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Abstract In many archaeological excavations, bone has been found in tow forms. In the form of tools and in the form of row material. Therefore, bone has been studied in several points and gives many beneficial information to researchers. In previous excavations less attention has been paid to the bones and other remains of human and animals, for example teeth and crown. These findings are now collecting and recording carefully. pale biologists, anthropologists, zoologists, and pale pathologists are surveying the information about economic, social and cultural condition in ancient society. In this research we will survey several applications of bone in the knowledge of antiquarian culture.

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Archaeology with the help of other sciences in this era has been applied to solve the ancient environment and settlement of ancient sites. On the other hand, the high expenditure of interdisciplinary research for solving the environmental archaeology research takes less attention in the field of archaeological science. Meanwhile, chemical analysis, which gives information about the depth of soil in archaeological sites, needs suitable laboratory methods that, can provide much helpfal data to recognize the archaeological layers. These data also helped us to find the exact place of archaeological settlement in the Shusthar plain. Archaeological dating showed that the Shushtar plain was occupied in last phase of Holocene seven thousands before by the seasonally migrating people. In this article, the use of XRF chemical spectroscopy with AMS dating guided us to construct the ancient environment and environment development in the Shushtar plain in the Holocene period?

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The Parthian and Sasanid sites of Valiran are situated in the suburbs of Damavand, a city in the east of Tehran. The discovery of burials along with the cereal and animal remains have made the situation apt for investigation of the pale diet. This research aimed at investigating the nutritional condition of the ancient inhabitants of Valiran site in Parthian period in order to understand the ancient geographical situation in the mentioned region. XRF method was used to analyz the archaeological skeletons.

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This paper studies the numerical analysis of a three dimensional incompressible laminar fluid flow on rectangular fins with circular perforations which stands on a flat surface. Perforations by circle cross sections are scattered on the length of the fin and the number of holes is variable between 1 to 2. The Simple algorithm is the main approach to solve the problem. To the end of discretization of momentum and energy equations, the second order upwind technique has been employed. The Reynolds number is assumed between 100 to 350 concerned to the thickness of the fin. The main contribution of this paper is finding the optimum place of perforations and afterwards compare the thermal performance and Nusselt number of the fins with one and two perforation and solid fin. The results showed the fin with two perforation has the higher thermal performance than both the fin with one perforation and solid fin. The main novelty of this paper is in using circular perforation, as expected, due to the lower weight of fin with two perforation than other mentioned fins it has bigger heat transfer coefficient compared to both others. The advantages of circular perforation can be mention as economical reasons and simpleness of implementation as compared to other developed techniques in the literature.

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Silver coins of Alexander of Macedonia, until the arrival of Parthians in the 1st century BC, have been put in WDXRF in order to determin Ag, Cu, Pb and Au as major and trace elements for fineness, debasement and refinement of silver in ancient Persia. Seleucid kingdom from 4th to 1st century BC was succeeded by several dynasties and kings. But the chemical composition of their silver coins and their fineness shows there was no changes in technology and economic policy.

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Objective: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a major hospital pathogen with a high capacity to resist most common anti-microbial agents. A. baumannii is the etiologic agent for various illnesses including pneumonia, meningitis, and bloodstream infections. Biofilm associated proteins (Bap) are specific cell surface proteins essential for the formation of biofilm and play a main role in its pathogenicity. Previously, we have studied various regions of this protein. Considering different criteria, some regions were introduced as conserved and immunogenic. The immunogenicity of one of those regions pertaining to amino acids 706-1076 previously examined has shown that its expression triggers high antibody levels when injected to mice thereby protecting the animals against the bacterium. The present study examines region 4 of the Bap protein in order to validate the previous bioinformatics studies and its immunogenicity. Methods: In order to obtain immunity against this pathogen, a 1620 bp gene from Bap was amplified and cloned in pET32a. This region from Bap was cloned, expressed and verified by monoclonal antibodies. BALB/c mice were immunized by subcutaneous injection of the pure recombinant protein. Mice immune response was determined by ELISA. Results: High titer of raised antibodies implied that the recombinant protein was a strong antigen and immunogen. Conclusion: The results indicate that this protein can be a suitable choice for developing a new recombinant vaccine against A. baumannii.

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Hundreds of stray coins are being donated every year to different Iranian museums but it is difficult to establish their authenticities due to lack of knowledge about places of their findings. Part of these stray metallic pieces is related to Parthians. Due to their lengthy rule, of about five centuries, Parthian coins form important part of numismatic collection at the museums. Authors have taken Reza Abbasi Museum at Tehran as case study to review the authenticity of those coins. A comparison between statistical data and available historical records give a vivid idea about the genuineness and forgery of these metallic pieces. As such, this article attempts to show the genuineness of some of the coins by taking into account statistical data from early Parthian kings and their comparison with the available historical documents.

