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Showing 9 results for Houshmand
Volume 3, Issue 1 (12-2003)
Abstract
Label switching technology is a flexible and high performance method for forwarding layer three packets that are mapped to layer two flows. Each label switch router, LSR, needs a specific label for every flow, where the number of labels depends on the mapping and granularity of flows. Data and control driven methods are the most significant and popular methods in label mapping policy. The above mentioned methods have been investigated. The possible pitfalls of each method are identified for an optimal operation and performance. One of the most significant difficulties is the rate of flows creation and deletion. This issue is vital in both scalability and implementation of networks and is more significant in data driven methods. In this paper, a new flow-Subnet Flow-has been proposed which increases the performance in data driven methods. The simulation results show fair improvement in performance and validity of the Subnet Flow.
Volume 6, Issue 2 (Spring 2020)
Abstract
Aims: This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates and the frequency of blaSIM and blaAmpC genes in resistant strains.
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 94 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from the burn wards of Gilan province hospitals in 2018 and identified by biochemical methods. Strains producing β-lactamases and metallo-β-lactamases were detected by two methods: disk diffusion method and antibiotic resistance method in combination with disk diffusion method, respectively. The presence of blaSIM and blaAmpC genes in the resistant strains was investigated using PCR, and data analysis was performed.
Findings: Based on the obtained results, colistin was identified as the most effective antibiotic with a resistance rate of 27.7%, and the highest antibiotic resistance was observed against trimethoprim/sulfomethoxazole (83%). In the phenotypic test of 94 samples, 29 (30.9%) carbapenemase-producing isolates and 33 (35.1%) β-lactamase-producing isolates were identified. Based on the PCR results, among 44 (46.8%) samples containing β-lactamase and carbapenemase enzymes, the frequency of blaSIM gene was 9.1% (4 of 44, and 4.3% in all the studied isolates), and the frequency of blaAmpC gene was 15.9% (7 of 44, and 7.4% in the all studied isolates).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated a high prevalence of drug resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. In particular, there was an increasing rate of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, and the presence of MBL and ESBL associated genes was considerable, which limit the choice of suitable treatment for patients with severe infections.
Volume 10, Issue 0 (تابستان 86- 2008)
Abstract
Objective: 22q11.2 chromosomal region is a hot spot for many cytogenetic rearrangements especially microdeletions which are responsible for DiGeorge and VeloCardioFacial syndromes. The most characteristic sign in these patients is congenital cardiac conotruncal anomalies. The gold standard diagnostic test for these microdeletions is FISH (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization). However this diagnostic technique has some drawbacks such as high final cost and low sensitivity in smaller and uncommon microdeletions found in this region. The aim of this study was to introduce a less expensive and a priori more sensitive molecular method to help small and peripheral laboratories to find genetic causes of congenital heart diseases and DiGeorge syndrome. Materials and Methods: 10 patients with congenital conotruncal anomalies and symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome were included in this study. These patients had been analyzed by FISH probe TUPLE1 before the inclusion. 3 normal persons were included as normal controls for microdeletion region. Semi Quantitative Multiplex PCRs were designed based on known markers in and out of the region of intrest. Results were analyzed by TotalLab software. Results: 4 patients showed a decrease in gene dosage more than 60% compared to normal persons. FISH analysis found only one patient with microdeletion. Conclusion: The designed method based on semi quantitative PCR was able to find 4 patients (40%) with microdeletion in a population of 10 patients with congenital cardiac anomalies. This technique was also able to find microdeletions in three FISH negative patients. Molecular diagnosis of microdeletions is supposed to be more sensitive than FISH in small microdeletions. This study confirms the presence of atypical deletions in Iranian patients and shows that the applied technique can detect some FISH negative patients. However further studies are needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the mentioned molecular diagnosis. It seems that this can be used at least for the patients with typical phenotypic features of 22q11DS and negative FISH results.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is an opportunist pathogen in fish and responsible for wide range of fish diseases. In this study, the effect of different levels of curcumin in the diet on growth and resistance to infection with Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated by peritoneal injection. For this purpose, six concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1% of different levels of curcumin were mixed with a special feed for carp. 360 common carp with an average weight of 50±4/7 g (divided into six groups), each group was divided into 60 fish and 20 fish per replication. Live Aeromonas hydrophila was exposed to concentrations containing Cfu/ml10 of Aeromonas hydrophila for 10 days and post-challenge mortality was compared between treatments.The results showed that administration of 0.8 and 1% curcumin caused a significant increase In the reduction of losses after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophilis in bacteria in treatments of 0.8 and 1% curcumin showed significant compared to the control treatment (p <0.05).In general, it can be said that the most appropriate concentration of curcumin in feed to increase resistance to infection Bacterial cells are 0.8 and 1%.
