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Flood spreading stations were constructed in Iran with different objectives such as groundwater recharge and vegetation recovery. Accumulation of sediment can be a major problem in flood spreading stations. According to generally accepted theories, floods and salt pollution can reduce gradually the infiltration rate. In order to investigate this issue, 13 flood spreading stations were selected across the country and infiltration rate changes were monitored over five years in the flood spreading areas. Non-parametric tests were used to analyze the abnormally distributed data. Based on the soil properties of the spreading stations, stations were first classified into three groups separately by cluster analysis; next, studies were conducted in three separate groups. Results in stations group 1 showed that, in the first year, the infiltration rate among spreading lines was not significantly different, but data for the second year showed a significant difference at α = 0.05. For stations group 2, in the third year, the difference in the infiltration rate was significant at α = 0.05. In addition, changes in the infiltration rate were significant at α = 0.05 in stations groups 1 and 2 in the second spreading line. For stations group 3, significant changes among lines have been detected. Results also showed that changes in the infiltration rate in different years were somewhat different among the three groups of stations. Although infiltration rate changes were low, there was a general decreasing trend.

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The dust produced by the electric arc method in the ferrochrome factory contains high amounts of hexavalent chromium, which has a high solubility in water and causes high environmental pollution. The present research has proposed a new method for neutralization of hexavalent chromium present in ferrochrome dust in solution environment by using chemical precipitation method. After checking conventional and non-conventional additives for neutralization by co-precipitation method, Iron sulfate is added to the aforementioned wastewater before release into the environment as a reducing agent of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. Next, calcium sulfate was used as a stable complex forming factor in the system to remove chromium. XRD and XRF analyzes were used to characterize the dust and UV-Visible to determine the amount of chromium removed from the wastewater. The results showed that for 100 g/l of dust dissolved in water, adding 30 g of iron sulfate in the first stage and 20 g of calcium sulfate in the second stage reduces the content of hexavalent chromium from high values to below 10 ppm. Easy, high speed, cheapness and availability of additives are the merits of this method.


 

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Nowadays, investigating and researching on energetic polymers in order to increase mechanical, thermodynamic, and detonational properties of them have been highly regarded. One of these energetic polymers is GAP. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulation has been used to compare the properties of GAP and GTP energetic polymers. GTP, in principle is the modified form of GAP, in which functional group of triazolium methyl nitrate has been added instead of azide. The mechanical properties of GAP is a challenging topic in the field of energetic materials. Due to the attributes of the 3 azoliom methyl nitrate ring, the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of GTP are expected to be higher than GAP. The results obtained by molecular dynamics simulation showed that GTP is a stable material and its mechanical properties such as Young, and shear modulus compared to GTP have been decreased 27% and 32% respectively, and bulk modulus, Poisson coefficient, and K/G ratio compared to GTPhave been increased 17%, 42%, and 71% respectively. It was also found that the detonation speed, detonation pressure, and oxygen balance of energetic polymer compared to GAP, have been increased 5%, 14%, and 21% respectively. As a result, usage of GTP will increase as a modified GAP material in applications such as clean and chlorine-free propellants for the solid propellant rockets and also safety systems of automobiles.

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The Aeneid is one of the master pieces of the epic literature in the world and, without doubt, the most precious model of Latin epic. In spite of the fact that this book could be considered an artificial epic, but even in this case, the truth is mixed with the fantasy, and the mythology of the poet is based upon the neglected historical facts. This article has tried to contemplate the rhetorical aspects of the Aeneid, using the epical text of the archaic Latin poets who were influenced by Grecian poetry. Thus, after giving a brief biography of each author, the major stylistic character which has affected the Aeneid will be illustrated. It is considerable that the classical Latin grammar with its evident difference from the Vulgar Latin had a crucial role in the formation of the rhetorical style in the Aeneid.  

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the challenges of political marketing with the approach of using the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Categories related to each of them were extracted using content analysis method and these 6 groups were ranked using Friedman test by SPSS26 software. According to the results, the highest ranking was given to the techniques used in international political marketing with the approach of diplomacy, media power, ideological power, cultural power, economic power and management system power. Persuasion and third place became the most prominent dimension of international political marketing, namely national identity. Iran's current position in terms of identity, international prestige and economic identity ranks fourth, restrictions on the use of political marketing ranks fifth with unique ideological approach, financial challenges and theoretical poverty and the most effective Iranian foreign policy discourse ranks sixth with de-escalation and balance discourse approach. Finally, the analytical model of political marketing affected by limitations, necessities and the most significant dimension using effective techniques and the best discourse in promoting Iran's current position in the economic field and strengthening the international image are presented. Practical suggestions are also provided based on research questions for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Economic Deputy of this agency and non-governmental organizations including the Red Crescent and other responsible agencies and organizations.

