Showing 17 results for Mousavi Kouhpar
Volume 5, Issue 2 (3-2014)
Abstract
Khaveh plain in the township of Delfan is considered as one of the important plains in the Central Zagros Mountain situated in Eastern Pusht-i Kuh and located between Garin and Sefid-e Kooh Mountains. In general, 36 archeological sites have so far been identified in this plain: the oldest of which relates to aceramic Neolithic Age, and the newest one belongs to the Late-Islamic Age. Among them, 20 sites contain relics related to the Parthian Period. The noteworthy discussions in the present study are mainly based on the activities performed at this plain during 2009-2010 in order to register and determine the boarders of archeological sites, and those carried out in 2011 aiming to identify and analyze the settlement patterns of the Parthian reign in this region. General perception and understanding of the settlement pattern in this region during the Parthian period is the results of this research, which represents demographic or settlement dispersion changes compared with the previous eras. Also it became clear that most of the settlements in the region were small villages or temporary settlements and no evidence of urban centers was recognized. Finally, the present study deals with the investigation and interpretation of the settlement patterns of the Parthian period in this plain.
Volume 6, Issue 1 (4-2014)
Abstract
Abstract
The tombs play an important role in the Islamic era. These buildings, which are widely distributed in all parts of Iran, can reveal detailed information about the architectural styles, decorations and other materials relating to the structures and forms of these kinds of buildings. Shiite Zeidiyye government in the fourth century AD and Mar’ashid in the eighth century AD, and immigration of Sādāt and Alavid individuals to the Iranian plateau and regions such as Rey, Ghasran, Damavand, Tabarestan, Ghumes (Kumesh) and Khorassan, have been the reasons for the development of these buildings. With the death or martyrdom of these people, those places were focal points for the growth of the Shi'ite thoughts and justice-oriented uprisings or jumps. Lavassanat and Rudbar-e-Ghasran region in the northern present-day Tehran has been in direct contact with the area of Damavand in the southern Alborz climatically, historically, and culturally. This study is an analysis between some Ilkhanid buildings in the area of Lavasanat and RudbarGhasran and some contemporaneous monuments at Damavand area. The purpose is a comparison and studying of architectonic structure of the buildings, stylistic similarities and differences between them, and the kind of material and ornaments used at the mentioned regions. The research method is descriptive – analytic, data gathering was done by field and documentary methods with a theoretical orientation in cultural history studies.
Volume 6, Issue 3 (No.3- 2014)
Abstract
The remains of the historical city of AskarMokram are situated in Khuzistan near the Band-e Ghir village in the form of various Tepes (hills) on either sides of the Gargar River. On the basis of historical and geographical sources, the city was established in the second half of the first century during the gradual development of the military camping place of Mokram- ibn- Motraf or Mokram- ibn- Fazar, the servant of Hajaj–ibn-Yusuf Saqafi in the Sasanian village or small city named Rostaqobad; therefore, the city is called “AskarMokram”. The city was gradually developed on either sides of Masroqan River and became famous as the center of Khoreh/Koreh with the same name, and as one of the most important cities of Khuzistan during the Islamic period. The strategic and military situation of the city, which was located in the way of Iraq and Khuzistan to Fars and Lurestan, and was considered before the establishment of the city (and actually is regarded as the main reason of the forming of AskarMokram), made the city more important. It seems that when the irrigation system of Masroqan River and the agricultural economy of the region were declined in the last centuries of the medial Islamic period, the importance of AskarMokram was reduced, and probably the city abandoned completely during the fifteenth century A.D.
In this article, it is attempted to render the comprehensive picture of the city during the Islamic period by the exact study of historical and geographical sources, and make comparison between them.
Volume 6, Issue 3 (No.3- 2014)
Abstract
Kalmakareh treasure was accidentally explored by a rural hunter from the Kalmakareh cave in 1989. The cave is Located in the north west of Poldokhtar City in Loristanprovice. The treasure includes different types of vessels like rhytons, human and animal statues, masks, plaques, bracelets, etc. Based on the previous studies, the treasure belongs to Neo-Elamite period (1th millennium BC). These objects bear archaeological significance and enjoy unique value, with recpect to Neo-Elamite inscriptions in some of them. Deciphering theses incscriptions by Lambert, F.Vallat and RassoulBashash, and archaeological analysis by Leila Khosravi shed light on an anonymous local governorship of the Neo-Elamite, and provided a New chapter in the archaeological studies of this particular period in the west of Iran. Except a few number of masks made of gold, the rest objects of this collection were nade of silver. It seems that, because of being as a scale for trade at the time, the artisans deliberately applied silver to produce kalmakareh treasure. The authors aim to present an analytical study on the golden masks of the treasure, and slso compare them with the same types produced in other cultures.
