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Effects of four vegetable host plants, artichoke, cabbage, potato and tomato on nutritional indices of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lep.: Noctuidae), were studied under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, with a 16: 8 L: D photoperiod). Fourth instar reared on tomato showed the highest approximate digestibility (AD) (90.406 ± 1.125%) and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) (30.249 ± 4.128%). The highest values of efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) and ECI of fifth instars (38.663 ± 4.34 and 20.083 ± 1.581%, respectively) were on artichoke and the lowest of both values on cabbage (ECD: 6.314 ± 1.128 and ECI: 5.448 ± 1.052%).The 3^rd to 6^th instars as a whole showed the highest ECD and ECI values on tomato (23.412 ± 2.252 and 19.845 ± 1.798%, respectively). However, the highest and lowest values of consumption index (CI) were on cabbage (33.943 ± 2.669) and tomato (6.145 ± 0.578). The highest values of relative consumption rate (RCR) and (AD) were obtained on cabbage (1.49 ± 0.109 mg/mg/day and 86.431 ± 1.141%, respectively). The results of nutritional indices and the cluster analysis indicate that tomato was nutritionally the most suitable food for S. littoralis.
 

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The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of secondary metabolites produced by five Trichoderma spp. on the control of Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (FOC) in chickpea. In vitro biocontrol potentialities of Trichoderma spp. against FOC was tested. Trichoderma secondary metabolites were extracted by solvent extraction methods and evaluated against FOC. In vitro tests showed very good inhibitory effects by all Trichoderma spp. against FOC along with an inhibitory rate up to 73.8% and 27.8%, for direct and indirect contacts, respectively. Additionally, Trichoderma spp. caused a significant decrease in Fusarium wilt disease severity, in particular, T. polysporum showing 64.2% of disease severity reduction. The tested secondary metabolites were also effective against FOC with a significant decrease of mycelial growth from 6% to 76.9%. Similarly, in vivo tests revealed that secondary metabolites were very active in reducing disease severity. It was found that T. polysporum was the most active with 56.9% of disease severity reduction. Chickpea resistance is mostly attributed to polyphenolic compounds. The studied Trichoderma spp. and their secondary metabolites could be used as potential and promising antifungal agents in preventing the occurrence of Fusarium wilt in chickpea.
 

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In this study, the nutritional indices of the larval stages of Helicoverpa armigera were determined on four vegetable crops under laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, with a 16:8 (L: D) h photoperiod). The third instar larvae reared on potato showed the highest value of efficiency on the conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) (8.281 ± 0.767% and 11.016 ± 1.142%, respectively). The highest (0.129 ± 0.014 mg/mg/day) and lowest (0.069 ±0.012 mg/mg/day) relative growth rate (RGR) of the fourth instar larvae were obtained on potato and tomato, respectively. Data indicated that the highest value of (ECI) and (ECD) for fourth instar larvae were on tomato (12.361 ± 2.258% and 18.588 ± 3.834%, respectively). The lowest value of the relative consumption rate (RCR) and approximate digestibility (AD) of the fifth instar was recorded on tomato (0.592 ± 0.063 mg/mg/day) and potato (51.85 ± 4.607%), respectively. The ECI and ECD values of the fifth larval instar were the highest on tomato (12.477 ± 1.333% and 17.624 ± 1.609%, respectively). Overall, among different host plants tested, the highest ECI and ECD of all the larval instars were observed on tomato (9.813 ± 0.692% and 12.506 ± 0.882%, respectively), and the lowest values (3.735 ± 0.201% and 5.463 ± 0.426%) were on artichoke. Tomato and artichoke were the most nutritionally suitable and unsuitable host plants, respectively, for H. armigera.

 