Volume 16, Issue 88 (6-2019)
Abstract
The use of enzymes for hydrolysis of protein sources is one of the common methods in the food processing. A hydrolysed protein is a complex mixture of peptides and amino acids that are obtained from hydrolysis by various enzymes, acids or alkali. These peptides play important biological role in the body. The orange seed is largely available from the orange juice industries wastes, and its defatted flour contains about 26% protein and can be used as a rich and cost-effective source for production of proteins and peptides of plant sources. In the present study, a protein isolate with high purity was extracted from defatted orange seed flour and then the protein was hydrolysed by using Alcalase enzyme in concentrations of 1, 1.5 and 3% and the hydrolysis time of 2-5 hours at temperature of 45-55 ° C at suitable pH for enzyme activity. Then the optimal conditions for the production of hydrolysed proteins with the highest antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity, radical OH scavenging activity, ferric reducing activity and total antioxidant) were determined. Optimum treatment at determined conditions (temperature 54.8 °C, time 3.35 hr and ration of the enzyme to the substrate 1.7 % v/w) with antioxidant properties (DPPH radical scavenging activity (45.85%), radical OH scavenging activity (91.82%), ferric reducing activity (89.35%) and total antioxidant (39.68%) was obtained and antioxidant tests were performed on the optimal treatment for confirmation of the proposed values by software. The results showed that the hydrolysed protein derived from orange seed could be used in the foods formulation as a natural additive and also it can be used as a nutraceutical with high antioxidant ability.
Volume 23, Issue 0 (Special issue 2021)
Abstract
Covid-19 is a highly infectious viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has spread worldwide since its emersion in December 2019, causing an unprecedented pandemic. Currently, it has no targeted vaccines or treatments, and effective treatment options are very limited. It is important to identify drugs that effectively inhibit a specific target of the SARS coronavirus. This is the third deadly outbreak of coronaviruses in human society which has put pressure on the global health care system and affected the global economy a well. However, the treatment options of Covid-19 are still very limited. The development of drugs that target and inhibit essential proteins in the viral life cycle is a practical approach to overcoming this hard situation. The main protease, a cysteine protease, is an attractive target for antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronavirus infections due to its essential role in viral replication and transcription. To quickly detect effective compounds for clinical use, programs such as molecular docking drug design and virtual screening of pre-designed drugs to identify new compounds and drugs that target the main protease of the COVID-19 are performed. Combining these structural studies, virtual screening, and experimental screen, several therapeutic candidates such as repurposed drugs and ab initio designed drugs have been proposed. In this review study, suggestions for inhibitors and possible potentially effective drugs against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 were discussed. This study paves the way for advanced experimental research to evaluate the pharmacological potential of these compounds for the treatment of Covid-19.
Volume 23, Issue 1 (Spring 2019)
Abstract
Extended Abstract:
Introduction
The spatial structure of the urban settlement system in a geographical domain requires a good foundation to achieve maximum productivity. By this way, the aim of the current research is to study the urban settlement planning of West Azerbaijan which is highly uncertain due to its geographical location, ethnic diversity and environmental issues. Economic freedom in the Maku Free Zone, the expansion of markets at 7 border areas of the province, the development of the Miandoab-Tehran communication network, the creation of a railway roundabout, the economic development of the Baneh region, policies to deal with ever decreasing agricultural activities due to the water and environmental crisis, making decisions on creating special economic areas in Mahabad, Urmia, Salmas and Miandoab ...are regional and local trends that have caused uncertainty in the settlement pattern of the province and the human space flow, goods and services. In a nutshell, the study aims to identify settlement scenarios of the province and the framework for the deployment of services, infrastructures and flow of capital, goods and humans in the region for spatial planning.
Methodology
This is a type of applied research and, in essence, based on new scientific, analytical and investigative methods. The statistical population of the study is 30 professors, experts and specialists in the field of spatial planning. The data gathering method was used to examine the effective factors on the urban settlements system of the province, both in documentary (secondary data) and survey (primary data), for which questionnaire and interviews were used as a survey method. To analyze the data, a combination of Delphi methods, Cross-impact analysis, and Mick-Mac software were used.
Results and Discussion
45 variables were found to be the main and strategic ones affecting the planning of the urban settlement system of West Azerbaijan province that were analyzed via Mick-Mc software.Finally, 11 effective factors were identified with 33 statuses. Accordingly, the midway and the pessimistic assumptions in the best possible range were defined to be the worse. Given theoretical foundations of the proposed study, the spatial scenarios of the province in terms its geographic extent and severity, multiplicity of cities, location and regional potentials can be summarized as follows:
First Scenario (Polar Scenario): By choosing this scenario, the future settlement system of the province will have following outcomes:
- Deletion permissions to settlement perimeter will be too low due to high concentration and security reasons and high ethnic diversity in the province as well as its inappropriate form and shape.
