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The current article deals with evaluation of transition process of social values within Iran by the researches performed in the years 1974-2009. Due to the fact that the Islamic revolution of Iran was relied on spiritual and sublime values, therefore, political order of the revolution intended to expand and deepen these values. Since recognition of probable transitions of social values in Iranian society during these years enjoys a great importance, this study is based upon the secondary analysis of the results of national surveys during the years 1974 - 2009 for evaluation of transitions of social values in Iranian society within this time. The most important results obtained are as follows: 1) The amount of importance of material values for Iranian society from 1970s until the third decade of the revolution has increased. 2) Assessment from the importance ratio almost all spiritual values indexes has decreased from 1970s until third decade of the revolution and, 3) Assessment from the importance amount of material and spiritual Value for the age group of 50 or more (pre- revolution adolescences) is more than the age group of current living youngsters.

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Aim: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main contributor to disability and the leading cause of death in Iran and worldwide. This study was done to determine the effect of education on behaviors related to CVDs among Yazd city restaurants` chefs.
Method: In an experimental study, the intervention factor for case group was education through lectures, pamphlets, and videos. All the restaurant and hotel chefs of Yazd were divided into two groups: intervention and control (each group 39). Data were gathered through a researcher-made questionnaire with confirmed validity and reliability. All registered data were transformed to the SPSS program and analyzed under Mann-Whitney's U, Wilcoxon's, McNemar's, Marginal homogeneity, Spearman's correlation, and Chi-square tests.
Findings: Before training, the average scores of knowledge, attitude and practice had no significant differences between the case and control groups (p≥0/05), but this difference was significant immediately and three months after education (p>0/05). Significant differences were observed in the scores of the knowledge and attitude of the intervention group between prior and immediately and three months after education (p>0/05). Also three months after the intervention, the mean score of practice was increased in the intervention group. The main information source of the subjects was media (63.5%) with physicians being their preferred source (62.2%).
Conclusion: According to the average knowledge of chefs before the intervention and significant role of chefs on cardiovascular health, improving their information through regular training programs (in consultation and health education centers), posters, pamphlets, and media is suggested.

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ابن‌عربی از چهره‌های مهم عرفان اسلامی است که نظریاتش مکتب و رویکرد خاصی را در بینش عرفانی پدید آورد. آرای وی در میان اشعار عرفانی ظهور بسیار داشته است. در این مقاله، خاستگاه آموزه‌های عرفانی مثنوی محیط اعظم بیدل دهلوی مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. با توجه به مباحثی که شیخ اکبر مطرح کرده، به نظر می‌رسد در تصنیف مثنوی محیط اعظم توجه خاصی به این اثر بوده است. در این پژوهش، تناظر مورد نظر میان فصوص‌الحکم و مثنوی محیط اعظم با ذکر قراینی که در صورت ظاهری این مثنوی و مضامین عرفانی‌آن آمده‌، بررسی شده است. در این میان علاوه بر صورت‌بندی، تعبیرات و اصطلاحات، آموزه‌هایی عرفانی مثنوی یادشده نیز تأیید کننده نظر فوق است؛ بحث سریان وجود حق در همه هستی ـ که در مکتب ابن‌عربی وحدت وجود خوانده شده ـ و مراتب این ظهور و ویژگی‌های آن از جمله مضامین عرفانی طرح شده در مثنوی محیط اعظم است که برخاسته از بنیان‌های مکتب فکری ابن عربی است. این مقاله
با ارائه شواهد مربوط، مؤید تأثیرپذیری بیدل دهلوی از فصوص ‌الحکم در ساحت ساختار صوری و محتوایی مثنوی محیط اعظم است.

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Assessment of Evapo-Transpiration (ET) in the cases such as Irrigation programming, water basin evaporation determination, water balance calculation, water runoff estimation and climatological studies are important. It is possible to determine ET by field measurements. However these methods only can determine ET for the regions with the limited areas. This limitation has made the use of remote sensing techniques reliable for assessment of ET in a vast area. In this work, the amount of ET has been evaluated in an army wheat field located in the Golestan Province (North of the Iran) for May 5th and June 7th, 2003 using MODIS images. Surface albedo affects in the outcome of SEBAL that we estimate it using two methods, one using 1 and 2 bands of MODIS image (old method) and the other using 1 to 5 and 7 bands of MODIS image (new method). The comparison of the results of SEBAL to the results of other works showed the accuracy of the estimation of surface albedo using the new method is better than the old method. Also, the accuracy of SEBAL outcomes are relatively satisfactory and can be improved by further detailed studies.

