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Aims: The spread of the Corona pandemic has affected the status of companies involved in information and communication technology. This study aimed to investigate individuals’ subjective perspectives on the use of ICT (online businesses, virtual meetings, e-learning, and generally the role and impact of cyberspace) and finally evaluate people’s willingness to pay.
Materials & Methods: In this study, a conditional logit model was used. The required information was collected through a field survey by completing a questionnaire from 384 respondents of Tehran citizens in 2021.
Findings: Based on the information from the questionnaires filled, more than 75% of the respondents rated the use of cyberspace capabilities for encountering Corona disease as moderate and high. The result of estimating people’s willingness to pay for the feature of “use of information and communication technology” in the present study was 5600000 Rials.
Conclusion: Considering the capabilities of this technology and its position among the people, it is necessary to put on the agenda ICT penetration expansion and planning to make maximum use of its capabilities in similar pandemics and crises.
 

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The key to the survival of a historical building is in its active mode and the spirit of dynamism in it. The dynamism of space is always an opportunity to create a stronger relationship between architecture and society, to organize sustainable urban development. Hence, in-between urban networks are highly important in reviving urban dynamism.
The purpose of this article is to recognize and analyze the areas affecting urban dynamism interacting with the concept of in-between space, with the solution of changing the land-use of sumptuous historical buildings based on neighborhood-based contemporization model and seeks to answer the question how intracity dynamism  is  defined as in-between space.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the process of analysis proceeds by selecting valuable historical buildings and how to change their land-use. This study aims to study the impact of changes in the land-use of selected buildings as an in-between space in urban dynamism by qualitative research of the indicators derived from the contemporization theory and has evaluated the effectiveness of metrics using the opinions of four groups of participants.
Several rehabilitated historical houses in Tehran were analyzed with TND approach and an emphasis on the neighborhood-based contemporization theory, then areas and strategies affecting urban dynamism resulting from land-use change were extracted, and finally, the most obvious effective characteristics in selected in-between buildings were introduced as urban communication network.
 

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Aims: The strong relationship between place and society is evidence of the formation of sustainable social life in the urban space. The valuable houses, as part of modern heritage; and factories as part of the industrial heritage; are separated from their context. The main purpose of this research is to formulate a place-based development approach. According to the research hypothesis, there is a significant relationship between economic, structural, public and environmental factors.
Methods: In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the process of analysis has been organized with the method of logical reasoning and content-qualitative analysis of the texture of neighborhood centers. This study intends to study the effect of interface space on inner-city dynamism by qualitative studies of the indicators derived from the location-based development approach, using the opinions of participants to evaluate the effectiveness of effective metrics. Three neighborhoods have been studied, selected from among the historical and valuable neighborhoods of Hamedan.
Findings: Analysis of the interaction of elements left over from the past heritage of Hamedan, with emphasis on the theory of place-based development, showed that the reconnection of urban elements with each other is of special importance and is one of the most obvious effective features in intermediate spaces.
Conclusion: According to the place-based development approach, in the dimensions of the middle space, spatial arrangement and diversity of economic performance and socio-cultural infrastructure in the urban context of neighborhoods, have an increasing role in the vitality of neighborhoods and creating sustainable dynamism.

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Nowadays resources mobilization besides identifying optimum financing methods is one of the top priorities for economic policy makers. Undoubtedly, the growing trend of literature on Sukuk would be regarded an act in this line, so that various studies have been conducted on usage methods of them until now. Most of these studies have focused on explaining conceptual, legal, administrative and religious jurisprudence aspects of the bond as well as their applications in different economic sectors such as agriculture, industry, tourism and have paid less attention to intra-sectors such as external trade. In this article, we review non-oil export structure of Iran and analyze the feasibility of export financing through applying sukuk securities from operational, institutional, and religious jurisprudence points of view. The results imply that at the time being Mudaraba and Istisna are the proper options for financing export of goods and technical & engineering services. Meanwhile Musharaka security can be applied for both as well. At the end of paper the operatable-national framework of three-sukuk securities issuance has been developed.  