- The polar scenario is an illustration of highly-concentrated settlement system in which responsibility for decisions, policies, management and their implementation will be simultaneously focused on the city of Urumia.
- Urumia is practically the center of commodity exchanges at the provincial level and will be a key link for each settlement in the city.
Second Scenario (Cluster Scenario): The obvious features of this scenario are as follows:
- Although the centralization dominates the province, by coordinating and collaborating widely between settlements, reduces the focus on the province's space relative to the radical scenario. One of the main reasons for this decrease is the existence of large urban centers such as Khoy in the north, Urumia in the center, Miandoab in the south;
- In this scenario, a number of larger settlements compete with the center of Urumia, and play a central role for its surroundings.
- The headquarters of each cluster manages its communication.
Third Scenario (Archipelago Scenario): In general, the typical features of this scenario in West Azerbaijan province are as follows:
- The lack of extensive cooperation between settlements, spatial dispersion of housing, as well as the developmental equality of settlements causing communications flows mainly carried out within limited areas (cities and regions).
- The scenario of the archipelago is an image of the West Azerbaijan province as an island facing local markets and urban areas
Fourth Scenario (Multi-center): The typical features of this scenario are as follows:
- In a multi-centered scenario, focusing on the province's space is due to the development of some settlements and the wide-ranging collaboration between them. However, due to inappropriate form and body and some restrictions in different areas, there is a relative dependence on clusters.
- In this scenario, the urban complexes of the province have changed from one central space to a multicentre urban complex. Due to high convergence between central settlements and their interaction with each other, macro policies are taken collaboratively by central settlements of main areas.
Fifth Scenario (Network): The typical features of this scenario are as follows:
- This scenario presents a picture of a networked city complex (both in urban and rural settlement).
- Each settlement itself manages its connections with other settlements.
- In this scenario, no settlement is dependent on other settlements.
Conclusion
Considering the current status of central and star structure of the urban system of West Azerbaijan province, the multi-centered urban network is suitable especially due to potentially powerful cities of Khoy, Mako, Miandoab and Mahabad, the northern- southern stretch of the province, geopolitical location after realizing the multi-centered model and providing an appropriate infrastructure and substrate. The transition from the multicenter model to the network will be provided. To reach the multi-centered urban network, which is the scenario of choice for the provincial urban system, the cluster and hierarchical stage of the city's network must be reached in early phases of the province's development. Once an appropriate infrastructure and substrate is provided, the multi-center urban scenario will be realized.
Introduction
The spatial structure of the urban settlement system in a geographical domain requires a good foundation to achieve maximum productivity. By this way, the aim of the current research is to study the urban settlement planning of West Azerbaijan which is highly uncertain due to its geographical location, ethnic diversity and environmental issues. Economic freedom in the Maku Free Zone, the expansion of markets at 7 border areas of the province, the development of the Miandoab-Tehran communication network, the creation of a railway roundabout, the economic development of the Baneh region, policies to deal with ever decreasing agricultural activities due to the water and environmental crisis, making decisions on creating special economic areas in Mahabad, Urmia, Salmas and Miandoab ...are regional and local trends that have caused uncertainty in the settlement pattern of the province and the human space flow, goods and services. In a nutshell, the study aims to identify settlement scenarios of the province and the framework for the deployment of services, infrastructures and flow of capital, goods and humans in the region for spatial planning.
Methodology
This is a type of applied research and, in essence, based on new scientific, analytical and investigative methods. The statistical population of the study is 30 professors, experts and specialists in the field of spatial planning. The data gathering method was used to examine the effective factors on the urban settlements system of the province, both in documentary (secondary data) and survey (primary data), for which questionnaire and interviews were used as a survey method. To analyze the data, a combination of Delphi methods, Cross-impact analysis, and Mick-Mac software were used.
Results and Discussion
45 variables were found to be the main and strategic ones affecting the planning of the urban settlement system of West Azerbaijan province that were analyzed via Mick-Mc software.Finally, 11 effective factors were identified with 33 statuses. Accordingly, the midway and the pessimistic assumptions in the best possible range were defined to be the worse. Given theoretical foundations of the proposed study, the spatial scenarios of the province in terms its geographic extent and severity, multiplicity of cities, location and regional potentials can be summarized as follows:
First Scenario (Polar Scenario): By choosing this scenario, the future settlement system of the province will have following outcomes:
- Deletion permissions to settlement perimeter will be too low due to high concentration and security reasons and high ethnic diversity in the province as well as its inappropriate form and shape.
