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Background: Low back pain is the most common cause of disability and absence from work among young and middle-aged people. As there is limited knowledge regarding this problem among Iranian students, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of low back pain and its ‘related socio demographic factors among students of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in which 200 students of Islamic Azad University were selected purposively. Demographic questionnaire and Ronald-Morris Disability Scale were used to collect data regarding characteristics and disability caused by back pain. Data were entered SPSS₁₆ and analyzed through descriptive and analytic statistics. Results: In total, 190 students including 78 (41%) men and 112 (59%) women were assessed. Of all studied students 113 individuals 65.9% were suffering from low back pain and 91 students
(47.8%) were suffering from pain related disability. Body mass index (BMI) was normal in most participants. There was significant negative relationship between low back pain and physical activity (P = 0.006). Conclusion: To sum up, the results of this study verified a significant relationship among low back pain and disability. Moreover, the students who were more active and were living in good socio-economic status were less probably to suffer from low back pain and disability.

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To compare the seed characteristics in accessions of Atriplex canescens under exclosure and non-exclosure conditions, two even-aged sites were selected with an area of 400 ha as the exclosure and 1000 ha as non-exclosure area. To conduct the study, 30 species were randomly selected in autumn 2009 in reference area of the sites and seeds were collected. Some important seed characteristics were studied in the laboratory. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 17 software and mean comparisons were performed by Duncan's Multiple Range Tests. Results showed that the winged seeds did not germinate under all studied treatments in both sites. Moreover, maximum seed germination was recorded for the seeds soaked in cold water for 24 hours and placed in the shade for 48 hours. According to the results of the independent t-test, no significant differences were observed for germination percentage, germination rate, and vigor index in both sites at both 1 and 5% probability levels. In other words, the seeds collected from the exclosure and non-exclosure areas were similar in terms of the mentioned characteristics. However, seed yield, 1000-seed weight and seed moisture content showed significant differences at 1% probability level with higher amount in exclosure area.

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The grape erineum mite (GEM), Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari: Eriophyidae) is considered to be one of the most important pests, that sometimes causes irreversible damages to grapevine cultivars in western parts of Iran. Studies were carried out in order to find natural enemies associated with GEM, during 2011-2013. Results indicated that natural enemies included two species of predatory mites belonging to the families Phytoseiidae [Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) khosrovensis, T. (Anthoseius) bagdasarjani], Tydeidae (Neopronematus sp.), one species of Anystidae (Anystis baccarum), one species of Stigmaeidae (Zetzellia mali), one species of dipteran: Cecidomyiidae (Arthrocnodax vitis Rubsaamen), four species, belonging to the family Coccinellidae (Stethorus gilvifrons, Coccinella septempunctata, Hipodamya varigiata, Harmonia sp.), two species of predatory bugs belonging to the family Anthocoridae (Orius albidipennis, O. niger) and one species of Chrysopidae (Chrysopa carnea). Amongst them the cecidomyiid, the tydeid mite and the phytoseiid mites, had higher population densities in this area.      

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By accepting the role of human will in accepting and forming, maintaining, and using belief-forming procedures, John Heil emphasizes the responsibility of man towards beliefs. Despite Heil's defense of indirect doxastic voluntarism, he follows a graded process from the directness of the will's role in the procedure of forming and maintaining belief to the indirect influence of accepting and forming belief. In the formation of beliefs, Heil does not accept the direct will to believe, which is based on the famous idea of Cartesian. However, by distinguishing between direct doxastic voluntarism and indirect doxastic voluntarism, explaining the concept of basic and non-basic acts, and expressing procedures and techniques such as behavioral change, he tries to interpret the acceptance and formation of beliefs under the voluntary but indirect control of people. In this research, by using the analytical-critical method, we aim to show that by modifying Heil's view, accepting epistemic responsibility based on the view of indirect doxastic voluntarism is meaningful.
 

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Abstract
Research subject: Due to the drought and lack of water resources, many efforts have been made to store water properly recently. Using of multilayer polyethylene tanks is an efficient measure in order to solve this problem and it has received considerable attention. Proper manufacturing conditions will greatly improve the strength of these tanks and their applications.
Research approach: In this study, the effect of cooling process on the final properties of polyethylene tanks prepared by rotational molding method is investigated. Three different cooling methods comprised of cooling with water, cooling by air, and quiescent cooling is selected and their mechanical and thermal properties were investigated.
Main results: The results of the tensile test show that as the tank is cooled faster, the elongation at break will be higher. It is also demonstrated that the air cooling method results in the lower elongation at break. The results of the thermal properties show that higher cooling rate creates thicker crystals in the fragment which requires higher energy to overcome these thick crystals. According to the results of the thermal properties and using the softening temperature test it is found that by increasing the cooling rate, the softening temperature will be increased as well which will improve the application of the tank in high temperature conditions. Melt flow rate and density tests are also performed to confirm the results of mechanical and thermal properties, respectively. Charpy impact test is performed at ambient temperature to confirm mechanical behavior induced by crystal structure. All in all, cooling by water performs better than other methods in terms of mechanical and thermal properties.