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A lot of research has been done to study force-tractions and couple-tractions acting on the surface of solid and fluid elements. Navior-Stokes equations have been developed based on these researches in the domain of fluid mechanics. However, a number of researchers have emphasized that the Navior-Stokes equations are not sufficient and they should be modified because regardless of couple-stress effects. In this paper, after presenting couple-stress theory, two flow geometry between two concentric pipes and flow over porous wall are considered and the behavior of them are compared with classical case. It has been shown that the force-stress tensor is not symmetric by calculating two components of the force-stress tensor for flow between two concentric pipes. In addition, it can be considered that length scale is an effective parameter on small scale flow by calculating flow velocity profile for these two geometries and by comparing them with classical solution. However, the effects of length scale on the velocity profile and the flow rate decrease with increasing geometrical scales of the problem. These results can be used to study fluid flows with small-scale characteristics such as biofluids, lubrication and microelectromechanical systems

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In the present paper, the effect of fins presence on natural convection between coaxial annuli was investigated, numerically. The external duct was circular and the internal ducts included three circular, square, and triangular cross sections for discussed annuli. As a geometrical constrain, both cross section area and diameter of external duct of annuli were considered equivalent together for all investigated cases. The area of fins installed on the internal ducts was constant, and their effects on thermal behavior of annuli were compared with considering the constant wall temperature boundary condition for surfaces in the range of 105≤Ra≤108. The results showed that with increase of Rayleigh number and consequently velocity, the heat transfer coefficient was increased for both surfaces. However, presence of fins reduced the values of heat transfer coefficient of internal ducts about 50%, while they increased those values for external ducts. Also, in the case of circular annulus, with increase of Rayleigh number, the Nusselt number wincreased about 71% and 64% for non-finned and finned ones, respectively. As a result, fins increased the overall heat transfer rate of both surfaces of annuli about 13% in comparison of non-finned surfaces.

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In this paper, natural convection heat transfer is numerically investigated in a square enclosure filled with power law non-Newtonian fluid model and central heat source for steady and quiet state. The top wall of the enclosure is thermally insulated and the vertical walls are at constant temperature of TC. The down wall of the enclosure also has four equal parts at constant temperature of TC and TH. The governing equations for the power-law fluid flow are solved with the numerical finite difference method based on the control volume formulation and SIMPLE algorithm. The results show that for small Rayleigh numbers the Nusselt number will not be affected by changes of the power law index but in Ra=106, thermal performance changes are more significant with the change in power law index. With a smaller the Rayleigh number in all indexs, the center of flow lines rotation, regarding to the axis parallel to axis Y, in the middle of the enclosure, will be more symmetrical. Also with stronger natural convection in the square enclosure, the average of Nusselt number for non-Newtonian fluid increase with increased power law index and improved thermal performance by increasing the Rayleigh number is impressive for the density power law fluid (n˃1). Results also show that the Rayleigh number for the start of natural convection in the square enclosure is reduced by increasing the power law index.

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In this paper, the interior air of the room heated by the solar wall (Trombe) with respect to Heat conduction in the wall is numerically simulated. Momentum and energy equations have been Algebraic with finite volume method and at the same time are solved with SIMPLE algorithm. First, a reference model is introduced and the results are presented and then with this reference model, the effective parameters on the performance of the wall were investigated and ultimately the most optimal geometry for the solar wall with the best performance was voted.As well, rectangular fins has been put on the surface of the absorbent wall, in order to increase its efficiency. The results show that solar wall with rectangular fins in all air gaps has better performance than plain wall and for example, with rectangular fins in the air gap equal to 1 m, room temperature is approximately 1.24% more than the simple Trombe wall. Then, using Artificial Neural Networks and ANFIS the values increase of room temperature by increasing the number of fins has been projected on the wall. The neural network was trained in such a way that the average temperature of the room depends on the number of fins on the surface of the absorbent the solar wall. The results compare mean squared error and root-mean-square error showed that ANFIS With the mean squared error equal to 0.742599 has good performance and acceptable accuracy compared with Neural Network With the mean squared error equal 1.1 to predict temperature.

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Painted rocks may be considered the oldest manifestation of art in human society. The history of this art is estimated to be more than 30 thousand years. This art has also a long history in Iran.
This article introduces one of these rock art sites i.e. Ghalat Niloo which is located in Kazeroon County, south-east of Ghalat Niloo village. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the location, the function of concepts, the history, classification and relationship of these designs with similar samples available from other areas. These designs have been engraved on the walls of the caves and include subjects such as hunting, human on horseback with a bow in hand, animal images mostly goats and in one case a dog. They probably date back to the 1^st Millennium BC.

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From the middle of the first millennium BC, there witnessed a gradual bilateral relation between Iranians and Greeks. These people to people attachments also resulted in interactive influences between these two cultures and arts. Qualitative and quantitative investigation on these interactions is a basic issue in identifying both cultures. The current paper, among all miscellaneous influences of Hellenism on the culture and the art of the Parthian realm, attempts to analyze only the influences of basics and rules of the Greek aestheticism on the Parthian sculpture and come to a historical conclusion based on an inductive method.               

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From the middle of the first millennium BC, there witnessed a gradual bilateral relation between Iranians and Greeks. These people to people attachments also resulted in interactive influences between these two cultures and arts. Qualitative and quantitative investigation on these interactions is a basic issue in identifying both cultures.
The current paper, among all miscellaneous influences of Hellenism on the culture and the art of the Parthian realm, attempts to analyze only the influences of basics and rules of the Greek aestheticism on the Parthian sculpture and come to a historical conclusion based on an inductive method.
 
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