- The polar scenario is an illustration of highly-concentrated settlement system in which responsibility for decisions, policies, management and their implementation will be simultaneously focused on the city of Urumia.
- Urumia is practically the center of commodity exchanges at the provincial level and will be a key link for each settlement in the city.
Second Scenario (Cluster Scenario): The obvious features of this scenario are as follows:
- Although the centralization dominates the province, by coordinating and collaborating widely between settlements, reduces the focus on the province's space relative to the radical scenario. One of the main reasons for this decrease is the existence of large urban centers such as Khoy in the north, Urumia in the center, Miandoab in the south;
- In this scenario, a number of larger settlements compete with the center of Urumia, and play a central role for its surroundings.
- The headquarters of each cluster manages its communication.
Third Scenario (Archipelago Scenario): In general, the typical features of this scenario in West Azerbaijan province are as follows:
- The lack of extensive cooperation between settlements, spatial dispersion of housing, as well as the developmental equality of settlements causing communications flows mainly carried out within limited areas (cities and regions).
- The scenario of the archipelago is an image of the West Azerbaijan province as an island facing local markets and urban areas
Fourth Scenario (Multi-center): The typical features of this scenario are as follows:
- In a multi-centered scenario, focusing on the province's space is due to the development of some settlements and the wide-ranging collaboration between them. However, due to inappropriate form and body and some restrictions in different areas, there is a relative dependence on clusters.
- In this scenario, the urban complexes of the province have changed from one central space to a multicentre urban complex. Due to high convergence between central settlements and their interaction with each other, macro policies are taken collaboratively by central settlements of main areas.
Fifth Scenario (Network): The typical features of this scenario are as follows:
- This scenario presents a picture of a networked city complex (both in urban and rural settlement).
- Each settlement itself manages its connections with other settlements.
- In this scenario, no settlement is dependent on other settlements.
Conclusion
Considering the current status of central and star structure of the urban system of West Azerbaijan province, the multi-centered urban network is suitable especially due to potentially powerful cities of Khoy, Mako, Miandoab and Mahabad, the northern- southern stretch of the province, geopolitical location after realizing the multi-centered model and providing an appropriate infrastructure and substrate. The transition from the multicenter model to the network will be provided. To reach the multi-centered urban network, which is the scenario of choice for the provincial urban system, the cluster and hierarchical stage of the city's network must be reached in early phases of the province's development. Once an appropriate infrastructure and substrate is provided, the multi-center urban scenario will be realized.
Hossein Houshmand,
Volume 27, Issue 1 (12-2020)
Volume 27, Issue 1 (12-2020)
Abstract
John Rawls’s political philosophy is involved in what has been called constructive interpretation. It requires that a theory of justice be limited within the boundaries of political or social practices of any particular society, but not with the most abstract elements. A constructivist conception of justice represents the principles of justice not as part of some abstract moral rules known through theoretical reason, but rather as “the outcome of a procedure of construction” founded in practical reasoning. Rawls argues that reasoning about what justice is demanding should proceed from the social practices which are already established. He maintains that among the many existing social practices, we should attend to the most basic existing social structures (i.e., major institutions) because their effects are “so profound and present from the start.”
A Comparative Study of the Ownership Transfer System of
Immovable Property in Iranian and German Law
Volume 27, Issue 3 (Fall 2023)
Abstract
Jurists have always been interested in the methods of transferring ownership rights of immovable property as a legal fact. Different legal systems' attitudes toward the simple or complex registration of property rights have had varying effects on the social and economic structures of each society. Possibly, the consistency of real estate transactions in Germany, and the disorder of this field in Iran can be attributed to the attitude towards the creation and transfer of ownership of immovable property, despite the Iranian government's recent support of the positive developments in this field. In Iran's legal system, according to the theory of ownership and the principle of the intentionality of ownership contracts, which have deep roots in Ja'fari jurisprudence, the right of ownership is considered to be based on nothing more than the effect of a legitimate transaction, and "registration" has only a declarative effect and is only confirmed if it matches the "truth". In German law, "registration" is deemed to have a "creative" effect and act independently of the original binding contract, thereby transforming the property right into a compound right. This research, using a descriptive - analytical, and comparative method, while expressing the concept, difference, and effects of each of the two causal and abstract systems of transferring ownership of immovable property, has come to the conclusion that without a doubt, in order to organize transactions in the field of real estate and maintain economic order and public interest, Changing the perspective on how to create and transfer ownership rights in Iranian law is a necessary and inevitable thing that can be justified by identifying "registration" as a part of the ownership right process and a necessary condition for the transfer of this right.
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