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Heeled concrete walls (T-Wall) are used for privacy, protection and some form of blockage. These walls can be built precast or cast in place and can be designed according to the possible loads such as blast loads, earthquakes, winds and so on. Also, the use of fiber concrete to absorb more energy and durability can be a good solution in the construction of such walls. Resistance, stability, and possibility of overturning of these walls due to the blast load and depth of buried walls are those that should be controlled by the designer. In addition to all the controls mentioned, one of the important issues is to optimize the cost of construction and consumables, so comparing reinforced concrete use with fiber reinforced concrete is of interest. In this study, six types of walls are considered: Type 1 and 2 walls with 3 m height and 2.5 m width, Type 3 and 4 walls with 4 m height and 2 m width and Type 5 and 6 walls with 5 m height and are 1.6 meters wide. Which, the walls of Type 5 and 6 are non-prismatic and are one meter buried in soil. In addition, type 1, 3 and 5 walls are made of fiber reinforced concrete and type 2, 4 and 6 walls are reinforced concrete. The purpose of this study is to investigate the resistance of concrete prefabricated walls against the impact and explosion. During an explosion, there is an explosive wave that spreads from the center of the explosion. Waves spreading at a later time are much faster than the speed of the initial waves. When a structure is exposed to the wave front, its surface pressure rises and reaches its maximum value in a very short time. This pressure affects the structure on all sides rapidly. This wave is a combination of high-pressure shock that emits outward from the center of the explosion and decreases as a function of the time and place of the explosion. The energy released by the explosion affects the structure in two ways. The first effect is the blast pressure, which is the key factor in determining the structural response, and the second effect is the dynamic pressure or the secondary pressure, which at high speed results in the debris being thrown around. Therefore, the most important parameter of an explosion is the forward blast pressure, the amount of which depends on the type of explosive and the weight of explosion. Hence, in order to find the above parameters, the 6 types of discussed wall modeled in Abacus software by CDP method. Also, the earthquake loading with different acceleration is applied to the walls and lateral displacements of them are calculated by using linear time history analysis with SAP2000 software. Finally, the performance level of walls under loads has been evaluated according to the national building earthquake loading criteria and 21th national building regulations. The results of the present study show that; the use of fibers has a positive effect on improving the performance level of prefabricated walls against dynamic loads such as explosion and earthquake.

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This study aimed to address analysis and zoning of sustainability of family farming system in Kermanshah province. To achieve this objective, two steps were taken: (1) Identification of a comprehensive framework to measure the sustainability of family farming system, and (2) Evaluation criteria and sub-criterion weight for the proposed framework by conducting Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). In this regard, firstly, 12 agrarian experts who had theoretical and practical experiences were selected by purposed sampling for FAHP. Secondly, descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out on family farming system. Results of FAHP revealed that management, capitals, vulnerabilities, and stresses were of utmost importance in a context of sustainability of family farming system, respectively. According to the findings, Eslamabad-e Gharb and Harsin with scores of 72.91 and 58.76 have high sustainability. In contrast, Qasr-e Shirin (20.92) showed high unsustainability. Furthermore, Sarpol-e Zahab, Kermanshah, and Javanroud with values of, respectively, 57.95, 57.37, and 52.92 lie in the middle of the spectrum.
 

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Persian language and literature have a presence of about one thousand years in the Indian subcontinent. The growth of this language is indebted to Ghourid rulers whose mother tongue was Persian. However, we should not be negligent of the significant role of great Iranian Sufis and mystics such as Ali Ibn Othman Hojviri, Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti and Sayyed Ali Hamadani. The necessity of a research about the continuation and growth of Persian language in Pakistan is due to the questions as when this language and literature found its way and what is their importance in this country, as well as to what extent they have influenced Urdu and eventually their effects on Iranian studies. The research method is based on the review of historical documents with emphasis on numerous manuscripts kept in national and private libraries in Pakistan. The outcome of this research shows that the strength and solidity of Urdu is in critical need of more manuscript sources and stone-print documents for better understanding of spiritual culture, historical and public identity of Pakistan and seriously demands preservation of the ancient heritage of this region and production of new sources for the modern history and culture of Pakistan. Persian language and its heritage no doubt have a great share in this regard.