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Pepper plant Capsicum annuum L. has great nutritional value and many pharmaceutical properties but its sensitivity to pests such as Aphis gossypii Glover, especially in drought stress conditions, has limited its production. To evaluate the effect of drought stress on the population and damage rate of this pest in greenhouse condition, four moisture treatments including; full irrigation, 15, 30 and 45 percent of water deficit, and four treatments with different amounts of super absorbent polymer (SAP) containing 2, 4, 6 and 8 g per pot were separately performed in completely randomized design. Four weeks after applying drought stress, the pots were moved near the aphid sources. Density of aphids was examined after one month of infestation, and the plant growth characteristics after two months. It was found that the increase in severe drought stress (45% DI₄₅) significantly raised the population of this pest and remarkably decreased plant growth rate and yield. However, the low stress of drought (15% DI₁₅) not only caused relative reduction of insect’s population, but also saved water consumption and increased crop yield. However, the insect population was elevated as a result of increase in the amount of irrigation. Although the excessive use of SAP (8 g) increased the aphid population, the current experiment showed the use of 4 and 6 g of super absorbents could minimize the irrigation stress, decrease the pest population and improve yield of the plants by retaining the moisture in drought conditions.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between canonical variables (x component) of organizational commitment, including (affective commitment, normative and continuous variable) and quality of services provided to employees (y components), including (responsibility, reliability, trusting, empathy, tangibility). These two sets of change variables are taken to be a suitable model for determining the relationship between Y components. Also it would use to provide a prediction method for y components using canonical correlation. At first, the theoretical model and the theories between the variables were developed and for surveying the research theories structural equation was used. ansar bank counter staves of Tehran city are the statistical population. 320 employees were picked based on the Morgan table using random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data, and its reliability and validity assessed by Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. Results of canonical correlation showed a good linear combination between organizational commitment and service quality offered by them. Affective and normative commitment has direct relation with quality components, and continuance commitment correlated inversely with quality components. Normative commitment in empathy have the greatest role in creating the first canonical correlation coefficient as well as a comparison with other canonical variables.

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In recent years, increased the sensitivity of the competition in the market, because nature of competition has changed since investments in tangible resources to invest in intangible resources. The company's success is their ability to adapt to rapid changes in technology and market conditions. Human capital can be strategic assets and create competitive advantage for companies. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of human capital on wealth creation for shareholders. Sample of 146 firms during the period 2009 to 2013 is the Stock Exchange. Fuzzy regression was used to test the research hypothesis. Control variables consider for this study, including firm size, return on assets and financial leverage. Current research suggests there is a significant relationship between human capital and wealth creation for shareholders. Higher human capital is associated with higher- yielding assets. However, there is not a significant relationship between firm size and leverage with human capital.

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The whitefly, Aleuroclava jasmini Takahashi (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is an important pest on paper mulberry Brousson etiapapyrifera (L.) Vent. (Moraceae) plants in the green space of Tehran, Iran. Considering the importance of essential oils in the integrated management program of pests, the present survey were carried out to assess the insecticidal effects of essential oils extracted from garden thyme, Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae), and neem seed, Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) on mortality of immature stages of A. jasmini including eggs, first-instar nymphs, and pupae, and adult repellency. Three doses of the above mentioned essential oils consisting of 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5% (v/v), were tested in contact toxicity assays. Separately, various essential oils (0.5%), as well as Tween-20 (0.5%) were applied as treated and control for adult repellency. Responses differed according to the type and concentration of oils, as well as growth stage of A. jasmini. The highest mortality was detected with increasing concentration of assayed essential oils. The results showed that younger nymphs were more sensitive to treatments than other growth stages. Essential oil derived from T. vulgaris was the most effective, decreasing the survival rate of eggs, nymphs and pupae 64%, 76% and 50%, respectively, as compared with controls. In free-choice assays, the mean numbers of eggs laid on 0.5% A. indica and T. vulgaris oil-treated plants were 80.98% and 58.57% lower than on control plants, respectively. In conclusion, extracted oils from T. vulgaris and A. indica represented the highest contact toxicity, and repellency to A. jasmini respectively. Finally, the assayed essential oils show promise for inclusion in integrated A. jasmini management programs in green space of Tehran, Iran.
 