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Aim and Introduction 
The pension system is of special place in the employment regulations of the private and public sectors of all countries of the world. In addition, pension funds are known as one of the most sensitive and complex financial institutions in today's world, whose main goal is to preserve the livelihood and dignity of people in old age. Pension funds have been created to provide social rights for citizens, and a long-term horizon is one of the main features of such funds. By receiving insurance premiums from the insured and investing the resources gathered in the early years and the so-called youth period of the fund, pension funds provide pensions for retirees during their maturity. The process of maturity of pension funds occurs naturally and if it is accompanied by the aging of the country's population, it will intensify. According to the International Monetary Fund, pension expenditures in the Social Security Organization and the civil serpents' Pension Fund will increase from 5.3% in 2015 to 11% in 2040 and 19.6% of GDP in 2080 and in the future, a large part of the country's budget should be spent on paying pensions.

Methodology
This study seeks to simulate and apply corrective policies to improve the financial misalignment in the Iranian pension system using dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model based on the overlapping generations (OLG) model. In this regard, impulse response functions were used to examine the effects of the proposed parametric corrections. The DSGE models are stochastic, microeconomic-founded, provide the possibility of dynamic evaluation of parametric changes as well as random changes of exogenous variables of the system, and give inter-temporal optimization of the behavior of economic agents. In addition, the mechanism of intergenerational transfer in the pension funds, can be well evaluated and studied by these models, so it seems to be a suitable tool for studying the effects of demographic parametric changes on the financial balance of pension funds.

Findings
The results show that positive shocks to the variables of years of service, birth rate, and average years of insurance, the financial misalignment of pension funds decreases. According to the results, linking the retirement age with life expectancy and increasing the years of premium payment can reduce financial misalignment and increase financial stability in the Iranian pension system.

Discussion and Conclusion
The government's decision to implement reforms in Iran's pension system is essential, taking into account social considerations and the step-by-step nature of these reforms. However, according to our findings, the following policies should be presented to improve the financial imbalance of Iran's pension system:
1. The results of the positive shock analysis to the years of service variable showed that the later retirement of people reduces economic dissatisfaction, and considering the past and projected increase in life expectancy in Iran, increasing the retirement age is justified and logical. According to global experience, the average retirement age should be increased from 60 to 63 years for men and from 55 to 58 years for women (one year for every two years). Also, in the future, it is suggested that the average retirement age be linked to the growth of life expectancy.
2. The analysis results of the positive shock to the birth rate variable showed that the young population reduces the financial imbalance. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies to encourage birth in the coming years, because the population aging phenomenon will have destructive effects on the stability of the pension system.
3. A positive shock to the average variable of years of insurance has positive effects on reducing the financial imbalance of pension funds. In this regard, it is suggested to change the calculation of pensions in all pension funds, including state, military, and social security organizations, based on the average salary of the last three to five years of employment, which it is currently based on the average of the previous two years.
 

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As the overriding components of discourse, metadiscourse markers (MDMs) have been studied extensively through varying disciplines and paradigms and in different languages/cultures. However, when it comes to subdisciplinary realization of these features, particularly in medicine, we have to seemingly pave a long way. Identifying this gap, the present corpus-based study which is inspired by the metadiscourse taxonomy of Hyland (2005), focuses on exploration of 180 Medical Physics and Nursing research articles (RAs) as two rather distinct but comparable subfields of medicine across the quantitative and qualitative paradigms in English. It is expected that the findings will help in heading off the problems of the academic researchers and graduate students in writing RAs.

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Financial imbalances and disparity between resources and expenditures in Iranian pension funds have made the need for reforms inevitable. Today, the share of government aid from public expenditures to two Civil and Military pension funds has increased from about 11 percent in 2013 to about 19 percent in 2021, and this trend has been increasing in recent years. However, despite the perception of the crisis in the pension system of various actors, these reforms have not been implemented. In this regard, the present study seeks pathology and finds a solution to solve the crisis of the Iranian pension system during 2013-2021. Due to the existence of different actors and stakeholders, one of the non-quantitative methods of game theory models, called the graph model, was used to resolve the conflicts. This model is an important tool for modeling and analyzing complex problems, expresses the most likely consequences of various problems in the world, and finally provide guidelines for its improvement. The modeling results of the retirement crisis show that the fourth mode of the model, i.e. the state of reform, is more likely to occur. Therefore, the current situation is not a stable one for all players, and they are motivated to leave. According to the results, limiting government support, changing the pension system, and carrying out structural and parametric reforms will improve the current situation.