Volume 6, Issue 3 (No.3- 2014)
Abstract
Caucasus region became a part of Achaemenid Empire during the Dariush attack to Scythian at 513-512 BC, and formed the northern border of the empire. Modern Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, which generally form the south Caucasus countries, have been part of Achaemenid subordinate nations. In the official lists of Achaemenid satrapies, only the name of Armenia, has been noted and the administrative position of the other regions (Georgia and Azerbaijan) is less clear. The only written source that contains some information about this issue is Herodotus, and Archaeology data also shows that at the end of 6 century BC, major changes and innovations have been occurred in these regions as a result of Persian attendance. According to archaeological data, the most notably are Achaemenid type palaces with bell shaped column bases. Based on Herodotus records and other cultural material, western Armenia was a part of the 18th satrapy, eastern Armenia was a part of the13th satrapy, and Azerbaijan belonged to the 11th satrapy in Herodotus list. Also western Georgia (i.e. Colchis) was not directly a satrapy, and at the extremity border of Achaemenid Empire, had undertaken protecting the north border of the empire against the Scythians, attacks. Although eastern Georgia (i.e. Iberia) was a part of the 11th or 18th satrapy in Herodotus list. In general, the aim of this study is to investigate the administrative position of modern Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia in the Achaemeniansatrapal system based on archaeological data. The methodology of this research is based on library research and field visiting of the areas in question.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
A vital consideration must be implied on recognizing and investigating the Ural plannings of old and ancient cities. Old architectural Ural plannings as Iranian civil and culture symbol, are historical documents, which exhibit experiences from old Iranians. Warm regions form a major part of our country. City Ural plannings are totally based on the special warm and dry weather, which provides the responses to the people of the region. Accordingly, a similar condition is considered for all warm and dry regions in Iran. Sarayan is one of the cities located around the central desert of Iran, which contains the ancient and valuable Ural planning proportional to the condition of the region. This city is located in southern Khorasan province and the north western part of this province. Special regional properties, mountains and deserts neighborhood and being along a connective road have made Sarayan a place for residence, which caused its extension and growth. An alive spirit is exposing from past up to now according to different architectures from the Timurid to Pahlavid and six different areas inside the city, as well as distinctive architectures inside each area. This field and library research has been done in order to rebuild the urban Ural planning of Sarayan from Safavid to the first Pahlavid.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (10-2019)
Abstract
Abstract
Iron Age is one of the key and important periods of the humankind evolutionary process in the world. This period is representative of crucial changes of human life. New citied were erected and urbanization took on a new dimension by large numbers of urban dwellings. Social hierarchies were stabilized and new cultural traditions in human societies emerged by technological, industrial, literature and ideology. But the case in Iranian Plateau is not the same. No region in the Iranian Plateau had experienced an integrated power and literature except the Elamites, unlike neighboring regions such as Mesopotamia and Anatoly. While despite all these lacking and differences the region can’t be disregarded in figuring out the general overview of the Middle Eastern Iron Age puzzle. As the region’s specific geographical characteristics as well as its strategic position made it share an important part in the formation and replacement of the Iron Age cultures in the Middle East. In this regard studying the Iron Ages in Iran and their formation both from geographical and theoretical would be of great importance in knowing this period changes. However, because of geographical complexity of the western Iran knowing the Iron Age cultures, their emergence and develop is not complete and there are many theories on the issue. In order to explain the evolutionary process of the Iron Age societies in the region, this article aims to review and reevaluate the various theories on Iron Age emergence and development through western Iran and
Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (5-2006)
Abstract
The demonstration of female figures on Sasanian silver vessels was an interesting subject to Sasanian silversmiths which caused much dispute among the scholars over whose character the female figure represents. Are they representations of the goddess Anahita or members of her cult? Is there any connection between them and the cult of Asiatic Dionysus? The other question that arises is whether they are secular objects or bearing a religious significance. This paper aims to review previous studies and then, on the basis of an iconographical study and also referring to the Sasanian religious text, present a new interpretation of themes.
