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The information structure of a sentence is concerned with the formal expression of the referents and propositions in a given discourse. The formal expression of a referent is affected, among others, by such factors as the degree of mental identifiability of the referents, the pragmatic relation of referents in a proposition, etc. Based on the identifiability parameter proposed by Lambrecht (1994), the present study is intended to analyze the different lexico-grammatical codings of the mental referents and propositions in English and Persian. To do so, the first chapter of George Orwell's “Animal Farm” and its translation by Amir Amirshahi were analyzed based on the concepts of information structure theory. The findings revealed that the morphological coding in both English and Persian is affected by the degree of identifiability of the mental referents; in particular, identifiable referents were found to be represented by weak forms and unidentifiable referents by strong forms. In addition, English and Persian preferred morphological forms were found to be different. It was also found that identifiability parameter affects both the syntactic and prosodic patterns of the languages involved. The utterances with identifiable referents were mainly matched with subject position or were mainly coded as unaccented. In addition, it was found that, unlike morphological coding of both source language (English) and target language (Persian), identifiability parameter affected the prosodic and syntactic forms of both languages almost in the same way. Chi-square and Z test were used to show the significance of the statistics.

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The present study deals with the senses of preposition ̎Fii̎ in the Holy Quran. The theoretical framework of this study is Cognitive Semantics. In Cognitive Semantics, the spatial sense is usually supposed to be the central and prototypical sense of spatial prepositions and other temporal, abstract, metaphoric and metonymic senses are derived from it. All uses of ̎Fii̎ were extracted from the Holy Quran and their senses were analyzed using Quran translations and Tafseer books of Almizan and Majmaolbayan. Using the achievements and theoretical tools of Cognitive Semantics such as image scheme, semantic categories , prototypical sense, semantic radial network, trajector and landmark, the writers of the study have tried to present the prototypical (central or main) sense and also other senses via metaphor and metonymy and finally they have drawn its semantic network. Findings of Cognitive Semantics reveal that the number of the senses of preposition ̎Fii̎ is more than what have been recorded in the classical literature of Arabic language and this means that Cognitive Semantics Approach is more efficient and accurate in describing the senses of the prepositions. There have been about ten senses for fii in the classical literature of Arabic including: containment, accompaniment, tendency, above, attachment, synonym of ̎Ilaa̎, synonym of ̎Min̎, comparison, substitution and emphasis, but this study offers thirteen related senses for ̎Fii̎.

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With the advent of linguistic researches in the early seventies on the conditions of the women in language, an overwhelming turn came into the sociolinguistics. The most important rationale behind this attitude was the surge in Feminist movements in the modern times. Women authors strongly believe that masculine/male literature reinforces traditional sexual clichés and that in their works, portrays women as dependent and victim. They contend that the image depicted by men in their works of women is more frequently than not unrealistic. In other words, women/females in most of the literary works are considered as “others” to men/males and, henceforth, in male-dominated literature, the women question and the women experience are not dealt with. Quite on the contrary, the role assumed for women is what men ascribe to them and deem more suitable. This led to women arguing that, since they are endowed with special biological features and feminine experiences like sympathizing, cooperation, sensitivity and special power to observe, they are more likely to convey a special aspect of femininity to the reader, which is absent from male/masculine writing/écritude. Female writers in Iran could establish their place in writing fictional works and, hence, be widely received by the audience. This paper, via applying the Theory of Language and Social Semiotics, tries to delve into two novels: ‘Sovashon-by Simin Daneshvar-and ‘Adat mikonim'-by Zoya Pirzad. The methodology is descriptive-analytic. This paper substantiates the claim that women in different strata (syntactic, semantic and cognitive) of these two novels struggle to represent their identity in various ways.  

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There are several attitudes about the linguistic characteristics of literary works by female authors. The present study aims at highlighting the need for a stylistic analysis of female fictions as a method for linguistic, literary, and ideological analyses of these works. In this study, we have studied the most important stylistic aspects of Pirzad’s writings through a feminist stylistic approach. The results of the study indicate that from the first work of the author (Mesl-e hameh-ye asr-ha^[1]) to the last work (Ādat mikonim^[2]), a feminist point of view has emerged at different levels of the texts, e.g. lexicon, sentence, and discourse. The changing trend of thought which leads to linguistic transformation and development in the author’s work is as follows: in Mesl-e hameh-ye asr-ha,Ta’m-e gass-e khormalu,^[3]Yek ruz mandeh be eid-e pak,^[4] the women are engaged in routines and have no intentionality of their own, while in Cheragh-ha ra man khamoosh mikonam,^[5] the women status is challenged, and in Adat mikonim, due to the role of women in social activities, a different description of female identity as the agent of change is presented.
[1]. Like All Evenings [2]. We Will Get Used to It [3]. The Acrid Taste of Persimmon  [4]. One Day before Easter [5]. I Turn off the Lights

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Idiomatic expressions are defined as linguistic structures, which, in contrast with ordinary sentences, can not be interpreted via meaning amalgamation of their constituents. This study aims at surveying the most important psycholinguistic models proposed in the study of idiom comprehension. Furthermore, the significant characteristics of these approaches have been discussed. The common feature of the traditional approaches is their emphasis on the literal meaning processing, that is, these approaches are either adherents of serial meaning processing, i.e., they would assert that literal meaning processing takes place before figurative meaning processing, or they are interested on the parallel meaning processing. However, the common ground of the novel approaches is that they emphasize on the important role of the contextual features in accelerating idiom comprehension. At the end, the notable graded salience hypothesis has been criticized, and the possibility of posing a unified theoretical framework in idiom comprehension has been investigated.

