the laws of two countries may be based on a single legal system (such as European countries other than Britain or Latin American countries); But their legal institutions and language structure do not quite match. Therefore, in such countries where their legal systems are the same, choosing the equivalent is also a relative matter. Studies of comparative law today have been able to show the commonalities or differentiation of legal concepts in different legal systems. Thus, the legal translator is required to become familiar with the differentiated aspects and commonalities of legal concepts in legal systems by comparative study of law.
Another result to be drawn from the present study is that the legal translator must create harmony and balance between choosing the linguistic equivalent and the legal equivalent. In other words, in choosing the functional equivalent, form and content must have linguistic-legal harmony. In sum, functional equivalence means that the target word has the same semantic and lexical capacity as the source word, and the both words introduce a single legal concept to the audience in terms of legal basis. For this reason, the functional equivalent can also be called the conceptual equivalent. Finding a conceptual legal equivalent is actually finding an equivalent that has the same legal function and the same legal effect in the target legal system, and therefore the translator is forced to become familiar with the Geneva jurilinguistic approach, that teaches how to choose the functional equivalent of legal concepts based on classification of functional equivalents (by dividing functional equivalents into perfect equivalents, relative equivalents, and equivalents without function (or with zero function)).Geneva jurilinguists have a target oriented focus on legal translation and believe that the equivalent choice for the translation of legal institutions and legal concepts is relative. The use of functional equivalents in legal translation is in fact a way of moving translation away from absolute literal equivalence or word-for-word translation. According to this approach, success in legal translation is equal to achieving equivalence with equal legal effect, and since the whole issue of equivalence involves the personal and mental judgment of the translator, this legal effect will be inevitably relative and approximate. As a result, in order to create a balanced legal equivalence between the source legal text and the target, the translator's sufficient mastery of comparative law and having a strong linguistic intuition and skills in both the source and target languages ​​are necessary conditions. Legal concepts include legal effects. So legal translation is not translating the words and transferring the meaning. The important point is that the legal effect of the original legal concept must be the same or somewhat equal to the legal effect of the target legal concept

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The change in the concept of social development over the last few decades, from the physical aspects to human dimensions has increased women’s participation in socio-economic activities and enhancement of their capabilities has been regarded as key strategies in sustainable development. The present study attempts to achieve the following objective: Investigation of the impacts of NGO’s activities in enhancing women’s socioeconomic participation in the management of watersheds. This paper has presented the results through employing parts of the phases, methodologies, and techniques of participation Rural Appraisal(PRA) in sample villages located in Hableh Roud watershed in the Garmsar plain. Among the achievements of the project is the actualization of local community participation including women’s participation in decision-making on sustainable development, improvement of natural resource management through integration of modern and traditional technologies, increasing local community income sources through production of pharmaceutical plants, planting seedlings, strengthening traditional women’s organizations, improvement of exploitation methods and conservation of soil and water resources. The most important result obtained from the present study is the finding that participatory activities are cultural and social issues. As such, work must continue until participation becomes institutionalized in the target community. The milestone and deliverable showing success in this endeavor will be gradual but steady changes observed in the behavior of the rural communities with reference social and economic problems reflecting their self-reliance and self-confidence. Continuity and sustainability of the projects are also determined by direct involvement and participation of local communities, especially women, in all phases of project implementation from concept development to implementation, monitoring, and assessment.

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With growing environmental pollution and concerns about fossil fuel depletion worldwide, there is an urgent need to find a solution for this problem. Using alternative fuels, such as natural gas, which can burn much cleaner than petrol or gasoline and as an advantage, it’s much cheaper than other conventional fuels and is much more widely available than oil in our planet. The most effective way we can utilize this alternative fuel in the common internal combustion engine, is by means of direct injection technology. Before natural gas can be utilized in common automotive engines, it’s necessary to conduct simulations and thus optimize these engines to maximize output power prior being built. Optimizing engines can only be achieved through simulation. KIVA-3V is a well-accepted engine simulation tool, recognized by industrial users and researchers. KIVA-3V lacks the ability to simulate gaseous fuel injections as it’s only designed to deal with liquid fuels. In this research, researched the governing equations on gas injections and used them to develop a numerical code for KIVA-3V to enable simulation of gaseous injections. We validated our modified version of KIVA-3V with two different sets of experimental data which we previously had. We showed our modified KIVA-3V code can effectively simulate gaseous injections producing very exact results. The gaseous fuel considered in this research is pure methane.