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Subject
In this study, the steam reforming of the methanol process was analyzed based on three different inputs including temperature, pressure, and H₂O/CH₃OH ratio with the use of different Artificial Intelligence methods.
Methodology
In the first step, Cu-Zn/ZrO₂ catalysts were synthesized via the co-precipitation method, and then experimental tests of steam reforming of methanol were performed at a temperature range of 180 –500 °C, the pressure of 1-11 bar, and the H₂O/CH₃OH ratio of 0.75-3.75 on the Cu-Zn/ZrO₂ catalyst in a fixed bed reactor. Afterward, three different methods of Mamdani fuzzy type-1, Mamdani fuzzy type-2, and Sugeno fuzzy were applied in order to develop the models. Using these methods, the developed models only required the heuristics derived from the expert’s knowledge and some experimental data, without needing the calculation of complex kinetic as well as thermodynamic parameters related to the corresponding process. In addition, the structures of the developed fuzzy models were optimized to improve the model performance according to the analysis of the initial results. The model developments didn’t require a high number of experimental data, and this feature is especially interesting when dealing with the process conditions in which data gathering is expensive or the accuracy of data is low.
The main results
The overall accuracy as well as the properties of the developed models were compared. The type-2 Mamdani fuzzy model proved to be the best model, using which, the methanol conversion, H₂ yield, and CO yield were predicted with accuracies of 67%, 91%, and 83%, respectively.
 

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Subject
Petroleum coke calcination is a chemical process during which the petroleum coke loses moisture and volatile combustible materials due to the increase in temperature and ultimately improves the physical properties of the calcined coke. In this study, A 2-Dim model was developed for the petroleum coke calcination process via rotary kiln using the CFD approach. Understanding the temperature, concentration, and fluid movement behavior are the main goals for developing the simulation model, by using which the rotary kiln control and design can be performed.
Methodology
Comsol Multiphysics was applied to develop the simulation model. Petroleum coke rotary kiln calcination consists of two solid and gas phases, which cross each other counter-currently. All governing physics in the system, including chemical reactions, heat transfer via conduction, convection, and radiation, intra-phase and interphase mass transfer, evaporation or evolution of components from the solid phase into the gas phase, fluid turbulency and all complex relationships were considered. Using the finite element method, the governing equations of the model were solved, and consequently, the variation of temperature, components concentration, and fluid velocity was calculated.
The main results
It is concluded that tertiary air injection significantly affects the temperature profile and combustion reactions in the bed (About 100 degrees increase in temperature). In addition, the maximum temperature of 1910 °C has been achieved in the kiln. Concentration changes of components in the gas phase were also seen mainly in the bed entrance and in the areas near the tertiary air injection. Comparing the results with similar works showed the high accuracy of the developed model

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In general, the scarce resources are efficiently allocated to achieve the economic and social goals of an economy. This means the factors of production including labour force and capital stock must be allocated using rational and scientific approaches. This means investors need to be able to evaluate the cost-benefit of investment in order to make informed and efficient decisions. In this article, we analyze the cost-benefit of technical and professional trainings in Iran. Three courses which comprise skilled labor force, first-class and second-class labor forces are considered in this study and then the cost-benefit methodology is employed. This methodology can be used in future cost-benefit studies of technical and professional trainings. The result obtained from the analysis shows that the educational rate of return in all three courses is higher than the rate of return in the participation papers market in Iran. This result obtained after adjusting the effects of individual ability on their income and correcting the adjustment effects of employment.

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The diversity of the skills required in project management and the demand for learning them as one of the main sources of competitive advantage in organizations is growing. One of the ways to learn project management capabilities is through other organizations and people. Inter-organizational learning is the way in which different organizations in an alliance collaborate, share knowledge, and learn from one another. This research focuses mainly on project management capabilities inter-organizational learning process and also on factors affecting it. By using explorative studies, a theoretical model for project management capabilities inter-organizational learning is developed and research hypotheses are formulated based on this model. The data collected from 34 organizational units responsible for different project management functions in two international consortiums of Iran petroleum industry is analyzed and then by using the structural equation modeling, the relationships between research variables are tested. Fitting indices of the model and impact factors between variables resulted from data analysis mostly shows acceptable fit and very strong relationship between components of the model. Finally, suggestions to be used by project based organizations as well as suggestions for future studies are presented along with research results.

