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Background: Aspergillosis is an opportunistic infection caused by Aspergillus spp in immunocompromised patients. The role of HSP90 in Aspergillus drug resistance is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of HSP90 gene and polyene resistance in Aspergillus spp using PCR.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 Aspergillus strains were used, which were isolated from patients susceptible to aspergillosis through Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and identified by conventional methods. The isolates were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Susceptibility testing against amphotericin B was conducted according CLSI standards (M38-A). Also, the presence of HSP90 gene was evaluated using PCR.
Results: Of 32 Aspergillus strains used in this study, 16 (50%) isolates were identified as A. Flavus, 12 (37.5%) isolates as A. fumigatus, and 4 (12.5%) isolates as A. terreus. Among these species, 19 (59.37%) isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B whereas 13 (40.62%) were resistant. Moreover, there was a significant difference  between the presence of HSP90 gene and resistance to amphotericin B in Aspergillus species.

Conclusions: The presence of HSP90 gene provides evidence that shows this gene may play important role in resistance to amphotericin B in Aspergillus isolates. Although numerous regulatory genes are involved in resistance mechanisms, they remaines to be more clarified

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Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of vascular wilt in tomato, an important plant disease in Iran. Four monogenic resistance genes in tomato are used for identification of races of Fol and their corresponding avirulence genes Avr1, Avr2 and Avr3 were identified in pathogen one of which, Avr2, is f.sp. specific. Hence they can serve as reliable markers for racial identity and f.sp discrimination. These markers have been used for strains from other countries except Iran. Furthermore, a point mutation in Avr3 can lead to enhanced virulence of Fol on a susceptible tomato cultivar. To identify forma specialis and racial identity, Avr genes were studied in a collection of Iranian strains. Results revealed that PCR assay is very efficient in distinguishing between non-pathogenic and low virulence strains and in the vast majority of strains, avirulence genotype was consistent with Fol race1. Furthermore, to determine whether allelic variation of Avr3 could separate strains of different degrees of virulence, Avr3 wassequenced in Fol strains with high and low virulence. The resultsrevealed that allelicvariation of Avr3 was not correlated with degree of virulence in Iranian strains.
 

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Achieving a high and sustainable economic growth has always been the main target of economic plans in different countries. Proving a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth by many studies has convinced the researchers to study the effective factors on the growth and development of financial markets. Inflation is one of the main factors that have a great impact on the countries’ financial development. So, the focus in the studies has mainly been on explaining the form of relationship between inflation and financial development. In this paper, the relationship between inflation and financial market development in Iran during 1978 to 2007 for the money market and during the summer of 1999 to spring of 2008 for the capital market has been reviewed. Econometric model of this research has been specified according to Boyd, Levine and Smith model (2001). Firstly, a simple linear model is used for controlling other economic factors that may be correlated with financial market performance. Then, a threshold regression is handled for explaining the nonlinear relationship between inflation and financial market development. In this model, different thresholds that limit inflation are considered. Conditional least squares method (CLS), is applied for estimating the model. The threshold limit for inflation has been determined based on the minimum error sum of squared criterion. The results of the estimated model indicate that a negative relationship between inflation and financial development indexes of money market. This positive relationship also exists between inflation and stock market development indexes. In the same way, the output of the estimated models has shown that in the some domain of inflation, the negative relationship between inflation and financial development indexes of money market is not significant.  In addition, the results of the estimated models revealed that there is no a threshold limit for the impact of inflation on the stock market.  

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In this paper, with the aim of providing a new test pattern for empirical prediction of FLD of 304 stainless steel tube, firstly numerical investigation of hydro-bulging process with various load paths and die geometries has been performed on strain path and plastic instability. Study on geometry of dies has been performed by varying die corner radius (R) and bulging length (W). Here, effect of axial feeding on strain ratio (β) has been studied. In this condition, by increasing of W, strain ratio (β) tends to value of zero that this situation is independent to boundary condition. By increasing of die corner (R) in free loading condition, reduction of β occurs and the strain path approaches to plane strain state; while in loading with axial feeding condition, increasing of R has neglect able effect on strain path and ratio. In loading with axial feeding condition, increase in axial feeding strain ratio (β) is reduced drastically. From the simulated tests, number of 10 tests with distributed loading path on strain diagram was selected for empirical study. Meshed tubes are loaded controllably until tearing and the FLCs have been drawn using strains which were obtained near tearing locations.

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Objective: Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds are widely used in many pesticides, insecticides and chemical nerve agents. These compounds are hazardous for humans and the environment. Organophosphate hydrolase (OPH) is a homodimeric protein initially isolated from Pseudomonas diminuta MG and Flavobacterium species. This enzyme is able to degrade a broad spectrum of toxic OPs compounds. Using immobilized OPH commonly presents a variety of advantages versus the free form of the enzyme. Advantages include an increase in stability, cost reduction by simple recovery and reutilization of the enzyme, quick and easy separation of the reactant and product in the reaction medium. Methods: Plasmid pET-26b (+) was used to generate the OPH protein under the control of the T7lac promoter. E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS was used as the host for expression of the OPH enzyme. Recombinant OPH was secreted into the extracellular medium and the purified enzyme was immobilized on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores by the adsorption method, for the first time. Results: Approximately 42% to 45% enzymatic activity was determined to be associated with spores. Optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme were not altered by the presence of the spores. Thermo and pH stabilities of the immobilized enzyme was higher than the free form of the enzyme. Conclusion: Bacillus subtilis spores are safe for humans and the environment. Therefore this system can be considered an environmentally friendly biocatalyst for degradation of OPs. 