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In conventional internal combustion engines, about 40% of fuel energy is turned into useful power and the rest is driven by cooling and exhaust system out of the engine. Therefore, there is a ground to recover energy from this wasted energy by fixing an additional cycle inline with the exhaust gas outlet. In this research, a stirling cycle was used for this purpose. Initially, the internal combustion engine was simulated. The engine studied was an EF7-NA spark ignition internal combustion engine and the simulation results were validated by using experimental results. The results showed that the exhaust gas outlet temperature varies from 393 to 848 ° C, according to engine operating conditions. Therefore, by installing a Stirling engine heater inline with the exhaust gases from the EF7 engine, the wasted energy can be turned into useful work. To validate the results of one-dimensional Stirling engine simulation, the experimental results of the Stirling Solo V161 engine were used. After validating the Stirling engine model, the combined cycle was simulated, combining a Stirling engine at working pressure of 50, 60 and 70 bar and EF7 engine at engine speed of 2000 to 4500 rpm. The results showed that at an optimal pressure of 50 barfor the Stirling engine, the EF7 power gain was 12.2% and an average efficiency increase of 5.2%, regardless of the weight of the added stirling engine in the car which considering that, a low impact on the power of the combined cycle is expected.

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The use of genetically engineered probiotics to express specific enzymes has been the subject of considerable attention in poultry industry because of increased nutrient availability and reduced cost of enzyme supplementation. Phytase enzyme is commonly added to poultry feed to improve digestibility and availability of phosphorus from plant sources. To construct a probiotic with potential of phytate degradation, phytase gene (appA) from E. coli was cloned and transformed into two probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactococcus lactis. The results showed plasmid instability, unable to express the gene. The expression of appA gene in L. lactis was analyzed by detecting specific RNA and zymography assay. Phytase enzyme was isolated from cellular extracts of recombinant L. lactis, showing a 46 kDa band upon the SDS-PAGE analysis. Zymogram also confirmed the phytase activity of the 46 kDa band corresponding to the enzyme. An enzyme activity of 4.9 U mL^-1 was obtained in cell extracts of L. lactis. The growth of native and recombinant L. lactis was similar in the presence of two concentrations of ox bile.

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Enhancement of antioxidant capacity of plants by natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plants can be a simple way to produce stress tolerant plants. Zataria multiflora essential Oil (ZO) is one of the useful antioxidants with potent antioxidant activity. ZO is insoluble in water and can be degraded by light, oxygen, and high temperature. Incorporation of ZO into Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) dispersion is a simple way to improve its stability. In this research, the antioxidant activity of PVA/ZO dispersion was measured by studying the effect of the Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and Hydroxyl radical (HO^•) scavenging of the dispersion. The efficiency of the PVA/ZO dispersion on the production of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Oxidase (NOX), SuperOxide Dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT) mRNAs in the wheat seedlings in hydroponic condition was investigated too. PVA/ZO dispersion had a non-Newtonian shear-thinning liquid behavior with the negative zeta-potential (-12 mV) and nanoscale particle size (134 nm). PVA/ZO dispersion had effective H₂O₂ and HO^• scavenging in a dose dependent manner with IC₅₀ value of 220 and 170 µg mL^-1, respectively. PVA/ZO dispersion up-regulated NOX (2 folds, at 30 µg mL^-1), SOD (10 folds, at 30 µg mL^-1) and CAT (8 folds, at 250 µg mL^-1) mRNAs production. Thus, there was a potent cooperation between NOX and SOD activity and low cooperation between SOD and CAT activity. The potent antioxidant activity of PVA/ZO dispersion implies that it can effectively be used as a promising natural antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress in the plants under stress.

