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Modern governments, unlike traditional governments, have the exclusive instrument of violence through the bureaucracy and the rule of law. From a historical point of view, powerful political leadership performance in Iran has been one of the important factors in building modern government during first Pahlavi period. Numerous views have been put forward about the reasons for powerful and military leadership formation in the first Pahlavi era. Some of its contexts are related to the first Pahlavi individual behaviors and others refer to the socio-economic structures of the previous period. However, from political geography perspective; governance characteristics and modern state formation has emerged in a specific time-space context that has been less studied in Iran. In this article, relying on descriptive-analytical method has been attempted to study how to promote the powerful leadership position in the first Pahlavi era (1921 - 1940) in building a modern government in Iran as a result of natural and human components function. Findings show that natural and climatic conditions acted in such a way that it was not possible to form independent social classes at the time of first Pahlavi emergence and production forces; They were concentrated in the ownership of political power. Ethnic and linguistic diversity also enabled powerful political-military leaders to create a common identity between different ethnic groups.

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The non-generalist view of territorial identity and Considering it to be dependent on political ideas has been considered in critical political geography studies in recent years. In this regard, the primary principle of considering the territorial identity concept to be dependent on government; It goes back to Hegel's thoughts. According to his idea, the territorial identity is a rational form of thought created by government on the earth, and a form of this phenomenon appears in every history turn. In this regard, the political thought of Charismatic king was one of the important components in the construction of territorial identity in the Achaemenid era during which charismatic king were considered to be God's chosen one on earth and in his existence shadow became possible to form social cohesion. In this research has been tried by analyzing the historical texts content be explained effective components in the construction of social identity in the Achaemenid era in the Hegel's phenomenology of the soul framework. It is emphasized in research findings that the awareness creation about importance of king's position in construction of the territorial identity in the Achaemenid era was a historical synthesis result that the traditional interpretation of powerful kings is replaced by the king attributed to Ahuramzda. In addition, geopolitical alienation of the Achaemenids with the surrounding states, especially the Greek city-states was a conflict manifestation between Charismatic king thought with opposing thoughts, which was effective in building of Iranian people territorial identity.
 

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This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of Levels of Choline on the growth performance (WG, SGR, FCR, CF, PER and HIS), Carcass Compositions, and Haematological of Caspian salmon. 270 (8.82±0.38 g) were randomly distributed in 18 fiber glass tank with treeplicatefor 10 weeks. Experimental diets were also prepared by adding 0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg the basal diet (Control, Cho250، Cho500, Cho1000 and Cho2000) to evaluategrowth performance, carcass composition, and some haematological parameters. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate index, proteinefficiency ratio, obesity coefficient, and feed conversion ratio of fish fed with diet containing appropriate levels of choline (750-1000 mg/kg^-1) were significantlyhigher than fish fed with other diets. With increasing choline in fish diet, body fatand protein concentrations significantly increased, but carcass moisture decreased. Also, addition of 750-1000 mg/kg^-1choline to diet caused a significant diference in the activity of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and LDH), compared with control treatment and 2000 mg/kg^-1.The results showed a significant increase in growth parameters and optimal carcasscomposition of Caspian salmon, the most suitable amount of choline is 750-1000 mg/kg^-1in the fish diet (p<0.05).
The results of this study indicated, that dietaryup to 1000 mg/kg^-1 to be negetivecooparation on growth performance, liver enzymesin Caspian salmon, salmo trutta caspius has moderate Choline requirement 750-1000 mg/kg^-1 as fed

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Aims: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on the pain metaphorical perception in patients with chronic pain.
Materials & Methods: The study method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and control group. The population was all people with chronic pain in the first six months of 2024 in Tehran. Accordingly, 45 patients with chronic pain were selected voluntarily and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups (each group n=15). The Questionnaire of the study was Raiisi`s Pain Metaphorical Perception. The first experimental group received eight sessions of 90-minute cognitive-behavioral therapy, but the second group received eight sessions of 90-minute dialectical behavior therapy.
The control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance by SPSS-26.
Findings: The results indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy significantly increased components of pain metaphorical perception (object, force, human, and causality) in patients with chronic pain (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The findings of this research emphasized the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on the pain metaphorical perception. As a result, by changing the metaphors of pain in patients, the interpretation of pain can be changed.
 