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Sensors onboard meteorological satellites such as MODIS and AVHRR are able to collect information adequate in frequency but with low spatial resolution. The problem can be overcome, if one finds a way to increase the quality of the vegetation indices through searching in each individual pixel of the images, employing concurrent higher spatial resolution images. The objective of this study was to investigate the enhancement of MODIS NDVI products by using NDVI from the ASTER sensor onboard the same platform, as MODIS. The ASTER averaged NDVI values computed using only vegetated pixels were compared to unadjusted MODIS NDVI. Two approaches for the comparison are introduced in this work. In the first one, vegetated ASTER NDVI compared with MODIS NDVI (AMII Model), and in the second one the difference between vegetated ASTER NDVI and MODIS NDVI was modeled against a code representing percentage of vegetation cover (AMDI Model). It is found that the MODIS NDVI index always reads lower as compared to the vegetated ASTER NDVI. It was also found that the difference between vegetated ASTER NDVI and MODIS NDVI for vegetation covers of less than 20% was greater than 0.1 and for vegetation covers of more than 80% as low as 0.01. This could produce erroneous results when introducing uncorrected NDVI values into the climatological models especially in the arid and semi-arid climates where the vegetation covers are sparse. Both AMII and AMDI models produce NDVI values higher than those calculated from MODIS. These models were tested using 10 samples where a RMSE of about 0.028 for AMII and 0.018 for AMDI was found out. It is revealed that AMII model increases the NDVI values up to 87% for pixels containing less than 10% vegetation while 5% for pixels with more than 80% vegetation covers. These increases for AMDI model were 84% and 6%, respectively.

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Ecological studies based on field data have shown that vegetation phenology follows a relatively well-defined temporal pattern. This pattern, that is reflecting the cumulative temperature from the date of the beginning of the growth, can be represented by the use of a suitable model. Due to the spatial, temporal, and ecological complexity of these processes a simple method to monitor phenological behavior of the vegetation canopies through remote sensing has proven elusive. Employing ASTER images from different seasons, might make it possible to produce an algorithm for sugarcane phenological date estimation and as well to monitor different stages of the plant growth from cultivation to harvest. For this, a parameter, namely Physiological Date is employed. Based on the field collected data and selected ASTER Images, 133 Regions Of Interest (ROI) having different Phenological Dates (PD) in units of Degree-Days (DDs) were supplied. One hundred of these samples were taken for modeling and another 33 for testing the models. Such indices as NDVI and SAVI along with PDs for the ROIs were calculated. The correlation between these indices and PDs was investigated. This ended up with the introduction of two models of PANDVI and PASAVI respectively based on the use of NDVI and SAVI indices for PD assessment. PANDVI model showed a better correlation with the field recorded data although either of the models can be well enough predictive.

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In this paper, in order to recognizing of moisture resources of western part of Iran and water vapor transport quality from surrounded around areas to this region were selected. The study of specific moisture distribution and precipitable water in the study area indicate that the moisture from two days before precipitation start on the Iran, in lower levels of troposphere from southern region of Red sea and Aden gulf, to north of middle east and then from precipitation start day to east (west of Iran) were replaced. Calculated moisture flux values have indicated that Arab and Oman seas in study period have the heights divergence of moisture flux specifically in lower levels of troposphere. But the role of Red sea in middle levels is clear. The result of this study indicates that eastern Mediterranean Sea not only has not moisture sending but also from Oman, Arab, Red Seas and theirs central part moisture received. The highest moisture in precipitation days on the Iran observed in the lower levels of troposphere that are equal only in northwest region, moisture transition rate in lower levels and middle of troposphere. Also the result indicates that Oman Sea and Arab sea are the most important resources of moisture supply of occurred precipitation on the west of Iran.

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Classification of vegetation according to their species composition is one of the most important tasks in the application of remote sensing in precision agriculture. To prepare an algorithm for such a mandate, there is a need for ground truth. Field operation is very costly and time consuming. Therefore, some other method must be developed, such as extracting information from the satellite images, which is comparatively cheaper and faster. In this study, we first introduced a simple method for Determination of the Vegetation Specie in full cover pixels (DVS) using their laboratory measured spectral reflectance curves. Then, based on these pixels, a hybrid method for vegetation field classification, which we call SCANN (Spectral Characteristics and Artificial Neural Network), is introduced. In this method, different vegetation spectral reflectance characteristics at the three extremes of green, red, and near-infrared along with an artificial neural network method were used. Comparing the results of DVS with those of field collected data showed near 100% accuracy. Based on the results of DVS, the results of SCANN showed an overall accuracy of more than 94%. This method is suggested for unsupervised classification using Hyperspectral images.