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This research aimed to investigate the physical, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of a smart nanocomposite film based on chitosan/ aloe vera containing hydrolyzed tomato seed protein. For this purpose, the hydrolyzed tomato seed protein was first prepared using the Alcalase enzyme under different time conditions (30, 60, 90, 120 minutes). Then, 5 edible films including nano-chitosan, nano-chitosan and aloe vera gel with different concentrations of hydrolyzed protein (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%) were prepared, and the film properties were evaluated. Based on the results of the hydrolyzed protein, the hydrolyzed protein had a high protein content and degree of hydrolysis. This protein also had a high content of hydrophobic amino acids (31.78%) and aromatic amino acids (11.74%). The mechanical test results of the films showed that increasing the protein concentration led to a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in elongation at break of the polylactic acid films. According to the physical test results, increasing the protein concentration did not have a significant effect on moisture and solubility, but increased water vapor permeability and turbidity (p<0.05). the hydrolyzed tomato seed protein had high DPPH radical scavenging activities and increasing the concentration had a positive effect on these parameters (p<0.05). These films also had high antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, with higher antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli. The nanocomposite film containing 1.5% hydrolyzed protein had the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity (p<0.05). This study showed that hydrolyzed protein can improve the physical and mechanical properties of chitosan/aloe vera based films. Specifically, films containing 1.5% hydrolyzed protein had better properties such as higher antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity.
 

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Navab is a dissident poet and political thinker. He believes that he has responsibilities in relation to the Arab community and the Arabic governments. The present study is an attempt to study rebellion poem in Arabic Contemporary Literature, Assuming that he is one of the political opposition Arab governments, so in this article we will study poetry which was written in the space of censorship prohibition, repression, imprisonment and torture and has entered the community despite crackdown. Particular method of research is descriptive analytical. The writer’s perspective is based on: Subject and content of the poem, is a Motivational and purpose. Also we used deductive and analytical methods, Because Subject paper is the Intellectual, political, and psychological. This study is built the main question; what is the terms and concepts, rebellion poem in poetry navab? The findings show; 1. Protest and reflection that is illustrator poet suffering, which is imposed the poet for against tyranny and freedom of people; 2. Protest poetry is a reflection of dreams revolutionaries in Iraq and other Arabic countries; 3. Concepts human codes are focused on authoritarian regimes and Arabic revolutions and win them over domineering powers.  

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Family policies are considered as a set of measures by governments to support the family and strengthen the family's structure and functions. Historically, family politics has been influenced by two major policies of welfare state policy, including social and demographic policies. In other words, these policies are either focused on providing welfare benefits to the family or seeking an increase in childbearing rates and replacement rates. Family policies in the field of child-rearing include a wide range of support, such as child-raising leave, life support, and daycare. Childbirth leave is one of the most important parts of this policy, with four forms of maternity leave, parental leave, parental leave, and housekeeping. Fathers leave is the latest form of this type of leave, and is generally created to deepen the relationship between fathers and children in the early days of their birth and encourage parental involvement in parenting matters. In this article, selected world countries on parental leave, especially fathers, have been investigated using the comparative study method. The result of the survey shows that among the countries studied, European countries have focused more on the development of these types of leave, but there are still serious challenges in this area such as low leave time, lack of financial support from the father during the leave period, job norms and lack of sufficient information.
 

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 In the last three decades, along with the development of knowledge-based economy, the development of businesses related to this field has also taken a growing trend and the concept of entrepreneurship has found an important role in the growing economy. Knowledge-based economics as an emerging field and with the focus on information technology and communication technology grew significantly. According to the International Telecommunication Union (2016), ICT-related businesses will account for 95% of all global companies, as well as one-third of all global formal-related businesses in the next decade. The purpose of the present study is to explore the contribution of women in the Persian Gulf region in the field of science, technology and knowledge-based economy using the documentary research method. The research results revealed that in the said field, there is an extensive opportunity to reduce the economic gender gap. Comparing the trend of women's participation in this field shows that the progress of women has been smooth in some countries while in some others, more development is needed. Suggestions have been made for the development of women's technical and professional knowledge, balancing between work and life, and implementing supportive policies.

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 Non-governmental organizations as the third pillar and representative of civil society play a main role in socially excluded groups’ access to their citizenship rights including women. The most important aspect of citizenship is social citizenship which has a close relationship with public sphere. It seems that NGOs play a substantial role in facilitating women’s access to their social rights; however, their role, efficiency and effectiveness in realizing this goal are disputed by experts. The purpose of this study is to investigate efficiency of non-governmental organizations in women’s access to their social citizenship rights in Iran. This research has been conducted by a quantitative approach, survey method and questionnaire tool. The questionnaire, consisting of effective factors, was developed by library method and was presented to experts of women study in order to examine its face validity. The data of this study was gathered from three groups including 30 scientific and executive experts, 10 NGO managers and 319 people of NGO’s target population which were selected via stratified sampling. Data analysis rejected hypothesis of high efficiency and great power of NGOs in women’s access to their social citizenship rights in Iran.
 

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Social citizenship, identifying its characteristics and adaptation to national criteria have a pivotal role in the extension of the theoretical framework and the recognition of women's social citizenship. The purpose of present study is to identifying the indicators and criteria for measuring women's access to social citizenship. In order to achieve the research objectives, after reviewing the literature by using content analysis technique, 38 key indicators were extracted. A questionnaire was developed by using those 38 indicators and data were collected from experts. The research sample was included of 30 experts from university professors, administrators, planners, policy makers, researchers, and NGO managers. Mean and variance comparison statistical tests were used to compare the results. Results revealed that five indicators including education, employment, health, welfare and participation are in line with global and national indicators. In addition, the findings show that out of five identified indicators; education and socio-cultural participation were addressed in four national development programs and employment and health indicators in five programs have been considered by policy makers