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This study was conducted from April 2017 to June 2018 in a Trout aquaculture farm in Firoozkoh, Tehran province, to distinguish environmental and managerial risk factors affecting incidence of viral diseases in the fish farm under study. Averaged visit from fish farm was 2 times a month and all biosecurity measures were advised and applied during every visit. Some of the physico-chemical parameters were recorded daily. Samples from all cargoes of eyed-eggs imported from abroad and also from larvae after active swimming and absorption of yolk sac were taken for RT-PCR test. Virology, bacteriology, parasitology and mycology tests in the farm and authorized laboratory were done. Clinical observations, macroscopic and microscopic examinations, checking all the sanitarian and productional managerial factors, also checking all the physical and chemical factors affecting the outbreak of viral diseases were done. During clinical observation of fishes, these symptoms were observed; anorexia, gathering at the raceway’s side and outlet, cachexia, one and two side exophthalmia, melanosis, integument ulcers, hemorrhage in ventricular and ocular areas, petechia in ventricular area, fecal casts, high mortality and also presence of a large number of moribund fishes. The result of the laboratory examinations was IHN positive of Rainbow trout fries. This disease caused about 80% mortality of the fries produced from the imported eyed-eggs cargo. The other fatalities with different reasons were also recorded such as; the Lutra’s attack at nights, the farm’s personnel running amongst other farms and transferrin pathogens, the transportation vehicles not being proper disinfected while inter to and exit from the farm and the severe food intoxication of fries. Regarding the results of this study, instruction of scientific and practical models has presented to decrease the effect of environmental and managerial risk factors in the incidence of the disease.

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Escherichia coli O157: H7 is one of the most important pathogens causing food poisoning in meat products. In this study, the antimicrobial effects of Lavandula angustifolia and NaCl on growth control of Escherichia coli O157: H7 inoculated into minced beef during storage were investigated. minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Lavender essential oil for Escherichia coli O157: H7 were determined 0.625% and 1.25% by micro broth dilution method, respectively. Lavender essential oil was added to the minced meat in three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1%) and NaCl in three concentrations (0, 2 and 4%). Subsequently, Escherichia coli O157: H7 was inoculated into minced meat at 10⁵ CFU/gr. Minced meat treatments with Escherichia coli O157: H7 were counted on days (0, 3, 6 and 9) kept at refrigerated temperature (4 °C). The results showed that growth control of Escherichia coli O157: H7 of all treatments was significant (P<0.05) and mean log CFU/gr of bacterial count in 9 days was lower in all groups than control. Comparatively, the effect of NaCl alone was greater than that of essential oil alone. The greatest inhibitory effect was related to the simultaneous use of essential oil and NaCl.
 

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Vibrations on imported fruits can cause one of the damage such as impact, wear and compression or a combination of them to the fruit. The nectarine fruit tissue is soft at the soft handling stage, which increases the susceptibility to mechanical damage during transportation and storage. In this study, the effects of simulated transport vibrations on the quality of nectarine fruit with five levels of frequency, three levels of displacement, two types of boxes, three types of adsorbent on the first, second and third rows of fruit have been studied. The root mean square vibration acceleration was considered as a measure of the vibration magnitude and the vibration transferability percentage was calculated in different treatments. In addition, the maximum stress and modulus of elasticity at the yield point were calculated. Results showed the absorbers had the highest and lowest vibration absorption in the frequency range of 5.7 to 7.5 and 8.9 Hz, respectively. The first, second and third rows of fruits had the lowest transmitted and the highest vibration absorption at accelerations of 0.8, 8.4 and 6 ms^-2, respectively. The lowest vibration absorption was obtained in the first, second and third rows at accelerations of 2.3, 5.1 and 3.4 ms^-2. Therefore, it is recommended to use cardboard boxes with paper absorbers inside to carry the fruit and do not place more than one row of fruit in each box.

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This explanatory sequential mixed-method study aimed to investigate the washback effect of a local English Proficiency Exam (the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology Test (MSRT)) on Iranian Ph.D. candidates' English language learning skills. The study also examined the changes Iranian Ph.D. candidates perceive as essential to make the MSRT module implementation more useful for English learning. To this end, a sample of 150 Ph.D. candidates with differences in gender, age, and major were invited from Islamic Azad universities of Shiraz and Marvdasht to complete a questionnaire designed in terms of MSRT washback. The participants were chosen through a combination of stratified and convenience sampling methods. Furthermore, a sample of 20 PhD candidates from the same population was selected based on purposeful sampling and participated in the semi-structured interview sessions. The results of the data analysis represented some positive and negative washback effects on MSRT. Moreover, the participants suggested some recommendations on necessary changes and alterations for the MSRT test to facilitate university English learning further. Their feedback was in line with their viewpoints on why MSRT preparation had not satisfactorily prepared them to manage university workloads. The pedagogical implications will be discussed.