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The ability in assessment of Total Precipitable Water (TPW) is useful in the prediction of the amount of raining, dam over-flooding and the flood. To extract TPW, the algorithm of infra- red bands near the MODIS sensor images were used. The satellite TPW, was validated using radiosonde data. Due to the limitation of the algorithm implementation to the cloud free sky and stable atmosphere, the general atmospheric conditions in the satellite passing date were investigated using auxiliary curves produced by synoptic and higher level meteorological data. In this way, the calm and eddy free atmosphere were selected. Then MODIS images were supplied from Iran Space Agency for this satellite passage. Then the TPW data were estimated using radiosonde and thermodynamics equation. Then regarding the stability and lack of new air masses in the region for the selected days (using analysis of the ground data and atmospheric profiles), the TPW for the time of satellite passage was interpolated.For determination of and in the aforementioned algorithm, EVI and ENDVI indices were deployed. At the end, a regression between the TPW produced by satellite and the one calculated from the radiosonde. showed that for the Mehrabad weather conditions, the MODIS channels 18 and 19 are suitable. Using the ratio of the apparent reflectance in the water vapor absorption bands to the one in the non-absorbing band, the atmospheric water vapor transparency for each one of the water vapor bands was calculated. The TPW in the earth-sensor path was calculated by implementing MODIS infrared bands under different atmospheric conditions, taking into account sensor and zenith angles, and the water vapor transparency using band ratio technique.

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The reflectance spectrum of green leaves is considerably affected by their biochemical and biophysical properties. It is possible to extract biochemical information from a continuous vegetation spectrum produced using hyperspectral sensors. The numerous absorption features present in the vegetation spectrum carry a considerable amount of information related to the content and the structure of the leaves and stems. In the present study, we tried to introduce a method for relative quantification of vegetation leaves protein contents using EO-1 Hyperion datasets through an innovative index named PALI (Protein Absorption Lines Index). The results of applying PALI to AVIRIS data also showed its robustness. However, applying PALI index for Hyperion images can only show the vegetation leaves protein contents of a pixel relative to its neighboring pixels and not absolute values. Nonetheless, it is assumed that absolute measurements will be possible if one can calibrate this index with field data.

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Le présent article se penche sur l’étude descriptive et analytique des noms composés dans une approche contrastive (français-persan et vice versa). Un corpus thématique dans le domaine de « faune et flore » a rassemblé ces noms en deux langues dont les exemples sont présentés dans les tableaux, parallèlement à leurs équivalents dans l’autre langue. Pour être plus systématiques, nous avons fait une taxinomie de cette thématique qui se répartit en quatre groupes « fruits et légumes », « arbres et fleurs », « plantes aromatiques et médicinales » et « animaux ». Les structures grammatico-syntaxiques ainsi que la situation de leur noyau sémantique, à savoir indocentrique et exocentrique, sont passées au crible. Selon les résultats de notre recherche, cette catégorie de nom partage plus ou moins les mêmes structures et traits caractéristiques dans les deux langues étudiées, sans oublier quelques points importants et intéressants qui les distinguent d’une langue à l’autre, notamment sur le plan orthographique.  

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Objective: Numerous researches have been conducted to comprehend the anti-cancer effects of curcumin (Cu). Although the anti-proliferative properties of Cu on cancerous cells is known, the clinical application of this gold substrate is limited. This limitation is mostly due to low solubility, inefficient bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and improper uptake. In this study, we have synthesized a novel biodegradable gemini surfactant (Gs), after which the curcumin (Cu) molecules were encapsulated within the polymer to overcome its physicochemical limitations.
Methods: We prepared Gs-Cu nanoparticles by the nanoprecipitation method. Size and polydispersity index of the nanoparticles were determined by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The release profile of Cu from the polymer matrix was studied, and the MTT assay and cellular uptake of Gs-Cu on MDA-MB-231 cells were investigated in vitro.
Results: The Gs polymer had the capability to form polymersomes in an aqueous solution; a narrow size distribution was obtained (PDI≅0.3). The encapsulation efficiency approximated 87%. We observed a sustained release profile due to incorporation of Cu into the polymer matrix. The Gs-Cu complex showed more cytotoxicity compared to free Cu because of the higher rate of cellular internalization.
Conclusions: The data indicate that Gs polymersomes can be regarded as nanocarriers for hydrophobic curcumin molecules.
 

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Total Perceptible Water (TPW) is an important parameter in climatology and weather forecasting and is directly related to any climate process. There are three approaches to estimate this parameter i.e. using radiosonde, using GPS and calculating from satellite images where the first two are localized and the last one can give an instant view of TPW in a vast region. The algorithm used for the TPW calculation from MODIS images is related to the ratio of the reflectance in a water vapor absorbing channel and the reflectance in a non-absorbing channel. Due to strong horizontal variation in the surface reflectance in non-absorbing channels, the retrieved TPW varies strongly from one pixel to its neighboring pixels while it is believed that the horizontal gradient of TPW is very weak. To solve this problem, a damping coefficient was added to the non-absorbing channel reflectance. It is found that this coefficient differs for different surface covers. The current work presents a procedure for calculating these coefficients. The results of a comparison between modified TPW and those extracted from GPS data showed a R² of 0.81 whilst this was about 0.67 for non-modified MODIS TPW.