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This paper tries to identify and compare the levels and frameworks of innovation systems (IS) approach. Innovation systems approach is a new approach to innovation and technology development that developed and evolved in the recent two decades. This approach is a systemic approach to innovation. Consisted of three parts, part one tries to identify and analyze the existing different analytical approaches of Innovation systems, the second part focuses on knowledge, types of knowledge, interactions between knowledge and nature of generating and using of knowledge as the base of innovation, and the third part compares three main frameworks of innovation systems from knowledge perspective to recognize differences of the mentioned frame works.

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Family, as a social institution or group, has been evolving throughout history. Evolution of family needs to be studied in order to understand its functions and structure. Unfortunately, the evolution of family during the long Iranian history has not been studied seriously. This paper is an effort to shed some light on the structure and functions of the Iranian family under Sassanids using documentary method. The findings reveal that the dominant form the family in this period was “extended family” which along with the religious and political institutions constructed the Sassanid society. The family structure in this era was patriarchal, polygamy was prevalent, and in-group marriages were preferred. The official religion of the empire, Zoroastrianism, viewed family as a sacred institution with its main function as reproduction. Other functions of the family were production and provision of economic support, socialization and education of offsprings, who had to inherit their father and mother’s jobs. Relatives of father, in this period, had superiority to the relatives of mother’s side, and the oldest son and his family lived with his parents.

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In this paper, an innovative adaptive output feedback control scheme is proposed for general multi-input multi-output (MIMO) plants with unknown parameters in a regulation task; such that the outputs of the plant converge to zero as well as the control gains remain uniformly bounded. First an adaptive observer is designed to estimate the state variables and system parameters by using the inputs and outputs of the plant. Then a linear combination of the estimated states by adaptive control gains is used to design a robust adaptive controller. Some theorems are given to show the convergence of the modeling errors and the control gains. The proposed controller is used to control a two degree of freedom robot manipulator such that the robot moves from any initial configuration to zero position. Simulation results exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed scheme to control the robot manipulator with different initial conditions and parameter perturbations.    

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In this paper, the experimental behavior of grid cylindrical composite structures which are used widely in engineering structures under ballistic impact is investigated. In the present study, the grid cylindrical composites were manufactured by the filament winding process with fiber placement procedure and perforated by projectile using the ballistic gas gun. Input and output velocities of projectile were recorded. The results show that presence of discrete ribs prevents spread damage from one cell to it’s adjacent cells and structure behaves differently against projectile with velocity near ballistic limit velocity and higher velocities. With approach to the ribs location ballistic limit has been increased. However due to reduce fracture area, overall and local deformations after impact in velocity which is higher than ballistic limit velocity, projectile has been came out from grid samples with higher velocity than simple composite shells. In this paper, delamination in outer composite shell and ribs, debonding between shell and ribs, residual velocity of projectile, fracture area of the grid specimens and the effects of curvature in two deferent velocities were reported and commented upon as results.

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In this study, experimental tests were performed to evaluate the effects of axisymmetric cylindrical projectile nose shapes and initial velocities on ballistic performance of laminated woven glass epoxy composites. Projectile initial velocity and nose sharpness changes, absorbed energy, delamination area, etc. are investigated by six blunt, hemispherical, conical and ogival projectiles. Hand lay-up method has been used to manufacture composite targets with 18 layers of 2D woven glass fibers of 45% fiber volume fraction. The epoxy system is made of epon 828 resin with jeffamine D400 as the curing agent. The results show that the maximum influence of projectile geometry on target behavior, occurs in ballistic limit area. In this range of initial velocity, ogival (CRH=2.5) and Blunt projectiles show the best and the worst ballistic performance. The delamination area decreases as the projectile nose sharpness increases or its initial velocity decreases. Ballistic curves for different projectiles show that the difference between projectiles behavior decreases in higher impact velocities. Because of target shear failure in blunt projectile impact, the amount of target absorbed energy for this projectile is less than other projectiles in higher impact velocities away from ballistic limit velocity.