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RCCI as low temperature combustion is one of the common methods for reducing nitrogen oxides and soot pollutants. In this study, the effect of exhaust gas recirculation on combustion and emission of an RCCI engine, fueled with diesel and CNG was investigated. The investigated engine is a single-cylinder engine with diesel direct injection to the combustion chamber as high-reactivity fuel and a port fuel injection of CNG fuel as low-reactivity fuel. The start of injection, the injection shape, and the injection duration of both injectors are controlled by the developed ECU. Since the engine tested has good stability in the premix ratio of 60% and is capable of operating with high EGR percentage, it was selected for investigation. The results of this study show that with an increase of the exhaust gas recirculation rate from 0 to 34%, the amount of IMEP and thermal efficiency decrease by about 18%. As the EGR increases, the start, middle, and end of the combustion are delayed due to the decrease in oxygen content inside the combustion chamber. With the increase of EGR, the temperature of the combustion chamber decreased so that increasing CO and UHC production, showing an increase of 86 and 300%, respectively, while NOx decreases by 350%.

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Production and use of biodegradable films with appropriate physical and mechanical properties and replacing them with synthetic materials is an effective solution to reduce many environmental pollutions. In this study, with the aim of producing biodegradable consistent structure and durable composite films, starch, zein and PVA were mixed with different proportions according to mixture design and ternary composites were prepared.Physical and mechanical properties were compared and optimum formulation were determined. According to the results, adding PVA to starch improved the mechanical properties and adding zein to it reduced the water solubility of the composite films. The optimal formulation of the three-component composite was determined as 85% starch, 15% zein and 5% PVA with a desirability level equal to 98%.The x-ray diffraction patterns of optimal film showed two specified peak at 2θ = 17-19 ° and 2θ = 22-24°, this pattern indicated the amorphous and crystalline structure of the composite film. Finally, differential scanning calorimetry showed that the highest weight loss of composite film is 285/3-340°C equal to 48/2%.
 

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The improper use of chemical fertilizers in crop production can result in unsafe food sources for consumers. This research focuses on estimating the accumulation of nitrate in tomatoes by analyzing images of tomato tissues. The experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design with four nitrogen levels: 400, 800, 1200, and 1600 kg.ha^-1. Fifty samples were randomly selected from each treatment to create images for feature processing and develop a prediction model. The samples were sliced to a consistent thickness, and their images were prepared. The nitrate contents of the same samples were then measured in the laboratory. Color features, including R, G, and B color components, as well as non-color features such as white pixel area (WPA), total slice surface area (TSA), and the ratio of white pixel area to total slice surface area (WPA/TSA), were extracted from the images. The results showed that the nitrate content of the samples increased significantly (P<0.05) in response to the applied nitrogen fertilizer, with measurements of 1.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, and 3.3%, respectively. Moreover, a strong correlation was found between the color components, WPA, TSA, WPA/TSA, and nitrate accumulation in the samples. Multiple regression and multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) models were employed to predict the nitrate content. The best subset method was used to build an appropriate regression model. Various topologies and transform functions were applied to identify the best MLP model. The results indicated that an MLP model with a 3-15-1 topology and the lowest mean relative percentage error (MRPE) was the most accurate neural network model. The final regression and neural network models were validated using 60 intact samples. The neural network model achieved a MRPE of approximately 3.5%, demonstrating its precise estimation of nitrate contents compared to the regression model with an MRPE of around 5.2%.
 

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The first step to achieving ecological sustainability and intensification in agricultural systems is to have a comprehensive agroecological analysis of agricultural systems. This research analyzed the agroecological ecosystem of potato cultivation in the Torbat-e Heydariyeh Region of Iran over fifteen years (2001-2016). Based on the results, potato yield increased by 0.28 t ha^-1 yr^-1. The average potential yield of potato was calculated by the FAO method to be 64 t.ha^-1. Also, the potential yield did not increase significantly during the study period. The average yield gap of potato was calculated to be 32.44 t ha^-1. Also, with increasing yield, the yield gap showed a decreasing trend. The ecosystems experienced a steady rise in intensification, and the stability decreased. It was observed that although nitrogen fertilizer application was increased, its efficiency dropped from 110 kg tuber per kg of nitrogen fertilizer to 70 kg. Due to the decreasing trend of NUpE (Nitrogen uptake efficiency) and NUE (Nitrogen use efficiency) during the studied years, the NUE gap was the main factor in increasing nitrogen consumption, increasing intensification, and reducing stability in the studied systems. Therefore, changing the management method to increase the efficiency of nitrogen consumption can be suggested as the first step for moving towards ecological intensification and improving the sustainability of potato production systems.