Leila Khosravi, Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar, Javad Neyestani, Alireza Hojabri Nobari,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (6-2010)
Abstract
The hoard of Kalmakarra Cave that includes hundreds of golden and silver objects has been unearthed in 1989 in Pol-e Dokhtar located at Loristān Province by villagers. In addition to aesthetical values, these objects bear archeological significance. Their unique value, with respect to inscriptions in Old Aramaic, Neo- Assyrian and Neo- Elamite on some of them. Deciphering these inscriptions by [Jean] Lambert, François Vallat and Rassoul Bashāsh shed light on an anonymous local governorship of the Neo-Elamite and provided a new chapter in the archeological studies of this particular period in Iran, which this paper will focus on it.
Ali Haghighat, Hamed Vahdati Nasab, Ali Reza Hejebri Nobari, Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar,
Volume 19, Issue 3 (7-2012)
Abstract
An amalgamation of ancient mythological and linguistic features from Ghabrestan Tepe, this article is disposed to introduce some of the oldest findings especially about the then prevailing myths. It can possibly be said that the oldest motifs carved by men, on bones, stones or on cave walls have been the depictions of myths related to Homo sapiens; however, even after the lapse of thousands of years, it is still impossible to find the main tenets they actually tried to narrate through those depictions. Unfortunately, we have to admit that, even the use of modern methods, doesn’t help us to reach to those stories that are much warped and deformed. This article, tries to carry, what has remained from some later version of the myths, backwards in time and, by focusing on a pottery design, uncover what once has been a mythological and significant narrative. Perhaps this had been a well-known mythological story narrated in religious and domestic circles.
Volume 22, Issue 1 (Spring 2018)
Abstract
Introduction:
Northwestern of Iran reveals different geographical appearances including plain, semi dry and mountainous regions. Geographically, east of northwestern of Iran is mountainous with montane valleys that highly attracted societies through history for potential sources and geographical variables. Arjaq Plain is among the most important montane valleys of east of north-west of Iran, of where settlements date to Chalcolithic period. It was only during recent decades that archaeologist considered the regions, while earlier researches and chronologies generally limited to two coasts of Lake Urmia and conclusions generalized to the whole region of northwestern Iran, especially during Iron Age.
Methodology:
Data of research are consisted of archaeological and geographical ones. The geographical data are collected and analyzed following bibliographic, according geographical researches; while Archaeological data are collected following field works, according archaeological surveys and excavations. The main question of the research is effective cultural, environmental, and geographical variables in formation and development of Shahryeri site. Present research attempts to answer the question considering archaeological surveys and excavations and analysis relying on theories of landscape archaeology that is one of the most important attitudes in recognizing and interpreting behavioral patterns of ancient societies, considering expansion of surficial data. Landscape archaeology is a conceptual, interactional, processual, and interdisciplinary attitude that provide a framework at define patterns, and determining explainable and interpretable behavioral data. Considering landscape archaeology, time and space are significant in investigating archaeological data. Ecological theory of Kennethe F.watt used to study category of location. Kennethe F.watt enjoyed ecological variables of material, energy, space, time, and variation that effected formation, expansion, continuity, and destruction of settlement. He believed that if one could present interaction of these five variables, therefore, all ecological parts integrate in a single theoretical framework.
Results and discussion:
Shahryeri ancient site at Mshkin Shahr is among the most characteristic sites of northwestern of Iran that covers some 200 hectares on a promontory, 1.5 Km east of Pirazmian village at suburbs of Meshkin Shahr and Noqdi County. For the first time, it discovered following surveys of Charles Burney at 1978 at northwestern Iran, where introduced as Qaleh Arjaq. It was only at 1381 that it registered in National heritage list by no. 6162. There have been three seasons of archaeological excavations since 1382 to 1384 under Alireza Hozhabri Nobari.
The site formed and firstly settled following Herding and semi pastoralism subsistence strategy during Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The most important architectural remains of the periods is an early temple that included an stone wall, mud mortar, mud brick, and monoliths that laid back to the wall. It is semicircular whereas the monoliths positioned in front of each other. There is a 4.5×3 m chamber at west with a platform. It appears it is an adjunct space to the temple that used as tribute chamber and altar.