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Leachate generated in the landfill due to the complex structure and high pollution requires developed physical and chemical and biological treatment methods. Aerobic granular sludge is one of the newest technology of immobilized microbes that has the potential to improve the biological wastewater treatment technology. One of the leachate treatment method which have been highly regarded recently is the leachate treatment by aerobic granules in the SBAR reactor. This study has been done for the purpose of treatment of leachate with aerobic granular. In order to optimize the formation of the granules and use it in the leachate treatment of this experiment, the construction of granules and leachate treatment has been done in two distinct phases: granules production has been done in the SBAR reactor for 28 days with increase loading to 6000 mg per liter and leachate treatment has been done in the same reactor in 24 days to loading 6000 mg per liter. The reactor used in this test is made of Plexiglas and has the dimensions 75 *20*20 cm3 and the volume of 28 liter. To link the upper and lower part of the reactor as well as effective mixing in the reactor an airlift PVC pipe has been used with the height of 50 and diameter of 20 cm. Some holes with the diameter of 2 cm has been created at the bottom of the airlift pipe and aeration is in the middle of airlift pipe and the bottom of reactor to led to rotation confusion and the oxygen transfer well done. For granules cultivation the synthetic wastewater containing glucose has been used as the carbon source, the ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source, the potassium dihydrogen phosphate as the phosphorus source as well as the micronutrients such as magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate. At first the granules are made with synthetic wastewater in 6-hour cycles containing 30 minutes feeding, 270 minutes’ aeration, 30 minutes settling, 30 minutes’ wastewater discharge. In this experiment, the temperature has been controlled in the range of 20-23 C and DO in the range of 6-8 ppm and PH in the range of 7.5-8.3. In the next stage, the feasibility of using these granules in the leachate treatment has been tested. The results of the MLSS, SVI, VELOCITY, DIAMETER, COD REMOVAL tests show that the granules produced from synthetic glucose wastewater will be able to purify leachate. Synthetic sewages loading in the 6-hour cycles and the organic loading increases have been done till the formation of granules in 28 days. After each cycle, the parameters mentioned above were examined and the sludge morphology. With the entering of synthetic sewage to the reactor, at first the suspended solids increased and the granules' seeds production reduced. With the consolidation of granules and its sustainability, the leachate is injected to the reactor and is replaced by the artificial sewage. With the arrival of leachate to the reactor, the granules start to disintegrate and thus lead to an increase in the suspended solids of the system. Due to the change of the raw sewage and replacement of leachate instead of synthetic sewage, in some granules collapse happened. The results show that when granules are accustomed to the leachate entering the reactor, increase of bacterial activity lead to the improvement of efficiency of leachate treatment in the system and the efficiency of COD removal reached 90%.

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The present research aimed to evaluate the effects of roasting and microwave thermal processes along with pH change on the amount of residues of three commonly used antibiotics, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and sulfadiazine in chicken meat. For this purpose, first the three antibiotics were added to the chicken meat samples in amounts 4 times the remaining limit. Meat samples containing residues of each antibiotic were subjected to roasting (at 200 °C for 30 minutes) and microwave (at 100 °C for 3 minutes) treatments at pH 5.8 and 4.8. Then, the residual amount of each of the antibiotics was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with colorimetry and evaluation of cooking loss. The results showed that both treatments were able to significantly reduce the amount of antibiotic residues, but both processes were more effective at pH 4.8 than 5.8 (P<0.05). The highest amount of reduction of antibiotic residue at pH 4.8 in both microwave and roasting treatments was observed in oxytetracycline residue with 76.2 and 72.4% respectively. Roasting and microwave treatments decreased L* index, but a* index decreased in roasting and increased in microwave, and b* index increased in microwave, but there was no significant change in roasting. Also, the amount of cooking loss in roasting in the range of 58 to 71% was more than that of microwave in the range of 48 to 62% (P<0.05). Finally, microwave treatment can be introduced along with reducing the pH of chicken meat to 4.8 as the best treatment to reduce antibiotic residues.

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The concept of anxiety occupies a crucial position in early Heidegger’s writings. Most prominently, it appears in Being and Time (1927) and “What is Metaphysics?” (1929) as a structurally central concept. After 1920s, Heidegger began to use the term much less frequently, leading some scholars to suggest a change in Heidegger’s view of the significance of the concept of anxiety. In this essay, we argue that central to the understanding of the role of anxiety in Heidegger’s thought is the fundamental difference between Heideggerian and psychological anxiety. This distinction is crucial as it is directly connected to the idea of the ontological difference, i.e., the difference between the ontical and the ontological, between beings and the Being of beings. Psychological descriptions of anxiety remain at the level of the ontical and, therefore, fall short of comprehending the ontological meaning of Heideggerian anxiety, which is one of Dasein’s basic possibilities of Being. Equipped with such an ontological understanding, we argue that the concept of anxiety remained central to Heidegger’s thought, early and late alike. We also suggest that Heidegger’s less frequent use of the term anxiety after “What Is Metaphysics?” could possibly be associated with his recognition that its terminological similarity with psychological anxiety may become a source of misunderstandings. Moreover, in the last section of the essay which functions as an addendum, we engage with Freud’s analysis of the uncanny and examine its relation to Heidegger’s Being-not-at-home. We argue that although Freud’s analysis of the uncanny does, in a sense, open up horizons beyond the reach of empirical psychology, his quasi-scientific quest for causal explanation ultimately remains within the framework of an ontical analysis.