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This research explores the possible benefits to be derived from interactions between wheels, for supporting a greater proportion of applied loads in the shallower soil layers. This creates possibilities for reducing the risk of deep soil compaction. Previous research indicated that different interaction modes occurred under simulated wheel arrangements, being mostly dependent upon the spacing between them. Hence, field experiments were arranged to investigate a range of spacings between dual wheels in practical situations. Two field conditions were prepared providing loose and firm surface layers. Dry bulk density, penetration resistance, wheel sinkage and contact area were measured under each arrangement. A clear link was identified between results previously obtained in soil bin tests and those in the field, confirming that spacing has a major effect on the potential benefits. As wheel spacing decreased the interaction increased, inducing a greater resis-tance in the soil surface layers to carry higher loads. The optimum range of appropriate spacings and interaction modes identified in the laboratory tests was found to be applica-ble in the field.

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Aim: This study investigates the intraspecific competition, for food and density amongst larvae of Anopheles stephensi (main malaria vector in south Iran). Material & Methods: The effects of 4 selected food quantities (1x,2x,4x,6x) and 5 larval densities (0.1 to 3 larva/cm2) were tested individually or in combination on 7 biological indexes of the vector and the results were statistically analyzed. The competition starts when the food quantity decreases from 6x to x and the larval density increases from 0.1 up to 3 larva/cm2. Results & Discussion: The biological indexes that showed significant alterations at competing conditions (reduced food quantity and increased larval density) were as follows. Increasing of the larval, pupal and total mortality, alteration of the sex ratio in favor of male production, and decrease of the speed of larval development and survival rate. However, body sizes did not show any significant difference among individuals of both sexes. Conclusion: So, reducing the food quantity and increasing the larval density make a decrease in abundance and activity of An. Stephensi and it may provide a useful method for control of this mosquito population.

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Objective: An entomological survey was carried out for Leishmania vector incrimination of sand flies in northwestern Iran. Materials and Methods: Among other specimens, 358 sand flies belong to the Sergentomyia Genus were tested for leptomonad infection using semi-nested PCR method as well as sequence anlalysis of ITS-rDNA fragment. Results: Results of semi-nested PCR against kietoplast DNA showed reptile leptomonad infection in two specimens of S.dentata. The ITS2 sequence analysis of the specimens revealed 76% identity with those of Leishmania (sauroleishmania) adleri of Genbank. However, further studies need to clarify the species identity of the leptomonads. Interestingly, blood meal analysis of the sand flies determined an S.sintoni specimen with mammalian hemoglobin. Conclusion: This reptile related sauroleishmania parasites lacks the Lipophosphoglican (LPG) necessary for entrance to human phagocytes cells, and hence are not human pathogen. However, the GlycoInositoPhosphoLipid (GIPL) molecules of this parasite reacts with sera of kala-azar patients and may cause false positive scores in sero-epidemiological surveys for kala-azar. Sauroleishmania can be transmitted to human by infected bite of some Sergentomyia subgenera that show intermediate

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Objective: Ajowan is an annual herbaceous essential oil of Carum copticom. The main components of the oil are Tymol, β-pinene, γ- terpinene and Sabinene.The fruit oil of Carum copticum has been reported to have several therapeutic effects including anti fungal, anti bacterial and anti viral,... Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus and transforms into pathogenic form in favorable conditions, causing fungal diseases. Materials and Methods: In this study, essential oil and alcoholic extract of Carum copticum were gained and Microdilution Broth method were used for detection of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) of 11 clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Standard strain (PTCC50-27). Results: Results show that MIC for essential oil is 0.43 µg/ml, 0.87 µg/ml and for alcoholic extract is 3.51 µg/ml, 7.03 µg/ml, 1/75 µg/ml. Thus, it seems that Carum copticum could inhibit Candida albicans growth by a similar mechanism which occurs by Fluconazole (FLZ). In general, the results obtained in this study indicate that Carum copticum has potential values for growth inhibition of Candida albicans in vitro. Conclution: In recent years, systemic fungal infections due to Candida species have been received major consideration about inducing mortality in nosocomial patients because of increasing in immunocompromised disorders such as AIDS and hematological disorders as well as long term use of Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus sandflies. Conclusion: This is the first report on natural infection of sand flies to L. donovani in the country and since the ecology and biology of L. donovani differs extensively from L. infantum, it is necessary to perform further studies to highlight the role of L. donovani in epidemiology of VL in the region and country.