Three features indicate development at Middle Iron Age at Shahryeri including:
Castle with fortifications: the enclosure covers about 35 hectares area. Length of the wall of castle is 522 m and it is about 0.16-2.5 m thick. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates in the wall, whereas the main gate is located at southernmost of lower city and another gate at east of lower city that is protected by huge walls and two towers. The gate is 5.5 m wide. There is a precipice at northwest of the castle that glorifies the castle and creates a natural enclosure at this part of the castle.
Temple with anthropomorphic monolith: the temple covers about 2200 m with 7 corridors from 15 to 25 m length and 1 to 3 m width. There are some more than 500 anthropomorphic monoliths with 2.3 to 35 cm with different forms, while there are platforms as altar in front of each.
Expansion of cemetery: there are two groups of burials at the cemetery of Shahryeri. The first group, which sums up to 278 burials, is scarce burials around the castle that spread within 5 km radius. The second group consists of a dense cemetery with 200 burials 5 km away from the castle. Distribution of the burials generally is at northwest of the castle and around the temple area and surrounding plains and valleys. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates along the wall, whereas main gate is at southernmost of the lower city and the other entrance is at eat of the lower city that protected by huge walls and two towers. The defensive wall constructed using huge rough stones, while they filled by smaller stones. The enclosure is 140-150 cm thick and reaches to 200 cm next to the entrance.
Ecological potentials to settle societies that Kennethe F.watt classified assessed at landscape of Shahryeri at the phase of formation and development. Results of the formation phase indicate water, soil, availability of mines, weather, accessibility, location at connecting roads, plain and mountain pastures, and natural shelters to protect herds were among the most important factors to locate the landscape of Shahryeri by semi pastoral people of Late Bronze Age. Architectural remains from archaeological excavations, from the same period, affirmatively including pastoral settlements with an early structure of temple and few burials. The phase of development at Middle Iron Age, is coincided to accumulation of wealth following location at main road, flourish of Shahryeri's temple, and collection of tributes from different regions. Archaeological evidences of development of Sharyeri are a 534 m fortification and a temple, with expansion of cemetery to more than 10 hectares. Considering lack of residential area, it appears that people's lifestyle and subsistence strategy were semi pastoralism, whereas the vast cemetery indicates an increase of population across the landscape, however, they partially resided at the castle.
Conclusion:
Conclusions indicate that assembling of five factors of material, energy, space, time, and varieties of facilities at the site during Late Bronze Age are caused settlement of the site, whereas flourished at Middle Iron Age for location at main roads and accumulation of wealth in addition to former factors.
Alireza Qaderi, Farhang K. Nadooshan, Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar, Javad Neyestani,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (4-2015)
Abstract
From the middle of the first millennium BC, there witnessed a gradual bilateral relation between Iranians and Greeks. These people to people attachments also resulted in interactive influences between these two cultures and arts. Qualitative and quantitative investigation on these interactions is a basic issue in identifying both cultures.
The current paper, among all miscellaneous influences of Hellenism on the culture and the art of the Parthian realm, attempts to analyze only the influences of basics and rules of the Greek aestheticism on the Parthian sculpture and come to a historical conclusion based on an inductive method.
Mohammad Ghamari Fatideh, Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (4-2015)
Abstract
The archaeological site of Afalleh is located in the north of Khachak village, in the intermountain plain of Kojour, in southern end of Nowshahr District, Mazandaran Province. Drawing on the available evidence, the site is dated to the Parthian period. Afalleh is clearly an archaeo- metallurgical center in the area, and by virtue of its relatively large size (more than 5 ha) might be one of the most significant and/or important archaeo- metallurgical sites of the Parthian period in the entire region. Large and dense scatters of slag and kiln wasters, especially in southern and western quadrants, hint at extensive and/or long-termed archaeo- metallurgical activities at the site. The surface slag could be divided into two groups of sponge and dense with a dark color near to black. Most slags are seen on southern part of the site. A stone building is partially exposed in western side of the site, where a dirt road has cut a part of the archaeological deposits. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses indicate that the slags are rich of fayalite and wustite, ferrous silicate and iron oxide minerals, respectively. Inside one of these slags a thick prill of iron is observed that has been largely replaced with secondary iron oxides. This observation indicates an indirect reduction of iron from its ore-producing carbonized iron (steel and cast iron)-and refers to its separation from silicate melt more probably outside of furnace. In this paper we describe the site and data has produced concerning the probable extent of the smelting activities, this is a comparative study and is a discussion on possible provenance of ore deposits.
