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The present study attempts to investigate parsing preferences (early vs. late closure) of native and L2 learners of both English and Persian when they read ambiguous relative clauses. The purpose is to find out if L2 learners process L2 linguistic input in the way monolingual speakers of that language do. The participants took tests including 10 test sentences plus 10 distractors, each followed by a comprehension question. Monolingual speakers of Persian and English were provided with tests in their own language, while bilinguals were provided with tests in their second language. Results showed a significant preference of monolingual Persian speakers for high attachment to relative clause (early closure), whereas monolingual English speakers showed a high preference for low attachment (late closure). The results also indicated that bilinguals adopted the same parsing strategy used in their L1, suggesting that their L1 might be influencing their L2 processing. The results are discussed in terms of the implications they may have for ultimate attainment in L2.

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The destruction of the bridges because of the erosion of the bed is a question that if is not addressed properly it can’t be compensated. The aim of this research reviews the scour around the twin bridge piers affected by parameter of time and its role in the bed topography. In this research, the equilibrium time test was done to determine the equilibrium time. After that a test without the establishment of bridge pier was done. The aim of this test is to know the effect of steep bend flume to the bed topography and scour pattern. The next tests were done at 20, 50 and 100 percent of the relative equilibrium time with the establishment of the twin bridge piers. The experiments were performed at the Advance Hydraulic Laboratory of Persian Gulf University of Bushehr in Iran. The channel used in this study has 1 m wide and bend routh with the 180 degrees angle flume with the relative curvature of 2. The upstream routh has the length of 6.5 m and the downstream path is 5 m long. The condition was clear water in all test and live bed using sediment with average diameter of 1 millimeter and standard deviation equals to 1.3. Flow rate was fixed at 70 litter per second with depth of 18 centimeter at straight upstream rought. The piers had the diameter of 5 centimeter and making the angle of 21 degrees with the vertical axis and also placed at the perpendicular plane to the flow stream. Due to maximum scouring at 60 degree of the flume in preliminary tests without the establishment of the piers, for the rest of the tests the piers were installed at 60 degrees angle of the channel bend. At the end of each test channel was gradually drained and after drying the bed topography was harvested with the use of laser device called bed topographer with the accuracy of 1 millimeter. For the best result according to the test more than 4500 points were measured. The most important results achieved is that by the relative equilibrium time the second scour hole is 12 percent deeper than the main scour hole around the piers. In addition the second scour hole is created at the 123 degrees along the outer wall of the flume. Studying the parameter of time indicated that at the beginning of the experiment the second pier which is closer to the outer wall has more scouring depth , but after the relative balance time of 20 percent both pier has the same scouring rate. Reducing the time of the test by 100% to 50% of the relative equilibrium time reduces the maximum scouring depth of the main hole by 20 percent. In all test a scour hole at the middle of the channel bend was seen which deeper at 50 percent of the equilibrium time compared to the 100 and 20 percent of the relative equilibrium time. Advanced discussion and analysis about the results achieved from the tips are outlined in this paper

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Local scour around bridge pier is one of the important problem in bridge stability against water flow that is created due to hole scour around bridge pier and castrates its stability. So as, providing methods for control and scour reduction around bridge pier have very importance. Yet different methods have been proposed for preventing and reducing the local scouring around the bridge pier. Use of Submerged Vanes is one of the methods that researchers are interested in. Submerged plates are thin rectangular structures that because of having angle with the flow direction, is created high pressure and low pressure region on both sides. These structures create a secondary vortex and change the flow pattern in the river bed and as a result, change the sediment and scour transmission. Submerged vanes performance to reduce the bridge pier scouring the sediment movement around the vanes due to the downward flow in front of them, are affected by the layout of the plates. These vanes are designed in cross section of the channel and fixed with a little angle relative to flow direction perpendicularly on bed. In this research, submerged vanes were used to reduce the local scour around the single bridged pier located in bend head. Effective variables in this study were vanes overlapping length, space of submerged vanes from bridge pier center and space of submerged vanes from each other perpendicular state on flow direction. For this purpose, a cylindrical bridge pier to diameter 5 cm in the laboratory was performed with a sharp bend 180 degree with central radius to channel width ratio equal 2, a width 1 meter and height 90 cm with straight direction length of bend upstream 6.5m and straight direction length of bend downstream 5m in clear water conditions( u)⁄u_c =0/98 with water discharge of 70 liters per second and depth 18cm. The submerged vanes were Plexi Glass with width 1.5 equal pier diagonal (7.5cm), thickness equal 20% pier diagonal and located in 25 angle relative to horizon with height of out of bed 4.5cm (submergence percent 0.75) with sitting vanes center in the middle of channel (50% channel width from inner shore, with overlapping length (Lcv) 80 and 100% and intervals of submerged vanes from each other perpendicularly on flow direction 5 and 10cm (Lvv/D)=1.2 in position 83 and 79.5 degree from beginning of the bend (interval equal 5 and 7.5 pier diameter toward upstream from located pier site) (Lvp/D=5, 7.5). According to the results of this study, the 20 percent reduction in the overlapping length of the submerged vanes decreases the depth of the scour hole around the bridge pier about 30 percent. Also use of submerged vanes, is transferred location of maximum scour depth to a place near than pier and limited width of scour hole around pier. Furthermore, submerged vanes limit sedimentation region to 0-12% channel width from inner shore and in 70-127 degree from the beginning of the bend. Minimum and maximum scour in hole around pier with submerged vanes is created 0.53 and 0.65 equal flow depth in the beginning of the bend in V80-5-2 and V100-7.5-1 Tests, respectively. The discussion about the results of this research is from the other parts of this article.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological responses and biological yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) to nitroxin biofertilizer and chemical nitrogen fertilizer in the form of urea under different irrigation regimes. A split plot experiment was conducted on the basis of randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included four irrigation regimes (i.e., weekly from emergence to harvest and withholding from blooming to maturity, flowering to maturity, and the start of seed formation to maturity) and sub-factor included five levels (i.e., no application of fertilizers, 80 kg N ha^-1, 40 kg N ha^-1, combination of 40 kg N ha^-1+nitroxin biofertilizers, and nitroxin biofertilizer). Application of 80 kg N ha^-1 under full irrigation and the combined application of 40 kg N ha^-1 and nitroxin under all withholding irrigations produced the highest glycinebetaine, polyphenol oxidase and catalase enzyme, total chlorophyll, and biological yield. Withholding irrigation from the blooming stage and also the application of 80 kg N ha^-1 resulted in the highest concentration of malondialdehyde. In combined application of 40 kg N ha^-1 and nitroxin, polyphenol oxidase, proline, and soluble protein were at the highest levels. Generally, the combined application of 40 kg N ha^-1 and nitroxin increased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes and the compatible osmolites accumulation under all withholding irrigation treatments and thus decreased the negative effects of drought stress on black cumin, resulting in increased biological yield.