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The purpose of this study, control and monitoring of a rehabilitation robot with two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) for rehabilitation of the lower limbs of patients with loss of ability for movement due to injury, disease, stroke or surgical operations. After determining the movements, that is included flexion-extension movements of the knee and hip joints, the performance of the mechanism was investigated using dynamic analysis and simulation. Then, a programmable logic controller (PLC) was employed to control the robot performance. Finally, the accuracy of PLC program was guaranteed by monitoring the robot. Passive, assistive and resistive exercises were considered in programming the controller. In assistive exercises, the forces needed by the patient to perform the movements were actually set automatically by using the feedback data provided by the patient's forces. In addition, to perform the resistive exercises rather than using actual weights, negative loads were employed. The results obtained represent considerable accuracy to perform the movements and create safe conditions for the patient. Also, high flexibility in programming has provided the possibility to perform a wide range of rehabilitation exercises.

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Kefir is a common drink in the Central Asian region and it has beneficial effects in improving the health of consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding different ewe's cheese whey to kefir drink on the survival rate of microorganisms of kefir including Lactobacilli, Lactococci and yeast. After the preparation of kefir drink, the ratio of 0, 5, 7.5 and 10% ewe's cheese whey was added to kefir drink. The samples were stored in the refrigerator and acidity, pH, number of Lactobacilli, Lactococci, and yeast were determined at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results of the study showed that the highest number of Lactobacilli on 14th and 21th days was 9.32 ± 30.0 and 9.23 ± 0.30 log cfu/ml, respectively. The highest number of Lactococci in the control and kefir samples contained 7.5% whey on 21th day was 10.42 ± 0.17 log cfu/ml. The highest number of yeast in samples have 0, 5 and 7.5% whey in the 21th day was 7.37 ± 0.17, 7.87 ± 0.17, and 7.48 ± 0.17 log cfu/ml, respectively. The results of sensory evaluation showed that in the samples of kefir drinks containing 5 and 7.5% whey produced the highest score in overall utility. According to the results, it seems that kefir dough containing 7.5% whey can be used to produce kefir drink.

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One of the focused problem in airway flow simulation is pulmonary airways modeling. There are two kind of Lung models, one is created anatomically based on bronchial data and second is realistic model which is created based on CT scan images. Unfortunately cause of modeling process or simplification cause of restriction of CPU and time, the result model is different from a really pulmonary airways. Anatomically model are many simplification and realistic model from CT scan have major limitation in CT image resolution and smoothing stage of make out the 3D model. Anyway the lung has many rough and the first thing that is vital on this way is cartilage rings as macro scale roughness. So the presented work, compared the airflow in both simple and modified Horsfield model by cartilage rings in term of time averaged wall shear stress which are important in engineering of Cell-Fluid Interactions (CFI). This is shown that cartilage rings affected the trachea and second generation of brunches so this is not reasonable to neglect the cartilage rings.

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The purpose of this article is to reach a definition of humor as a kind of literature based on contemporary literary theories, especially reader-centered theories In order to recognize the humor of a literary text based on it. "Humor is a literary text whose action is to create a contrast between the reader's perceptual concepts of the text and the reader's mental patterns." Based on this, examples of satires in various texts (Quran, Shahnameh, Khayyam quatrains, poems by Shamloo and Shafi'i Kadkani) have been analyzed and shown some examples that have been introduced as humor in various books or articles are not examples of humor as a kind of literary expression.
 
 

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This research aims to analyze interaction between governance and development in oil- exporting countries. In this regard, the interactions are compared in two groups of countries, namely oil-exporting countries in the Middle East and oil-exporting countries beyond the Middle East. The function of governance has become one of the fundamental issues, and the Middle East countries are particularly important for research because of their geographic location and oil revenues. In this paper, three-stage least squares method is used to estimate the model based on the World Bank data during 1996-2014, and Wald, Kruskal-Wallis, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests are used to check the research hypotheses. The results indicate a significant difference in interaction between governance and development among oil-exporting countries in the Middle East and those beyond the Middle East. In both groups of the countries, effect of development on governance was greater than that of the governance on development. Despite the similarity in oil exports, geographic environment (i.e. similarities in culture, religion, and some of customs) affects the interaction between governance and development. As such, paying adequate attention to the development not only improves its indices, but also enhances situation of the governance and hence improves their performance. This is also the case for the governance, but the rate of changes fueled by the development is higher.