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Sa’di’s Gulistan has always been considered as one of the most important sublime masterpieces of Persian literature. Regarding to stylistic researches on Gulistan, one of the peculiarities of Sa’di’s artistic techniques is to select the verbs in such a way to reflect the influence of didactic qualities. In Halliday’s systemic functional grammar, the verb category is also considered as a process of transitivity system (grammatical ability for representation of experience in language), ideational and experiential meta-functions. The study of the types and frequencies of the processes leads to the achievement of the author’s mental status and style. In the stylistic study of texts, transitivity system makes it possible to select the processes systematically and to represent the author’s intentions. The goal of this article is to study the main components of masterpieces like Gulistan and to describe its features. To attain this goal, having explained the processes and its types, seven parts of Gulistan (the first seven Babs) and their frequencies are studied at the first step. The study reveals that Sa’di has paid attention to the selection of the processes and the capability of the simultaneous artistic repetitions besides meaning and rhythm. Since most Sadi’s examples are of behavioral nature, it is concluded that the main concentration of Gulistan is on humans, social relationship and the didactic principles.

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In the present study, free surface vortex dynamic was experimentally investigated in a horizontal intake. Air entrainment rate into the intake due to the air-core vortices was also discussed. The results presented are the relationship between the vortex type and the intake hydraulic parameters, general pattern of surface displacement of the vortex core and its relation with the vortex type, the required time duration to fully development of the vortex core, and finally evaluation of the vortex induced air entrainment rate. In this research by defining intake number as intake Froude number over the intake relative submergence, a relationship was established between the vortex type and the intake number. Moreover, it was shown that while the intake number increases, surface instability of the vortex core decreases, in which, for the intake numbers greater than one, surface movement of the vortex core is limited to an area of the twice of the intake diameter. Then, another relationship was also established between the time requirement of the vortex air-core formation and the intake number, and it was shown that there will be an exponentially decrease in the mentioned time scale, while the intake number increases. In this context, a relationship was suggested and compared with one of previous works. In the last section, the dependency between air entrainment rate due to the air-core vortices and the intake number was considered, and another relationship was also suggested and compared with previous works.

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Pipelines are considered as lifelines, because they are used for transportation of different fluids such as natural gas, oil and water, which the human life depends on their existence. The damages to the pipelines are usually associated with human fatalities, financial losses and also environmental pollution. Earthquake wave propagation and permanent ground displacement (PGD) caused by surface faulting are potentially devastating natural events which threaten buried pipelines. Although small regions within the pipeline network are affected by faulting hazards, the rate of the damage is very high since fault movement imposes large deformation on pipelines. On the contrary, the whole of pipeline network is influenced by the wave propagation hazards, but the damage rates is lower which leads to lower pipe breaks and leaks per unit length of the pipe. On the other hand, buried pipelines due to their long length, have to pass through active faults which their large movements may lead to failure and rupture of the buried pipes. It is, therefore, essential to investigate the behavior of buried pipelines against fault displacements in order to mitigate the losses caused by these natural events and to try to keep them in service under various situations. Over the years, many researchers have attempted to analyze pipeline behavior via numerical, analytical an experimental modeling, but most of these works were designed to assess pipe response to strike-slip faulting and some were implemented to recognize the behavior of pipelines under normal faulting with right deformation angles. In the present study, In order to understand the behavior of the pipelines under reverse fault movements, the effects of different geotechnical and geometric conditions on the response of the pipes is examined. Numerical simulations have been conducted using the software ABAQUS based on finite element method. In most of the previous studies, a simplified beam-spring model was used to simulate the behavior of the pipes, but in this study a 3-D continuum model is employed to simulate the behavior of the buried pipes against reverse fault movements. In order to increase the accuracy of the analysis, it is tried to use the elements that best match with reality of the nature of soil and pipe behavior and the interaction between them. The results of the numerical study confirmed that the compressive strains in pipe caused by reverse faulting are larger than the tensile strains, thus compressive strains are considered as the main cause of the failure of the buried pipes in the reverse fault motions. Investigating the pipes behavior in different soil types demonstrated that the buried pipelines in loose and soft soils experience less amount of strain in comparison with those which are bureid in other types of the soils. This is due to the fact that the displacement of the pipeline in loose and soft soils is easier and there are less soil resistance forces against pipe displacement. The assessment of effect of soil dilatation angle illustrated that in large fault displacements, the amounts of pipe strain decline with the reduction of the dilation angle, while changing the modulus of elasticity of the soil has no impact on the response of the pipes. The results also showed that by reducing the burial depth, the level of strain induced in the buried pipes decreases.

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The present study deals with imperative mood in Persian language based on prototype theory which is one of sub-theories of the cognitive linguistics approach. The research hypotheses are based on distinctions between the form and meaning components in the imperative mood and its distribution in the language corpus of contemporary literature. The aim of this paper is to describe and classify the criterion of the imperative mood in different language levels and beyond.