Alireza Qaderi, Farhang K. Nadooshan, Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar, Javad Neyestani,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (10-2015)
Abstract
From the middle of the first millennium BC, there witnessed a gradual bilateral relation between Iranians and Greeks. These people to people attachments also resulted in interactive influences between these two cultures and arts. Qualitative and quantitative investigation on these interactions is a basic issue in identifying both cultures.
The current paper, among all miscellaneous influences of Hellenism on the culture and the art of the Parthian realm, attempts to analyze only the influences of basics and rules of the Greek aestheticism on the Parthian sculpture and come to a historical conclusion based on an inductive method.
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Mousa Sabzi Doabi, Alireza Hejebri Nobari, Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar, Mohammad Reza Mohammadian,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (2-2016)
Abstract
Alashtar is one of the prominent valley plains in central Zagros Mountain Range. The main focus of this study is based on the activities performed in this plain in 2006-2007 periods with the aim of identifying and studying the ancient relics as well as the studies conducted in 2010 to identify and analyze Parthian settlement patterns in this area. Archaeological survey in the area identified 72 historical sites and ancient monument. The current studies suggest that first settlements in this area date back to Copper and Stone Age and the most recent settled sites belong to the later centuries of the Islamic period. Among the historical relics found in Alashtar plain, 42 relics contained remnants of the Parthian. The overall perception of the settlement pattern in this plain during Parthian period reflects variation in population or distribution of settlement patterns compared to the former and later periods. The distribution pattern of the identified historical sites suggests that the settlements were mainly in the form of rural units with no evidence of urban centers. Overall, the distribution pattern of Parthian settlements has been strongly influenced by climatic characteristics, environmental capabilities and the special geographical position of the region. This paper attempts to study the Parthian settlement pattern in this plain; moreover, it seeks to examine these historical sites and interpret the settlement patterns in the Parthian period.
Mohammad Hasan Zaal, Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar, Javad Neyestani, Alireza Hejabri Nobari,
Volume 23, Issue 3 (7-2016)
Abstract
The history of Tabaristän, from the late Sassanid era through the middle Islamic age, underwent significant social and political changes the result of which were independence seeking movements leading to some semi-independent local governments. Each of these governments claimed political and social governance over a particular region. Castles, as important and influential military bases, were means at the disposal of the commanders and governors to maintain their sociopolitical power. Among the known castles in the mountains of Mazandaran province, Pouläd Castle in Nour, the capital of Nour County, is one of the symbols of territorial defense. It is located on a tall mount off the city of Baladeh in Nour County. Being built on an elevated location and overlooking the important surrounding regions and strategic ways has made Pouläd Castle one of the important centers in the sociopolitical changes. The present study follows a field work method as well as a library research method to investigate the defense structure of Pouläd castle and its geopolitical and geostrategic role in the power distribution pattern over the region of Rouyän in Tabaristän during the Islamic middle ages. The results show that the builders had tried their best to enhance the stability of the castle by building several layers of walls, utilizing the slope of the mountain, building several defense towers, and using rocky and impervious points as natural forts. Architectural analysis shows that Pouläd Castle, with both its military and political functions, has had a prominent role in the political changes of western Tabaristän.
Alireza Hejebri Nobari , Hossein Davoudi, Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar, Marjan Mashkour,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (1-2017)
Abstract
Northwestern Iran is one of the key regions in the archaeological researches, especially during the Iron Age. Tepe Hasanlu is an important ancient site due to its long-term occupation and extensive excavations, with relatively complete studies. This paper dealing with the results of recent archaeozoological researches of Hasanlu, to complete the lack of studies on the subsistence economy of the site. The studied faunal remains of Hasanlu derived from campaigns of 1970, 1972 and 1974, which are housed in the Osteology Department of the National Museum of Iran. This paper intends to examine the subsistence economy and animal exploitation patterns during the Iron Age in Tepe Hasanlu. The faunal remains of Middle and Late Bronze Age and Historic period also evaluated to better perception of changes and evolutions in subsistence strategies of Iron Age. The results of studies pointed to the developed animal husbandry during all periods of Hasanlu, which domesticated sheep and goats, and cattle were the most important exploited resources. Equids also allocated the considerable portion of the collection which especially bred in Iron Age. The same pattern identified in contemporaneous sites such as Haftavan Tepe and Dinkhah Tepe in northwestern Iran.