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Aims:In the architecture of traditional houses, the environment used to be formed by the mutual interaction of human beings and nature. With the emergence of environmental crises in the contemporary world, the integration of natural and human processes became the most important ecological issue in the domain of sustainability. The aim of the current study is to recognize those ecological criteria of traditional houses which can be productive in the contemporary world so as to arrive at ecological solutions based on the thermal behavior of these houses in cold regions.
Methods:These factors are investigated in two traditional houses in Ardabil using descriptive methods, field observations, and quantitative analyses.
Findings:The investigation of the most critical climatic condition of the region is indicative of the thermal resistance of the rooms against temperature fluctuations. Furthermore, the analysis of the architectural features taken from physical environment (topography, climate) and structural environment (building form, spatial organization, material, landscape, infrastructure) shows that there is an optimal interaction between these components. The recognition of these architectural features can also provide ecological solutions.
Conclusion: The results of the assessment of the ecological criteria in the houses are also indicative of their conformity with the environment.In fact,these structures have overcome climatic effects via the use of natural resources in a way that rooms like shahneshin and basement which have seasonal function, have optimal performance against temperature fluctuations. For example, in a sample shahneshin room in smaller dimensions, the minimum difference between the inside and outside temperature is 13 °C

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Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Nurse Competency Predicting Scale (NCPS) scores and those of the Principles and the course of Techniques of Nursing Procedures (PTNPs), particularly its theoretical and practical units, among nursing students.
Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the new entrance nursing students at the Guilan University of Medical Sciences. In total, 175 nursing students were recruited by the census method. Then, the NCPS was completed online, and the data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and t-test by SPSS 21.  
Findings: The mean NCPS score of the students was 73.14±10.23. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the nursing students’ paramedic clinical experience, reason for choosing nursing as their field of study, interest in studying nursing, desire to work in the nursing profession, and intention of doing a PhD degree and their NCPS scores (p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant relationship between the NCPS scores and scores of the course of PTNPs, and the first internship scores (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The capacity to acquire NC among the new entrance nursing students is at a high level. Here, the students with the intention of doing a PhD, and a history of paramedic clinical experience, interested in studying nursing and working in the nursing profession reported a higher NC. Considering these key factors during university admissions can be suggested to strengthen NC in the nursing profession.

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Reservoir dams are among the main storage systems employed in agriculture for the several past decades. Proper operation of these reservoirs is important for irrigation espe-cially in such arid and semi-arid areas like Iran, and particularly during dry years. A computational framework for reservoir simulation and flood routing is hereby presented. A key aspect of the reservoir simulation is the ease of use by managers and model users. In this paper, an object-oriented toolkit for building computer models for simulation of reservoir operation and flood routing in Boukan reservoir dam is used. The modeling ap-proach taken in this paper is significantly different from that typically employed in the development of water resources planning and management models. The medium in this kind of model provides a graphical object-oriented interface that allows the user(s) to model complex systems without even requiring a profound proficiency in computer pro-gramming. The Object Oriented Programming (OOP) environment chosen to develop the model of Boukan dam reservoir was STELLA Software. The probability of flood occur-enceis also taken into account for a prediction of more accurate results.

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In every organization, different employees have different capabilities. for development of these capabilities and linking with corporate strategies, according to each category of capabilities, different HRM styles should be used. The purpose of this paper was to examine the accordance of HRM styles with HR capabilities in industrial companies. So, by reviewing the related approaches, the effective factors in selecting HRM styles were discussed. Then, using "strategic value" and "uniqueness" as strategic capabilities, a classification of four types of workers were developed, and a HRM style was proposed for every type. Then the accordance of HRM styles with strategic capabilities in a sample of industrial companies was examined. Level of human capabilities and HRM styles in every company were determined with questionnaire survey. Finally, the obtained results were discussed and some suggestions were presented.

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Objective: The Brucella melitensis virB operon, encoding a type IV secretion system (T4SS), is required for intracellular replication and persistent infection in the mouse model. The product of the second gene of the virB operon, virB2, is predicted to be localized at the bacterial surface, where they could potentially interact with host cells. Studies to date have focused on characterization of transposon mutations in this gene, which is expected to exert polar effects on downstream genes. We researched on the evaluation of relation between virB2 mutant with immunogenicity in mouse model and intracellular replication in macrophages J774. Materials and Methods: In order to determine whether VirB2 is required for the function of the T4SS apparatus, we constructed and characterized deletion mutation of virB2 and kanamycin resistance gene replaced instead of virB2. For demonstration of intracellular replication, macrophages J774 and BALB/c mices were infected with wild type Brucella melitensis and mutated. Results: After 48 h, number of mutated Brucella severe decreased severly compaired to wild type in macrophages J774, and Brucella with virB2 deletion decreased from 1×106 CFU/spleen less than 1000 CFU/spleen during 8 weeks, also total IgG increased in both but IL-12 and IFN-γ increased only in wild type. Conclusion: VirB2 was essential for intracellular replication in mouse models and J774 macrophages. The virB2 mutant was unable to cause persistent infection in the mouse model, demonstrating the essential role of VirB2 in the function of the T4SS apparatus